LLM-Enhanced Dynamic Spectrum Management for Integrated Non-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Networks: A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach

LLM-Enhanced Dynamic Spectrum Management for Integrated Non-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Networks: A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article LLM-Enhanced Dynamic Spectrum Management for Integrated Non-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Networks: A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach Hafiz Muhammad Ali Zeeshan, Aizaz Ahmad, Syed Ali Hassan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7272859/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Mobile Networks and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The convergence of satellite and terrestrial networks introduces complex spectrum management challenges in next-generation wireless systems. This work proposes an innovative AI-driven approach for dynamic resource allocation in integrated non-terrestrial and terrestrial networks (NTN-TN). Our framework leverages large language models to intelligently manage spectrum resources across multiple frequency bands, adapting to dynamic network conditions and diverse service requirements. Through comprehensive system evaluation, we demonstrate significant improvements in key performance metrics, including network throughput, interference reduction, and computational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The solution maintains equitable resource distribution while meeting stringent latency requirements for emerging 6G applications. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our approach under various operational scenarios, showing consistent performance gains across different network scales and configurations. Non-terrestrial networks terrestrial networks large language models dynamic spectrum access 5G mobile communication 6G mobile communication satellite communication interference management multiobjective optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Mobile Networks and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7272859","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498027878,"identity":"ae26cd21-403d-4d22-a2a1-4cd47e0536a6","order_by":0,"name":"Hafiz Muhammad Ali Zeeshan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"National Univeristy of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hafiz","middleName":"Muhammad Ali","lastName":"Zeeshan","suffix":""},{"id":498027880,"identity":"017c0e74-5325-4ceb-ab0e-a46ac2971586","order_by":1,"name":"Aizaz Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Univeristy of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aizaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":498027883,"identity":"e2ae9ac1-99db-41e3-951c-3f562286369d","order_by":2,"name":"Syed Ali Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Univeristy of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-01 15:53:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7272859/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7272859/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-026-02490-z","type":"published","date":"2026-01-30T15:58:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101690830,"identity":"00f54af5-4855-4e96-a610-bdf692e118de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 16:09:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":425231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7272859/v1_covered_5db4a9c8-ee58-47ee-a3f4-81f1c805882e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eLLM-Enhanced Dynamic Spectrum Management for Integrated Non-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Networks: A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":" Non-terrestrial networks, terrestrial networks, large language models, dynamic spectrum access, 5G mobile communication, 6G mobile communication, satellite communication, interference management, multiobjective optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7272859/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7272859/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The convergence of satellite and terrestrial networks introduces complex spectrum management challenges in next-generation wireless systems. 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