Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: A Labour Force Survey empirical study

Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: A Labour Force Survey empirical study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: A Labour Force Survey empirical study Pietro Giorgio Lovaglio, Adalgisa Perrelli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In line with the existing literature, the primary focus of the present paper is on understanding the multifaceted factors contributing to unequal employment opportunities for women and the potential implications for both individuals and society. Specifically, the objective is to identify meaningful risk factors that affect the probability of being employed for women in the 20–49 age group, exploring possible demographic, educational, social, and family factors, as well as territorial context factors. The analysis is conducted on the three most populous European countries (Italy, France, and Germany) as representatives of different welfare regimes. The analysis exploits the rich information available in the micro-data of the Labour Force Survey (2021) as well as Eurostat regional statistics considering individuals nested in regions (NUTS 2). A deep analysis of empirical findings sheds light on employment determinants and motivations for not working, which appear to be essentially related to family and demographic factors. These results reveal the country-specific profiles that indicate greater risk of non-employment and also provide a basis for suggesting different policy implications. Classification JEL: F66 J21 J71 Labour Force Survey Employment Regional Factors NUTS multilevel modelling Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction The issue of gender disparities in the labour market has garnered significant attention in recent decades. In contemporary Europe, women’s participation in the labour market has witnessed noteworthy developments. According to recent statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat, women’s employment rates vary across the region. In Southern European nations such as Italy and Greece, women’s employment rates tend to be comparatively lower, hovering around 50% (Eurostat 2023a ). According to the most recent data from the National Institute of Statistics (Istat, 2023 ), in Italy, the female employment rate reaches its minimum value for the 20–24 age group (24.9%) and its maximum value (64.5%) for women aged between 35 and 49. Furthermore, there are large differences in female employment in the 20–65 age group between the regions of Northern Italy (69.0% for the regions of the North-West area and 71.0% for those of the North-East area) and Central Italy (64.7%) on the one hand and the regions of Southern Italy (with rates between 31.1% and 52.1%) on the other. Furthermore, the percentage of employed women aged 20–49 varies from 56.3% for women without children to less than 43.0% for women with three or more children, and among women with a child aged between 3 and 5 years, only 52.5% have a job. By contrast, in Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway and especially Germany (72.3%), women’s workforce participation is notably high, with rates exceeding 70% (OECD 2022 ), whereas France show a lower rate (64%). These divergent trends reflect the influences of cultural, social, and economic factors on women’s integration into the labour force. Despite recent progress in certain regions and countries, typically due to post-Covid rises in employment, persistent challenges such as occupational segregation and gender wage gaps underscore the need for ongoing efforts to enhance gender equality in European workplaces. Various studies (Smith et al. 2018 ; Jones 2020 ; Brown and Williams 2019 ; Bertrand 2020 ) have consistently reported a significant disparity in earnings, with women often earning less than their male counterparts for comparable work, while also examining risk factors such as occupational segregation, discrimination, and differences in negotiation strategies. Numerous studies have attempted to shed light on the complex set of factors influencing the employment of women, exploring aspects such occupational segregation and the effects of implicit biases and stereotypes on career progression and wage differentials. A prevailing issue is occupational segregation (Babcock et al. 2017 ) or inefficient allocation of female workers (Di Addario et al. 2023 ), whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-paying firms or professions characterized by lower wages (Casarico and Lattanzio 2023 ), with limited career advancement opportunities (Bertrand 2020 ). This phenomenon reveals that women in Europe continue to face challenges in accessing high-skill and high-wage occupations, thereby increasing their vulnerability to unemployment (Martinez and Johnson 2017 ; Gupta et al. 2021 ). However, discrimination and biases against women operate in many other ways in society and also act on the women’s ability to enter the labour market (Goldin and Katz 2016 ). Family responsibilities have emerged as a significant risk factor impacting women’s employment outcomes. An international report (International Labour Office 2023 ) has emphasized the intricate interplay between work and family responsibilities, with women often shouldering a disproportionate burden. The resultant challenges, such as career interruptions and the potential imposition of a “motherhood penalty”, contribute to increased risks of unemployment for women in Europe. Additionally, discriminatory practices and gender biases in hiring and promotion processes persist. These biases perpetuate gender-based disparities in employment, placing women at a heightened risk of unemployment. Research on individual risk factors influencing the employment status of women in Europe has identified several key variables. Age is a prominent factor, with studies (Smith et al. 2018 ; Gupta et al. 2021 ) indicating that older women may face increased challenges in labour market participation due to age-related biases and potential skill mismatches. Education levels also play a critical role, with higher levels of education generally associated with improved employment prospects for women (International Labour Office 2023 ; Khoudja et al. 2019 ). Conversely, lower educational attainment may pose a risk factor for unemployment, particularly in competitive job markets. In addition to the level of education, the sector in which the highest level of education was achieved may represent an important employment factor, typically linked to the opportunity for self-employment (Insee 2022 ; Istat 2022 ). Immigration status is another salient determinant (Cortinovis et al. 2023 ), highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by immigrant women in accessing stable employment opportunities. The number of children and family structure also contribute significantly to women’s employment outcomes: women with more children may encounter greater difficulties balancing work and family responsibilities, potentially influencing their risk of unemployment (International Labour Office 2023 ). Marital status is another influential factor with regard to women’s employment in Europe. Research by Brown and Williams ( 2019 ) suggests that the dynamics of the labour market may differ for single, married, or cohabiting women. For example, societal expectations or biases may affect single women differently from their married counterparts. Additionally, marital status can intersect with other factors such as age and education to influence employment trajectories. Other family characteristics further contribute to employment disparities, and housing arrangements, such as living with parents or alone, can also influence employment trajectories. Women with larger families, including the elderly, may face challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities, decreasing or increasing potential interruptions in their careers (Insee 2022 ). Finally, geographical location also contributes to employment disparities. Living in urban or rural areas may affect job accessibility (Williams and Smith 2016 ). Apart from individual characteristics, different welfare regimes, such as the existence of support networks and policies for family support and employment for young woman, may have an important role in explaining differences across European countries (Gavalas 2007 ). For example, the three most populous countries in Europe (Italy, France, and Germany) differ not only in their constitutional models (parliamentary republic, semi-presidential republic and federal republic) but also in their types of welfare systems. A variety of research has provided insight into specific risk factors for women’s unemployment or inactivity in these countries. In Italy, a recent report by the Bank of Italy (Carta et al. 2023 ) synthesized empirical research into the occupational status of Italian woman, emphasizing the impact of educational levels on women’s employment. Lower educational attainment tends to be associated with a higher risk of unemployment, reflecting the importance of skills and qualifications in the Italian labour market. Analysing school and university careers and considering the professional opportunities of different cohorts of Italian students, Bovini et al. ( 2023 ) revealed that girls, although they excel compared with boys in terms of scholastic results, tend to select degree courses and fields of study with potential returns that are worse in the labour market. Additionally, family-related factors, such as the number of children, were explored by Ferrera and Barban ( 2017 ), who found that women with larger families may face challenges in reconciling work and family responsibilities, contributing to a potential increased risk of unemployment. In this sense, gender inequalities, already present upon entry into the labour market, persist and widen when women become mothers (Carta et al. 2023 ): the probability that employed women become unemployed in the two years following motherhood doubles compared with those without children (De Philippis and Lo Bello 2023). In the same vein, other studies have shown that Italian women who continue to work after motherhood earn 40% less than childless women, even up to 15 years after giving birth (Casarico and Lattanzio 2023 ) and that women tend to change jobs less often or to benefit less than males in terms of salary (Di Addario et al. 2023 ). In France, Bonnet et al. ( 2021 ) shed light on the role of marital status and its interaction with age in shaping women’s employment outcomes. Their research suggests that the relationship between marital status and employment may vary across age groups, highlighting the need for nuanced analyses when examining individual risk factors in the French context. Additionally, immigration status was explored by Khoudja et al. ( 2019 ), who revealed the complexities faced by immigrant women in accessing stable employment opportunities. In Germany, research by Brenke and Zimmermann ( 2019 ) delved into the impact of age on women’s employment, emphasizing the challenges that older women may face in the labour market. Moreover, the German context emphasizes the importance of educational qualifications, as demonstrated by studies such as that by Wrohlich and Zucco ( 2019 ), which highlight the positive correlation between higher education levels and employment prospects for women. Although less well investigated than women’s individual characteristics, regional disparities within countries have an important role in shaping the unemployed status of woman, and it is therefore important to consider local contexts and inequalities when addressing this issue. The impact of regional or environmental factors on women’s employment in Italy, France, and Germany has been explored, with insights being obtained into the regional dynamics within each nation. Among several EU Member States characterized by regional disparities in their labour markets, official data (Eurostat 2023a ) shows that in 2021 the highest regional disparities were recorded in Italy (Eurostat 2023b ), illustrating a north–south split between Italian regions, with the northern region of Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen recording the highest female employment rate (63.7%), and the southern region of Campania and Sicilia having the lowest (29.1%). Cipollone and Patacchini ( 2017 ) investigated the role of regional disparities in employment outcomes, emphasizing that regional characteristics, such as economic development. poverty, and industrial structure, significantly influence women’s employment opportunities. In France, regional factors such as economic and social environment in different regions can contribute to variations in female labour force participation rates (Barlet and Guergoat-Larivière 2019 ). Although in general urban and industrialized regions often exhibit higher women’s employment rates, owing to the presence of diverse economic opportunities, the available data demonstrate that the regions (NUTS 2 regions) with the highest values are Aquitaine (68.7%), Pays-de-la-Loire (68.5), and Bretagne (67.8%), excluding major metropolitan areas such as Paris and Lyon. Corse (56.6%) and Languedoc-Roussillon (57.7%) have the lowest values in France. In Germany, statistical data and research insights also underscore the significance of regional disparities, which are generally focused on industrial composition and local economic conditions (Blien et al. 2016 ). Urban and economically prosperous regions such as Brandenburg (76.7%), Bavaria (75.9%), and Nordrhein-Westfalen often demonstrate higher women’s employment rates (the last region, however, presents one of the lowest values of the State, 68.4%, together with the Region of Bremen, 66.9%). These areas benefit from a more extensive range of job opportunities, including positions in various industries and services. By contrast, major cities such as Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg, with their dynamic economies, contribute to the overall higher employment rates for women. Regional factors that may explain regional variability of employment rates are essentially the same as individual characteristics (personal, familial, social, and educational). As an example, the educational status of an area can be quantified in terms of school dispersion (rate of early leavers from education or training) or the number of people not in employment, education, or training (the NEET rate). In this end, recent empirical data demonstrate that in Germany young mothers are particularly at risk to becoming NEET, thus requiring particular policy interventions (Brzinsky-Fay 2022 ). Apart from individual characteristics aggregated at regional level and other environmental conditions, such as structure and participation in the labour market, immigration rates, poverty rates, and other factors associated with employment status, additional factors may include regional fertility rates, as well as the prevailing family structure (couples, singles, or singles with children) in the region of residence (Tzvetkova and Ortiz-Ospina 2017 ). Although there has been no a single comprehensive study covering all the mentioned risk factors for women’s unemployment in these specific countries, the cited studies have provided a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dynamics shaping women’s employment in Italy, France, and Germany. In this context, the aim of the present paper is to identify and assess possible factors that affect the probability of being employed for women (not involved in formal education) in the 20–49 age group, exploring possible demographic, educational, and social factors linked to the family to which the young belong, as well as territorial context factors, in line with the existing literature. To obtain a complete overview of the problem under consideration, an analysis was conducted on three most populous European countries (Italy, France, and Germany) as representatives of different welfare regimes. The analysis, which exploits the rich information obtainable from the micro-data of the Labour Force Survey (Eurostat 2022a ) of Eurostat updated to the latest available year (2021), is carried out using a multilevel generalized linear model, taking the statistical units (women aged 15–49) as the first level and the regions (NUTS 2 for Italy and France, and NUTS 1 for Germany) as the second level. To this end, LSF data were merged with those from Regional statistics (Eurostat 2022b ) in order to adjust and consider contextual indicators in the estimation of individual probability. The remainder of the present paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the sources used, the choice of variables, and the methods applied. Section 3 presents the results of the multilevel models for each country, together with a comparison of risk factors for unemployment across countries. Section 4 discusses the results and presents the main policy implications, and Section 5 concludes the paper. 2. Data and methodology The Labour Force Survey (LFS) (Eurostat 2022a ) is a large household sample survey providing quarterly results on labour participation of people aged 15 and over and on people outside the labour force in Europe. The survey covers persons resident in a given country, aged 15 years and over and who live in private households. From LFS microdata (in the following discussion, we show in bold the original names of the LFS variables), we select, from respondents in each analysed country, woman aged 20–49 years ( AGE_GRP ) who have not been not participating in formal education and training (i.e. as students or apprentices) in the previous four weeks (EDUCFED4 ). As binary target variable, we use EMPSTAT (= 1 if employed and 0 if unemployed or outside the labour force). As individual covariates, we select the following: age class: AGE_GRP ; education: HATLEVEL for highest title and HATFIELD for field of highest title; family type: (crossing) HHPARENT (if living with parents), HHPARTNR (if living with partner), EMPSTAT (occupational status of partner); numbers of children in age classes 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–17 years: HHNBCH0TO2 , HHNBCH3TO5 , HHNBCH6TO8 , HHNBCH9TO17 ; presence of elderly over 65 years in the family: HHNBOLD ; citizenship: CITIZENSHIP ; area of birth: COUNTRYB (native or another continent); year of permanent residence in the country: YEARESID ; area of urbanization where woman resides: DEGURBA ; number of persons in the household outside the labour market, HHNBADOUTLF ; if the woman is registered (and also if she received assistance or monetary benefit) or not with a public employment service: REGISTER . In particular, this last variable was specified not to capture any effectiveness of public employment centres, but rather to measure the degree of motivation in looking for work (in general, those who are motivated or able to find work do not use such public services, being able to rely on their own strengths) and/or any characteristics of the woman that may disadvantage her (education, age, or complex family or housing situation) compared with other women, thus justifying the assistance or monetary benefits received from the welfare state. To consider possible regional differences within countries linked to factors such as regional economy and work opportunities, as well as education, economic, and social context, we used from publicly available data (Eurostat 2022b ) various covariates that summarize the literature discussed above (Table 1 ). In Table 1 , the last four covariates refer to household structure and situations that require support networks in regions, and the last one in particular tries to capture the prevalence of “non-traditional” families, such as situations where a household is composed of two or more nuclei (among the most frequent such cases is that of an elderly person living in their son’s or daughter's family and that of a woman with or without children who returns to her parents’ household for different reasons). Regions for Italy and France (where we excluded regions called Départements d’Outre-Mer) are NUTS 2, whereas for Germany they are NUTS 1 (Lands). Regarding the methodology adopted, for data characterized by a hierarchical structure (e.g. individuals within regions), multilevel modelling is generally preferred as an improvement over classical regression models (Goldstein 1995 ). In this paper, we adopt a multilevel generalized model (MGM) that models a binary response as a function of individual data (level I) and aggregated data (level II), where the level II units are considered random effects. Table 1 Regional statistics used in the model (Eurostat 2022b ). GDP Gross domestic product at 2021 market prices MEAN_H_INCOME Average gross household income POVERTY_RATE % of residents under the poverty threshold (< 60% of median income) EMP_RATE_F Employment rates for Female (age group 15–64 years) EMP_RATE_M Employment rates for Male (age group 15–64 years) AGR_EMP_RATE Employment rates in Agriculture, Fish and Forestry (age group 15–64 years) FERT_RATE Fertility rate EDU_TER_TOT % of population with Tertiary educational attainment (age group 25–64) EDU_TER_F % of women with tertiary achievement EARLY_LEAVE % of early leavers from education or training (age group 18 to 24 years] NEET_RATE NEET rates of young people not in education and training (age group 15–29 years) WEB % of households that have internet access at home IMM % of population with foreign and non-EU citizenship UNIFAM % of households composed by a single person SPOSFAM % of households composed by a couple MAMFAM % of households composed by a single woman and at least one child under 25 years MULTIFAM % of households composed by two-or-more-family nucleus The modelling adopted allows us on the one hand to consider the clustering effect of the micro-units in the macro-units (regions) and on the other hand to integrate regional indicators in their aggregate level to adjust and consider contextual indicators in the estimation of individual probabilities. More specifically, if we denote by Y ij the occupational status (= 1 for employed and 0 otherwise) of woman i in region j , then the probability of the primary outcome ( Y ij = 1) can be modelled by a logistic model \(P\left({Y}_{ij}=1\right)={\text{logit}}^{-1}\left({\beta }_{0j}+\sum _{k=1}^{K}{\beta }_{k}{x}_{ijk}\right) \left(1\right)\) as a function of K individual covariates x ijk ( k = 1, …, K ). In Eq. (1), the coefficients β k of the level 1 covariates remain fixed, while the intercept β 0 j is specified as a random effect (region-specific) that possibly depends on level 2 predictors (regions): $${\beta }_{0j}={\beta }_{00}+\sum _{k=1}^{K}{\beta }_{0k}{z}_{jk}+{u}_{0j}, {u}_{0j}\sim\text{N}\left(0,{\sigma }_{j}^{2}\right), \left(2\right)$$ where β 00 is the overall intercept, z jk are level II covariates (see Table 1 ), and u 0 j are the errors in the level II parameters, normally distributed with zero mean and variance \({\sigma }_{j}^{2}\) . All models are estimated by weighting individuals by the LFS carryover universal coefficients, and analyses are performed separately for Italy, France, and Germany. 3. Results 3.1 Descriptive The dataset under study covers 80,518 (Italy), 11,521 (France), and 30,956 (Germany) woman aged 20–49 years who had not participated in formal education during the four weeks preceding the interview. We initially removed 11.5% (Italy), 10.5% (France), and 12.9% (Germany) of woman aged 20–49 years participating in formal education and training. Table 2 , which describes of the analysed samples by country, reveals several notable differences across countries in the composition of the women analysed, especially in terms of the degree of urbanization of area of residence (more in rural areas in France, 32%, and less in Italy, 15%), the percentage of native women (less in Germany, 81%, and more in France, 91%), and education (27% of women with tertiary education in Italy, and 35% in France). In Italy, 40% of the women have a general non-specific specialization or have not achieved an upper secondary specialization (compared with 12% in France and 25% in Germany). Regarding living situation, in Italy, 30% of the women in age class 20–49 live with their parents (compared with 11% in the other two countries), only 16% are single (27% in the other two countries), and 11% are in households where there is an elderly person in charge (3% in the other two countries). Age and the remaining covariates present similar profiles. Interestingly, the percentages of women with permanent contracts (among working women) are highest for France and Germany, with Italian woman closing this gap only after the age of 35 years. Table 2: descriptive of sample by country (women 20-49 years) IT N = 80518 FR N = 11521 DE N = 30956 Employment Status Not-Employed 36072 44.8% 2995 26.0% 6841 22.1% Employed 44446 55.2% 8526 74.0% 24115 77.9% Urbanization Area City urbanized 28825 35.8% 5507 47.8% 13621 44.0% City unurbanized 39454 49.0% 2293 19.9% 11732 37.9% Rural Area 12239 15.2% 3721 32.3% 5603 18.1% Age Group Y20-24 10709 13.3% 1740 15.1% 4581 14.8% Y25-29 11353 14.1% 1717 14.9% 4767 15.4% Y30-34 12158 15.1% 1936 16.8% 5727 18.5% Y35-39 13124 16.4% 2028 17.6% 5448 17.6% Y40-44 15218 18.9% 2016 17.5% 5355 17.3% Y45-49 17956 22.3% 2085 18.1% 5077 16.4% Permanent employment rate Y20-24 3733 34.9% 782 45.0% 2696 58.9% Y25-29 6380 56.2% 1319 76.8% 3746 78.6% Y30-34 9323 76.7% 1665 86.0% 5100 89.1% Y35-39 10800 82.3% 1795 88.5% 4977 91.4% Y40-44 13065 85.9% 1831 90.8% 4960 92.6% Y45-49 15825 88.1% 1889 90.6% 4830 95.1% Citizenship Africa 1763 2.2% 472 4.1% 280 0.9% America 1031 1.3% 90 0.8% 188 0.6% Asia 1884 2.3% 123 1.1% 1330 4.3% Europe 5998 7.5% 349 3.0% 3929 12.7% National 69839 86.7% 10483 91.0% 25204 81.5% Missing 3 4 25 Country Birth Africa 2190 2.7% 897 7.8% 384 1.2% America 1812 2.3% 156 1.3% 298 1.0% Asia 2126 2.7% 209 1.8% 2292 7.4% Europe 8309 10.3% 431 3.7% 4526 14.6% Native 66081 82.1% 9828 85.3% 23452 75.8% Year Stay 0-4 years 1605 2.0% 252 2.2% 2194 7.1% (Years of stay in Country) 5-9 years 2327 2.9% 332 2.9% 1298 4.2% 10+ years 10513 13.1% 1226 10.7% 4141 13.4% Native 65807 82.0% 9715 84.8% 23272 75.3% Missing 265 65 46 Education No formal education 336 0.4% 157 1.4% 0 0.0% ISCED 1- ISCED 2 Primary or Lower II 19359 24.1% 1141 9.9% 4827 15.6% ISCED 3 Upper II (general/ vocational) 36950 45.9% 4375 38.1% 11169 36.1% ISCED 4-5 Post II + short cycle tertiary 1686 2.1% 1847 16.1% 5476 17.7% ISCED 6 Tertiary (Bach, Master, PhD) 22127 27.5% 3972 34.6% 9468 30.6% Missing 58 29 16 Register Registered and assisted 4015 5.0% 936 8.1% 1658 5.4% (Public Employment Centre) Registered not assisted 3991 5.0% 1354 11.8% 387 1.3% Not registered 72127 90.0% 9221 80.1% 28886 93.4% Missing 386 11 26 Education Field General field 12199 15.8% 53 0.5% 3198 10.4% (Highest Degree) Humanities 11767 15.3% 2146 18.7% 4574 14.9% Law-Economy 15285 19.8% 3682 32.0% 8484 27.6% Math-Science 3040 3.9% 791 6.9% 845 2.8% Engineering-Architect 4475 5.8% 514 4.5% 1482 4.8% Agriculture 1049 1.4% 169 1.5% 280 0.9% Health 4745 6.2% 1894 16.5% 4906 16.0% Transports-personal services- security 4907 6.4% 932 8.1% 2129 6.9% Upper II not achieved 19691 25.5% 1327 11.5% 4857 15.8% Missing 3359 13 201 Where_Live Live with Parents 16377 20.3% 902 7.8% 2225 7.2% Live with Father 1159 1.4% 64 0.6% 158 0.5% Live with Mother 5153 6.4% 451 3.9% 842 2.7% Live outside parents‘home 57828 71.8% 10103 87.7% 27731 89.6% Hpartner Live with partner/ husband 45734 56.8% 7005 60.8% 19224 62.1% Live without the partner 34784 43.2% 4516 39.2% 11732 37.9% Family Live with parents 22885 29.9% 1166 11.4% 10.7% 10.7% Single 11971 15.6% 2697 26.3% 27.9% 27.9% Couple, Partner not work 7526 9.8% 810 7.9% 6.4% 6.4% Couple, Partner work 34173 44.6% 5568 54.4% 55.0% 55.0% Elderly_charge No 68067 88.9% 9976 97.4% 29782 97.2% (Aged >65 in Household) Yes 8488 11.1% 265 2.6% 858 2.8% Out_Labour_Market 0 persons 35265 46.0% 7116 69.4% 22406 73.1% (N° persons in Household 1 person 24375 31.8% 2375 23.1% 6474 21.1% outside the Labour Market) 2 persons 11892 15.5% 601 5.8% 1374 4.4% >2 persons 5023 6.6% 149 1.4% 386 1.2% Child_Age0-2 No 68106 89.0 % 8774 85.7 % 26320 85.9 % Yes 8449 11.0 % 1467 14.3 % 4320 14.1 % Child_Age3-5 No 66455 86.8 % 8659 84.6 % 26243 85.7 % Yes 10100 13.2 % 1582 15.5 % 4397 14.4 % Child_Age6-8 No 65826 86.0 % 8521 83.2 % 26513 86.5 % Yes 10729 14.0 % 1720 16.8 % 4127 13.5 % Child_Age9-17 No 51037 66.7 % 6485 63.3 % 22249 72.6 % Yes 25518 33.3 % 3756 36.7 % 8391 27.4 % Note. Percentages of “Permanent employment rates” are calculated as the number of women with permanent jobs divided by the total number of women in each age class. Grey cells indicate the most frequent category. As expected, the characteristics of women not registered with public employment centres (not shown) reveal better characteristics: 32% have tertiary education, compared with just 16% for women registered in Italian centres. The same pattern is found in France (37% vs 22%) and Germany (33% vs 17%). Moreover, in Italy, 36% of women registered have not achieved an upper secondary level of education (18% in France and 43% in Germany). Hence, our hypothesis that this variable may provide a suitable proxy for motivational and general characteristics of the women seem to be confirmed. Figure 1 , which summarizes employment rates for the main characteristics of the women, demonstrates that unregistered women have the highest rates (not so different from those of most educated women) with respect to other possible features, in each country. In Italy, registered women do not work at all, maybe indicating discouragement or other problematic situations that prevent active job search. Indeed, Fig. 1 illustrates similar patterns across the countries, demonstrating lower rates for the following profiles: women aged 20–24, women with children (although this is not so pronounced for France and Germany until there are two children), and non-native status (especially among African women, those with low education, and those living with parents). Note the large difference in employment rates between Italy and the other two countries for women in couples where the partner is working. Possible explanations for such differences may lie in differences in characteristics between territories within the individual states. Table 3 synthesizes regional statistics and possible differences in indicators across the three states (the last column of this table shows the significance of each covariate, which provides an assessment of whether it changes among countries, obtained by multinomial logistic regression taking the country as dependent variable and one variable at time as unique covariate). In examining the socio-economic regional statistics for Italy, France, and Germany (apart from immigration rates and Internet use), several noteworthy differences emerge, in terms of education (early leaver and NEET rates), employment, wealth, and especially fertility, poverty, and population with tertiary education. Italy exhibits higher NEET and early leaver rates compared with France and Germany. In terms of poverty rates, Italy reports the highest (19.3), indicating a relatively larger percentage of the population living in poverty compared with France (13.3) and Germany (14.6). Economically, Germany stands out, with the highest mean GDP and employment rate, surpassing both Italy and France, suggesting potential disparities in labour market dynamics. On the other hand, fertility rates, tertiary education rates for females, and the total population are significantly higher in France compared with Italy and Germany. Interestingly, France exhibits higher mean rates of households comprising single females with children (5.53, MAMFAM) and lower rates of households comprising couples (41.8 SPOSFAM), compared with Germany (49.5), suggesting a greater diversity of household structures. Table 3 Regional covariates (NUTS 2 for Italy and France, NUTS 1 for Germany). Covariates IT FR DE P value (N = 21) (N = 22) (N = 16) GDP Mean (SD) 84.8 (92.9) 112.1 (156) 225.1 (230) 0.031 Median [Min, Max] 42.6 [4.70, 403] 63.5 [10.1, 765] 131 [34.4, 740] EMP_RATE_M Mean (SD) 67.8 (7.46) 70.0 (2.27) 78.6 (2.58) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 70.9 [53.2, 77.6] 70.6 [65.2, 72.7] 78.8 [72.0, 82.9] EMP_RATE_F Mean (SD) 50.6 (12.1) 64.0 (3.80) 72.3 (2.96) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 56.7 [29.1, 63.7] 65.4 [56.6, 68.7] 72.3 [66.9, 76.7] NEET_rate Mean (SD) 21.8 (6.88) 12.8 (2.49) 10.0 (2.00) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 19.2 [13.3, 36.3] 11.8 [9.60, 17.0] 10.1 [7.30, 13.7] WEB Mean (SD) 90.2 (3.06) 92.3 (2.41) 89.3 (7.27) 0.098 Median [Min, Max] 91.2 [84.4, 94.1] 92.9 [86.5, 96.1] 91.8 [66.6, 95.2] AGR Mean (SD) 4.60 (3.06) 3.15 (1.89) 1.14 (0.836) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 3.30 [0, 13.0] 3.00 [0, 6.70] 1.30 [0, 2.50] EARLY_LEAVE Mean (SD) 11.6 (3.50) 8.07 (1.79) 13.2 (2.38) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 11.1 [7.60, 21.2] 7.35 [5.90, 11.4] 13.4 [9.00, 17.4] IMM Mean (SD) 10.8 (5.52) 7.48 (4.20) 10.3 (6.55) 0.104 Median [Min, Max] 12.8 [3.00, 18.9] 6.40 [3.00, 21.5] 9.80 [2.30, 19.9] EDU_TER_TOT Mean (SD) 19.8 (2.82) 36.7 (5.96) 31.7 (5.51) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 20.0 [14.8, 26.1] 35.9 [27.8, 54.4] 30.3 [25.1, 46.7] EDU_TER_F Mean (SD) 23.2 (3.36) 39.6 (6.16) 30.8 (6.43) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 23.2 [16.7, 28.8] 39.5 [28.9, 56.1] 29.9 [23.5, 48.6] FERT_RATE Mean (SD) 1.24 (0.142) 1.75 (0.124) 1.56 (0.06) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 1.21 [0.990, 1.72] 1.77 [1.37, 1.93] 1.58 [1.39, 1.66] UNIFAM Mean (SD) 64.1 (3.83) 63.4 (2.04) 58.0 (5.15) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 64.0 [55.2, 71.4] 63.4 [60.1, 68.1] 59.9 [45.8, 62.8] MULTIFAM Mean (SD) 1.38 (0.569) 0.44 (0.213) 1.26 (0.315) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 1.22 [0.59, 2.42] 0.38 [0.160, 1.14] 1.31 [0.670, 1.68] POVERTY_RATE Mean (SD) 19.3 (10.7) 13.3 (2.14) 15.4 (2.68) 0.016 Median [Min, Max] 13.3 [5.60, 37.1] 13.2 [10.0, 18.1] 15.6 [11.7, 19.6] SPOSFAM Mean (SD) 49.5 (5.15) 41.8 (1.98) 42.7 (5.64) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 49.6 [39.9, 58.8] 42.2 [37.2, 45.3] 44.5 [29.0, 48.5] MAMFAM Mean (SD) 4.41 (0.706) 5.53 (0.868) 4.93 (0.542) < 0.001 Median [Min, Max] 4.20 [3.25, 6.08] 5.47 [4.33, 7.02] 4.81 [4.24, 6.37] MEAN_H_INCOME Mean (SD) 53.2 (57.6) 67.8 (80.3) 149.0 (154) 0.013 Median [Min, Max] 27.5 [2.46, 249] 43.8 [6.96, 392] 86.0 [17.5, 502] 3.2 Multilevel models Before we fit the multilevel models, we pre-process the data, analysing possible forms of separation of quasi-separation among the target and each covariate. Moreover, we control for collinearity, a problem particularly affecting the use of regional statistics. For Italy, large collinearity (| ρ | > 0.90) emerges for the following pairs: GDP − MEAN_H_INCOME, EMP_RATE_M − EMP_RATE_F, EDU_TER_TOT − EDU_TER_F, SPOSFAM − UNIFAM, NEET_RATE − EMP_RATE_M and NEET_RATE − EMP_RATE_F. France shows the same pattern, also including MEAN_H_INCOME − EDU_TER_TOT ( ρ = 0.85), whereas for Germany the previous high correlations are confirmed, apart from smaller correlations for the couples EMP_RATE_M−EMP_RATE_F (0.69), NEET_RATE−EMP_RATE_M (− 0.66), NEET_RATE −EMP_RATE_F (− 0.68), and SPOSFAM−UNIFAM (0.75) and a larger correlation for UNIFAM−POVERTY_RATE (0.75). The same controls were performed with individual variables and demonstrate, in each country, strong association between citizenship and country of birth (which we remove from the model), as well as between variables describing the family situation: if the woman lives with a partner and if the partner works or not. Finally, we gather these variables in a single variable (Family). First, we fit an empty multilevel model to assess intraclass correlation (ICC), i.e. the degree of clustering of individuals within regions. The results shown that only for Italy, as expected, is there a significant non-zero variance across regions ( σ 2 = 0.321, Std. error = 0.108) and thus a non-negligible quota of total variation of the outcome across regions (ICC = 9.1%), unlike the case for the other countries (ICC = 1.1%). Table 4 shows the main results of the multilevel models in term of importance ( F test of likelihood ratio test statistics) and significance, including all (non-collinear) individual and regional variables (full model) and the selected models, by country. Note that the individual variables play a major role, in contrast to regional statistics, apart from some exceptions. Table 4. Likelihood ratio test statistics ( F ) of the full and selected multilevel models, by country Full model Selected model Effect IT FR DE IT FR DE Urbanization Area 1.15 19.88 9.85 20.3 12.2 Age_Group 50.46 45.46 17.96 58.4 46.3 17.7 Citizenship 0.93 3.54 13.40 6.7 3.6 29.0 Year_Stay 17.02 25.97 16.28 24.2 26.4 18.7 Education 21.20 56.33 7.25 21.4 56.6 7.6 Register 179.04 638.37 477.10 178.5 641.9 476.5 Edu_Field 10.85 16.01 26.910 10.8 15.9 27.1 Child_Age0-2 20.2 138.19 395.25 20.7 139.0 397.9 Child_Age3-5 21.72 70.40 98.28 21.8 69.9 98.7 Child_Age6-8 13.34 34.50 24.52 13.4 34.6 24.1 Child_Age9-17 27.9 20.65 35.26 28.3 20.2 35.6 Family 51.79 54.89 33.09 58.6 65.3 38.9 Elderly_charge 0.09 1.39 1.18 EMP_RATE_F 9.98 3.12 1.86 19.3 18.0 POVERTY_RATE 1.58 0.12 0.76 3.2 5.2 FERT_RATE 0.30 3.23 0.29 4.5 EDU_TER_F 4.58 0.35 0.79 3.9 MULTIFAM 1.79 0.06 1.99 9.3 WEB 3.60 0.20 0.22 AGR 6.63 0.43 1.06 EARLY_LEAVE 2.37 0.11 0.01 IMM 0.38 2.67 0.08 UNIFAM 1.28 1.52 0.18 MEAN_H_INCOME 0.32 1.09 0.54 MAMFAM 0.38 0.51 0.92 Note. Bold numbers indicate significance levels <0.01 and red numbers significance levels <0.05. Variables in capital letters refer to regional statistics. Figure 2 shows the estimated odds ratio (OR) for being employed for the selected models, by country (detailed results with estimated coefficients, standard errors, significance and confidence intervals are provided in the supplementary material). The odds ratios for being employed in Italy, France, and Germany present notable patterns across various categories. The most significant variables differ between countries. Apart from the largest effect, which is due to registration with an employment centre (see the discussion below), the three most significant variables for France and Germany, in decreasing order, are having a child aged 0–2, having a child aged 3–5, both of which are negatively associated with employment, and living in a couple with a working partner, which increases the odds of being employed for women. The fourth and fifth most important variables are education and age group in France, and having a child aged 9–17 and citizenship in Germany). Italy, by contrast, presents a completely different pattern: the most important covariates are family situation (being single increases the odds of being employed for women, whereas living in a couple with a working partner decreases the odds), age group, having a child aged 9–17, and duration of stay in Italy. This last variable, namely duration of stay in the respective country, together with citizenship, education, field of study, having a child of whatever age, and degree of urbanization (apart for Italy) is significant in all countries. It is associated with lower odds of employment for women living in industrialized areas (confirming the Eurostat regional statistics for France and Germany). From the significant odds ratios in Fig. 2 , it can be seen that women aged 20–24 face significantly higher odds of being unemployed compared with other age groups across all countries, although this is particularly pronounced in Italy in comparison with France and especially Germany, where these age differences are more attenuated. Woman with children consistently exhibit a higher risk of unemployment in all three countries, with this risk peaking in Germany for woman with children aged 0–2 (OR = 0.301, p < 0.0001). However, although the employment opportunities increase as children grow older, having child in whatever age class remains a significant barrier to unemployment in all the countries. Regarding citizenship, Italy presents another counter-intuitive situation: whereas in the other two countries, non-natives are significantly penalized compared with native woman (particularly American and Asian woman in Germany, and Asian and African women in France), in Italy, occupational opportunities do not significantly differ among Asian, American, and nationals (only African women have significant lower rates). However, after 10 years of residence in the respective countries, these occupational gaps disappear in France (OR = 0.97, p = 0.274) and Germany (OR = 0.94, p = 0.393), although not in Italy (OR = 0.632, p < 0.001). Educational levels play a crucial role, with nuanced differences among countries: although higher education levels increase employment, this effect is particularly strong in Italy, where all lower educational grades are associated with significantly lower odds of being employed compared with tertiary education. In other countries, women possessing post-secondary education face a non-significant lower risk of being unemployed compared with those possessing a tertiary education. The same holds in Germany also for women with primary or lower secondary education, probably confirming the degree of polarization of the labour market and demonstrating that employment rates for elementary jobs that require few skills may not be lower than those for highly skilled occupations. In this regard, having a specialization in a specific field of study confers noticeable occupational advantages over women with only a general specialization. These differences, which are particularly strong in Germany, are associated with specialization in health (with odds ratios ranging from 2.22 in France to 3.27 in Germany), law–economics (from 1.27 in France to 3.44 in Germany), transports and personal services (from 1.57 in France to 2.82 in Germany) and engineering–architecture (from 1.26 in France to 2.86 in Germany). Regarding the effect of registration of woman with employment centres, in each country, we estimate very large positive effect for woman without such registration in Italy (OR = 139.4), France (16.8), and Germany (31.5), reflecting, as expected, that motivated women or those in more favourable conditions (age, education, etc.) generally do not use this type of service to find work. However, Italy presents another peculiarity: whereas in France and Germany, women who are registered but do not receive benefits or assistance present higher employment rates than registered women registered who do receive benefits or assistance (OR = 1.46 and 1.34, respectively, both with p < 0.001), indicating that the first group is less disadvantaged that the second and effectively has better opportunities for work, in Italy this difference is not significant, demonstrating that benefits and assistance do not have any significant effect on working opportunities, and, indeed, may even discourage the search for work. Regional covariates have little effect, with some exceptions. Significant risk factors for being outside the labour market are living in regions with high poverty rate (Italy and Germany), low percentage of women with tertiary educational attainment (Italy), and percentage of households including two or more-family nuclei (Germany). Conversely, environmental contexts that favour a high probability of employment are living in regions with high employment rate (Italy and Germany) or in regions with higher fertility rates (France). 4. Discussion To increase women’s employment in the labour market, institutions adopt various policy interventions, such as implementation of equitable family leave policies, such as providing maternity leave, promoting workplace flexibility, and addressing biases in hiring and promotion processes. The main policies that have been adopted over the last 30 years in France and Germany (Fondazione Magna Carta 2023 ) have addressed principally the problem of low fertility among the population, the need to raise the educational level of the workforce, the need to increase the participation of young people and woman in the labour market, and the need to make the working environment more friendly for women. Regarding the first issue, France is now characterized by a fertility rate (1.83) that is decidedly higher than those of Italy (1.24) and Germany (1.53). One of the reasons for this seems to lie in a series of political policies (part-time working up to the child’s age of three, family quotient, free schooling, and family-friendly housing solutions) adopted in recent decades to support parenting: these not only facilitate births, but also support the choice to have children in the long term with aid that increases as the number of children making up the family unit increases. Furthermore, since the 1980s and 1990s, France has been very active in developing a childcare system. In 2019, around 60% of children under three years old had access to a care service, compared with an average of 36% across the OECD and 28% of Italian children. In this context, our data demonstrate that French regions with higher fertility also have higher occupational rates. This confirms evidence that in many advanced economies, the correlation between fertility rate and female employment has become positive, reflecting a better balance between work and private life (Barbiellini Amidei et al. 2023 ), although in those European countries where the male breadwinning model is dominant (such as Italy, Spain, and Germany), unemployed women have higher birth rates than employed women. By contrast, those countries where female employment is widespread (such as in Northern Europe) are characterized by a positive relationship between employment and fertility (Chabè-Ferret and Gobbi 2018 ). The literature suggest that a positive relationship could also reflect policy measures or institutional changes that favour conciliation between the roles of mothers and workers, by increasing childcare support or maternity leave provisions (Rindfuss et al. 2003). Findings for France seem to reflect these winning policies. Over the last 20 years Germany has also invested substantially in family policies, resulting in an increase in the fertility rate from the 1.33 recorded in mid-2000. Among other things, these include mandatory three-month maternity leave at 100% of salary, 12-month parental leave with a salary of 67% of the income usable by both parents (and up to 100% for less well-off families), a legal right for children to have access to services starting from their first year of age, and an adequate number of nurseries for each Land. Other policies have significantly contributed to women’s entry into the labour market (an allowance per child in every family regardless of income, tax deductions of up to two-thirds of the costs incurred linked to expenses for children up to 14 years of age in households where both parents work, and gender equality policies in the distribution of tasks within the family unit). Our results for Germany demonstrate that, as well as poverty, a particularly significant regional factor is living in a household including two or more family nuclei, and women in such multi-nuclear households (essentially situations where women, generally with children, have returned to their parents’ homes) encounter problems not only with regard to school dispersion (Brzinsky-Fay 2022 ), but also in their later labour market participation. Similar policies have also been proposed in Italy in the face of low female employment and demographic challenges, including low fertility rates and an aging population. The main policy measures proposed have been concerned with parental leave and allowances to support families with children and facilitate a work–life balance. Welfare policies related to unemployment have included unemployment benefits and social safety nets for individuals and families facing financial hardship due to unemployment (Welfare Italia 2022 ). However, these Italian policies have not achieved the same success as those adopted in France and Germany. Some recent data still demonstrate large gender gaps and failed occupational policies. Regarding education, according to the latest (December 2023) OECD-Pisa report, which surveyed the skills of 15-year-olds, Italy is the only country, among 81 school systems, showing a gender gap in mathematics of 21 points, the equivalent of a year of school. As far as the labour market is concerned, apart from the discouraging female employment rate (50.6), one of the lowest in Europe (compared with 64.0 in France and 72.3 in Germany), the prospects for improvement do not seem comforting. From a recent report (5 December 2023) of the National Labour Inspectorate (Ispettorato Nazionale del Lavoro 2023 ), it emerges that in Italy over 44,000 mothers in 2022 left their jobs, representing an increase of 17.1% compared with 2021. The largest share of resignations (32%) is linked to micro-enterprises (less than 10 employees), then large (26.2%), small (22.3%), and finally medium-sized (15.5%) enterprises. Regarding motivation, for 63% of new mothers, difficulty in combining employment and childcare was cited as the cause of resignation, and for 32.2%, resignation was related to the absence of supportive relatives, the high costs of nurseries or babysitters, or failure to be accepted into a nursery. The greatest number of resignations (58%) concerned with mothers with only one child (or expecting their first child), 32.5% of cases concerned mothers with two children, and only 7.5% concerned those with more than two children. In Italy, there is a limited availability of childcare facilities for children aged between 0 and 2 years, as shown by the official enrolment rates (26%, vs 35% in Europe; OECD 2022 ). In the same vein, the limited uptake of leave by fathers following childbirth (20%, vs 30% in Europe) certainly do not encourage the employment of women (Carta et al. 2023 ). Delving deeper into our empirical results, we note that LFS microdata provide several indications regarding the reasons for the lack of participation in the labour market or, for female workers, if they desire to work a greater number of hours or to move to a permanent contract from an (involuntary) part-time job. An analysis of these variables (the original LFS variables are given in bold) for unemployed women shows that in Italy only 17.3% were looking for work ( SEEKWORK ) during the four weeks preceding the reference week (compared with 29.5% in France), while 80.8% were not looking (67.5% in France). Among the main reasons for not working among women not employed and not looking for work ( SEEKREAS ), the need to care for children or the elderly appears to be a minor reason in Italy (18.3%) compared with the other two countries (26.1% in France and 33.5% in Germany, where it represents the main reason), while “other family reasons” prevail (39.6%, compared with 22% in Germany and 10.1% in France, where the main reason, 32.3%, is the lack of a suitable job). Furthermore, possible obstacles to work such as lack or inaccessibility of assistance services receive less emphasis in Italy (15%) than in France (18%) and Germany (17%), despite the known lack of such services in Italy. It is therefore interesting to analyse the reasons according to which women (not employed and not looking for work) believe that childcare would limit their participation in the labour market ( NEEDCARE ). The main reason, for all countries, is not the difficult time–family–work conciliation, but the desire to provide assistance, and, curiously, this answer is higher in Italy (84.2%) than in France (70.2%) or Germany (64.2%). This appears to demonstrate, in theory at least, that Italians are inspired by a strong idealistic desire to care for their offspring, which, however, is not confirmed in practice as the reason for unemployment and inactivity. It could also demonstrate different visions of the role of the woman–mother by the women themselves in the three countries. In Italy, a woman must personally take care of her children, giving up or pausing her working career for long periods, whereas in the other two countries, a different idea of the woman is dominant. Subsequent analysis of the responses of women employed in a part-time job reveals that in Italy the main motivation for working part-time ( FTPTREAS ) is a lack of availability of the current full-time job (58.3% of those interviewed), a value far higher than those in France (30.5%) and Germany (5.50%), where care for children and the elderly prevails as a motivation (36.6% and 46.9%, respectively, compared with 18.1% in Italy). The considerations put forward seem to indicate a certain idea of the relationship between (out of labour market) women and work in Italy. The problem of low female employment does not seem to be dictated by the presence of children to look after (which instead is the primary reason for resignation by woman already in work), although this is nevertheless considered an important consideration-, or by a difficult family–work reconciliation. Empirical results suggest, instead, two different reasons. First, there are contextual conditions that do not particularly motivate entry into the market, such as an economy that does not favour women in top roles in companies, a society that does not value female self-entrepreneurship, or the exit from the traditional role of a woman–mother. As previously discussed (Bertrand 2020 ), preferences to not work are not innate or completely endogenous, but are heavily influenced by the cultural and social environment to which women are exposed. In this context, it should be noted that unfavourable labour market conditions have also been remarked upon by employed women (involuntary part-time workers). Second, being out of the labour market depends on a conscious choice not to work, often due to lack of economic need, generally owing to the presence of a partner in the family who works (female employment rates in Italy for this subgroup are twenty percentage points lower than in France and Germany, and even lower than women in these two countries who still live with parents or women in the 20–24 age group). In this end, empirical data confirm that in Italy first-birth rates are higher for non-working women than for women with a job, confirming the importance of men’s economic position for the decision to have a first child (Barbiellini Amidei et al. 2023 ) A a conscious choice not to work can also possibly be attributed to the existence of a welfare system and to fiscal policies that provide transfers and tax credits for dependent spouses, generously subsidizing unemployment rather than monetarily and fiscally rewarding the opposite, as is the case, for example, in France with the “family quotient”. It is no coincidence that in Italy the only subgroup with a high rate of female participation, comparable to France and Germany, is made up of single women. More specifically, in the Italian tax system, women who contribute a second income to a couple receive lower monetary incentives than single women or their husbands (first income). Furthermore, the monetary incentive decreases if the additional income results in the family losing some benefits/transfers – a typically generous deduction for a dependent spouse, or loss of exemptions linked to the ISEE (the Italian acronym for the “Equivalent Financial Situation Indicator”). Finally, since the deduction for earned income does not depend on the number of earners, with the same income, a family with one or two earners receives the same deduction, without any incentive for the second income (Colonna and Marcassa 2015 ). 5. Conclusion Addressing gender disparities in the Italian labour market requires a broad and coordinated set of policies. First of all, the system of transfers to families should distance itself from current paternalistic models by trying to increase the supply of female labour, favouring rewards or benefit if mothers work, instead of bonuses for mothers who stop working. In the same direction, an increase in childcare facilities for younger children no longer seems to be an option, as clearly emerges from the recent EU directives on the so-called Next Generation (NextGen) European programme, implemented in Italy by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, which provides around 2.7 billion Euros for the strengthening of public nursery schools (document presented by the Government to the Italian Parliament on 12 January 2021). Implementing inclusion and awareness policies to combat gender or other discrimination disparities, and providing opportunities and resources necessary to overcome socioeconomic barriers, will not only promote individual well-being, but also contribute to more inclusive and sustainable economic and social growth for the whole of Italian society. To this end, a report of the Bank of Italy suggests that, other things being equal, a 10% increase in the Italian workforce, and especially in the female workforce, from current to EU levels, would increase GDP by approximately the same percentage in the long term (Carta et al. 2023 ). To conclude, given the considerations presented here regarding the two reasons for low employment levels among woman who do not work, the hope is that the first of these reasons, namely unfavourable market conditions and contextual conditions, will not become an endemic mechanism underlying long-term non-employment, discouraging in the future even those women now active in the job market who for age and economic reasons have not yet formed a family or had children, and forcing them over time to a irreconcilable choice whether to continue working or to start a family. Unfortunately, the above data provided by the National Labour Inspectorate seem to confirm such a likelihood. Declarations The authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work Author Contribution P.G.L. wrote the main manuscript text, P.G.L. and A.P. contributed to statistical analyses and A.P. prepared dataset and write the R-code. All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Babcock, L, M P Recalde, L Vesterlund, and L Weingart (2017), Gender differences in accepting and receiving requests for tasks with low promotability. American Economic Review 107(3): 714–47. Barbiellini Amidei, F. Di Addario, S.L. Gomellini, M. Piselli, P. (2023), Female labour force participation and fertility in Italian history. Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano Development Studies Working Paper No. 484. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368940 Barlet, C., and Guergoat-Larivière, M. (2019). Regional disparities in the labour market participation of women: evidence from France. 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Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/general?lang=en&subtheme=reg.reg_ilc&display=list&sort=category Eurostat (2023a) Employment rates by sex, age and NUTS 2 regions. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfst_r_lfe2emprt/default/table?lang=en&category=reg.reg_lmk.lfst_r_lfemp Eurostat (2023b) Labour market statistics at regional level. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Labour_market_statistics_at_regional_level#Employment Ferrera, M., and Barban, N. (2017). Family change, employment transitions, and the welfare state: household income dynamics in Italy and France. European Sociological Review, 33(5): 612-627. Fondazione Magna Carta (2023). Birthrate: a comparative analysis between France and Germany. Retrieved from: https://perunaprimaverademografica.fondazionemagnacarta.it/2023/05/16/natalita-unanalisi-comparata-tra-francia-e-germania/ Gavalas, V. (2007). Welfare regimes and transitions from education to work in Europe. European Societies, 9(2): 197-222. Goldin, C., and Katz, L. F. (2016). Women working longer: facts and some explanations (No. w22607). National Bureau of Economic Research. Goldstein, H. (1995). Multilevel statistical models, London: Edward Arnold. Gupta, S., et al. (2021). Occupational segregation and its impact on women's economic empowerment. Gender Studies Quarterly, 38(4): 432-450. Insee. (2022). Femmes et hommes, l’égalité en question. Retrieved from: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6047733?sommaire=6047805#contenu International Labour Office (2023) Achieving gender equality at work. ILO Press: Geneva Ispettorato nazionale del lavoro (2023). Relazione annuale sulle Convalide delle dimissioni lavoratrici madri e lavoratori padri – anno 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.ispettorato.gov.it/files/2023/12/RELAZIONE-CONVALIDE-2022.pdf Istat (2022) Livelli di istruzione e ritorni occupazionali. Retrieved from: https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/276497 Istat. (2023). Tasso di occupazione . Retrieved from: http://dati.istat.it/ Jones, R. (2020). Examining gender disparities in earnings: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 67-89. Khoudja, Y., et al. (2019). Ethnic differentials in educational attainment and labour -market outcomes: evidence from France. International Migration Review, 53(4): 983-1008. Martinez, M., and Johnson, K. (2017). Breaking the mold: exploring occupational integration in the 21st Century. Journal of Sociology and Employment, 22(3): 210-230. OECD. (2022). Labour Force Statistics by Sex and Age: Indicators. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R Rindfuss, R.,Guzzo K, and Morgan S. (2003). The changing institutional context of low fertility. Population Research and Policy Review 22 (5-6): 411–438. Smith, P., et al. (2018). The gender wage gap: a comparative analysis of trends and determinants. Journal of Labour Research, 33(4), 489-511. Tzvetkova, S., and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2017). Working women: what determines female labour force participation? Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labour -force-determinants Welfare Italia (2022) Executive Summary. Retrieved from https://www.welfare-italia.com/Documents/Welfare%202022%20-%20Executive%20summary.pdf Williams, E., and Smith, J. (2016). Navigating the work-life balance: challenges and strategies for women in the labour market. Work and Occupations, 43(2), 123-145. Wrohlich, K., and Zucco, A. (2019). Parental leave and maternal labour supply: evidence from Germany. Journal of Population Economics, 32(4), 1137-1181. Supplementary Materials Supplementary Materials are not available with this version. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3831572","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265222312,"identity":"6873a92b-35ef-40a5-bc24-2d652c9a58fc","order_by":0,"name":"Pietro Giorgio Lovaglio","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bicocca-Milan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pietro","middleName":"Giorgio","lastName":"Lovaglio","suffix":""},{"id":265222313,"identity":"996cd512-8990-4deb-bd9e-319b5631e9dd","order_by":1,"name":"Adalgisa Perrelli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bicocca-Milan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adalgisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Perrelli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-03 10:30:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49331516,"identity":"f5052a48-595c-4e52-bc01-d46dc35c803b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 19:21:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEmployment rate by relevant characteristics of the women, by country\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831572/v1/94746c1a45f6220a3b777717.png"},{"id":49331517,"identity":"9a691b00-ccac-46ce-957c-1d1dc6f1288a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 19:21:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSignificant odds ratios (ORs) for being employed of the selected multilevel models, by country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. Empty categories are reference categories for ORs. In the plot, the ORs for persons not registered in public employment centres (vs persons registered and assisted) for Italy (139.4), France (16.8), and Germany (31.5) were truncated at a value of 6.0 for better interpretation of the other ORs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831572/v1/41dfafe30c0e336500e7409f.png"},{"id":49720528,"identity":"fc0c6419-6f51-453c-a44b-b1fd87ccd3be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 01:22:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":636295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831572/v1/4fc70d4b-8f3d-4417-9264-643f82d6084d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: A Labour Force Survey empirical study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe issue of gender disparities in the labour market has garnered significant attention in recent decades. In contemporary Europe, women\u0026rsquo;s participation in the labour market has witnessed noteworthy developments. According to recent statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat, women\u0026rsquo;s employment rates vary across the region. In Southern European nations such as Italy and Greece, women\u0026rsquo;s employment rates tend to be comparatively lower, hovering around 50% (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the most recent data from the National Institute of Statistics (Istat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), in Italy, the female employment rate reaches its minimum value for the 20\u0026ndash;24 age group (24.9%) and its maximum value (64.5%) for women aged between 35 and 49. Furthermore, there are large differences in female employment in the 20\u0026ndash;65 age group between the regions of Northern Italy (69.0% for the regions of the North-West area and 71.0% for those of the North-East area) and Central Italy (64.7%) on the one hand and the regions of Southern Italy (with rates between 31.1% and 52.1%) on the other. Furthermore, the percentage of employed women aged 20\u0026ndash;49 varies from 56.3% for women without children to less than 43.0% for women with three or more children, and among women with a child aged between 3 and 5 years, only 52.5% have a job.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy contrast, in Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway and especially Germany (72.3%), women\u0026rsquo;s workforce participation is notably high, with rates exceeding 70% (OECD \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), whereas France show a lower rate (64%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese divergent trends reflect the influences of cultural, social, and economic factors on women\u0026rsquo;s integration into the labour force.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite recent progress in certain regions and countries, typically due to post-Covid rises in employment, persistent challenges such as occupational segregation and gender wage gaps underscore the need for ongoing efforts to enhance gender equality in European workplaces. Various studies (Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jones \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Brown and Williams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Bertrand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) have consistently reported a significant disparity in earnings, with women often earning less than their male counterparts for comparable work, while also examining risk factors such as occupational segregation, discrimination, and differences in negotiation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have attempted to shed light on the complex set of factors influencing the employment of women, exploring aspects such occupational segregation and the effects of implicit biases and stereotypes on career progression and wage differentials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA prevailing issue is occupational segregation (Babcock et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) or inefficient allocation of female workers (Di Addario et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-paying firms or professions characterized by lower wages (Casarico and Lattanzio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), with limited career advancement opportunities (Bertrand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon reveals that women in Europe continue to face challenges in accessing high-skill and high-wage occupations, thereby increasing their vulnerability to unemployment (Martinez and Johnson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Gupta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, discrimination and biases against women operate in many other ways in society and also act on the women\u0026rsquo;s ability to enter the labour market (Goldin and Katz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Family responsibilities have emerged as a significant risk factor impacting women\u0026rsquo;s employment outcomes. An international report (International Labour Office \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) has emphasized the intricate interplay between work and family responsibilities, with women often shouldering a disproportionate burden. The resultant challenges, such as career interruptions and the potential imposition of a \u0026ldquo;motherhood penalty\u0026rdquo;, contribute to increased risks of unemployment for women in Europe. Additionally, discriminatory practices and gender biases in hiring and promotion processes persist. These biases perpetuate gender-based disparities in employment, placing women at a heightened risk of unemployment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on individual risk factors influencing the employment status of women in Europe has identified several key variables. Age is a prominent factor, with studies (Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gupta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) indicating that older women may face increased challenges in labour market participation due to age-related biases and potential skill mismatches. Education levels also play a critical role, with higher levels of education generally associated with improved employment prospects for women (International Labour Office \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Khoudja et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, lower educational attainment may pose a risk factor for unemployment, particularly in competitive job markets. In addition to the level of education, the sector in which the highest level of education was achieved may represent an important employment factor, typically linked to the opportunity for self-employment (Insee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Istat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmigration status is another salient determinant (Cortinovis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by immigrant women in accessing stable employment opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of children and family structure also contribute significantly to women\u0026rsquo;s employment outcomes: women with more children may encounter greater difficulties balancing work and family responsibilities, potentially influencing their risk of unemployment (International Labour Office \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status is another influential factor with regard to women\u0026rsquo;s employment in Europe. Research by Brown and Williams (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that the dynamics of the labour market may differ for single, married, or cohabiting women. For example, societal expectations or biases may affect single women differently from their married counterparts. Additionally, marital status can intersect with other factors such as age and education to influence employment trajectories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther family characteristics further contribute to employment disparities, and housing arrangements, such as living with parents or alone, can also influence employment trajectories. Women with larger families, including the elderly, may face challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities, decreasing or increasing potential interruptions in their careers (Insee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, geographical location also contributes to employment disparities. Living in urban or rural areas may affect job accessibility (Williams and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApart from individual characteristics, different welfare regimes, such as the existence of support networks and policies for family support and employment for young woman, may have an important role in explaining differences across European countries (Gavalas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the three most populous countries in Europe (Italy, France, and Germany) differ not only in their constitutional models (parliamentary republic, semi-presidential republic and federal republic) but also in their types of welfare systems. A variety of research has provided insight into specific risk factors for women\u0026rsquo;s unemployment or inactivity in these countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Italy, a recent report by the Bank of Italy (Carta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) synthesized empirical research into the occupational status of Italian woman, emphasizing the impact of educational levels on women\u0026rsquo;s employment. Lower educational attainment tends to be associated with a higher risk of unemployment, reflecting the importance of skills and qualifications in the Italian labour market.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysing school and university careers and considering the professional opportunities of different cohorts of Italian students, Bovini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that girls, although they excel compared with boys in terms of scholastic results, tend to select degree courses and fields of study with potential returns that are worse in the labour market.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, family-related factors, such as the number of children, were explored by Ferrera and Barban (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), who found that women with larger families may face challenges in reconciling work and family responsibilities, contributing to a potential increased risk of unemployment. In this sense, gender inequalities, already present upon entry into the labour market, persist and widen when women become mothers (Carta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e): the probability that employed women become unemployed in the two years following motherhood doubles compared with those without children (De Philippis and Lo Bello 2023). In the same vein, other studies have shown that Italian women who continue to work after motherhood earn 40% less than childless women, even up to 15 years after giving birth (Casarico and Lattanzio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and that women tend to change jobs less often or to benefit less than males in terms of salary (Di Addario et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn France, Bonnet et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) shed light on the role of marital status and its interaction with age in shaping women\u0026rsquo;s employment outcomes. Their research suggests that the relationship between marital status and employment may vary across age groups, highlighting the need for nuanced analyses when examining individual risk factors in the French context. Additionally, immigration status was explored by Khoudja et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who revealed the complexities faced by immigrant women in accessing stable employment opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Germany, research by Brenke and Zimmermann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) delved into the impact of age on women\u0026rsquo;s employment, emphasizing the challenges that older women may face in the labour market. Moreover, the German context emphasizes the importance of educational qualifications, as demonstrated by studies such as that by Wrohlich and Zucco (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which highlight the positive correlation between higher education levels and employment prospects for women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough less well investigated than women\u0026rsquo;s individual characteristics, regional disparities within countries have an important role in shaping the unemployed status of woman, and it is therefore important to consider local contexts and inequalities when addressing this issue. The impact of regional or environmental factors on women\u0026rsquo;s employment in Italy, France, and Germany has been explored, with insights being obtained into the regional dynamics within each nation. Among several EU Member States characterized by regional disparities in their labour markets, official data (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e) shows that in 2021 the highest regional disparities were recorded in Italy (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e), illustrating a north\u0026ndash;south split between Italian regions, with the northern region of Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen recording the highest female employment rate (63.7%), and the southern region of Campania and Sicilia having the lowest (29.1%). Cipollone and Patacchini (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the role of regional disparities in employment outcomes, emphasizing that regional characteristics, such as economic development. poverty, and industrial structure, significantly influence women\u0026rsquo;s employment opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn France, regional factors such as economic and social environment in different regions can contribute to variations in female labour force participation rates (Barlet and Guergoat-Larivi\u0026egrave;re \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Although in general urban and industrialized regions often exhibit higher women\u0026rsquo;s employment rates, owing to the presence of diverse economic opportunities, the available data demonstrate that the regions (NUTS 2 regions) with the highest values are Aquitaine (68.7%), Pays-de-la-Loire (68.5), and Bretagne (67.8%), excluding major metropolitan areas such as Paris and Lyon. Corse (56.6%) and Languedoc-Roussillon (57.7%) have the lowest values in France.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Germany, statistical data and research insights also underscore the significance of regional disparities, which are generally focused on industrial composition and local economic conditions (Blien et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Urban and economically prosperous regions such as Brandenburg (76.7%), Bavaria (75.9%), and Nordrhein-Westfalen often demonstrate higher women\u0026rsquo;s employment rates (the last region, however, presents one of the lowest values of the State, 68.4%, together with the Region of Bremen, 66.9%). These areas benefit from a more extensive range of job opportunities, including positions in various industries and services. By contrast, major cities such as Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg, with their dynamic economies, contribute to the overall higher employment rates for women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional factors that may explain regional variability of employment rates are essentially the same as individual characteristics (personal, familial, social, and educational). As an example, the educational status of an area can be quantified in terms of school dispersion (rate of early leavers from education or training) or the number of people not in employment, education, or training (the NEET rate). In this end, recent empirical data demonstrate that in Germany young mothers are particularly at risk to becoming NEET, thus requiring particular policy interventions (Brzinsky-Fay \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApart from individual characteristics aggregated at regional level and other environmental conditions, such as structure and participation in the labour market, immigration rates, poverty rates, and other factors associated with employment status, additional factors may include regional fertility rates, as well as the prevailing family structure (couples, singles, or singles with children) in the region of residence (Tzvetkova and Ortiz-Ospina \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough there has been no a single comprehensive study covering all the mentioned risk factors for women\u0026rsquo;s unemployment in these specific countries, the cited studies have provided a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dynamics shaping women\u0026rsquo;s employment in Italy, France, and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the aim of the present paper is to identify and assess possible factors that affect the probability of being employed for women (not involved in formal education) in the 20\u0026ndash;49 age group, exploring possible demographic, educational, and social factors linked to the family to which the young belong, as well as territorial context factors, in line with the existing literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo obtain a complete overview of the problem under consideration, an analysis was conducted on three most populous European countries (Italy, France, and Germany) as representatives of different welfare regimes. The analysis, which exploits the rich information obtainable from the micro-data of the Labour Force Survey (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e) of Eurostat updated to the latest available year (2021), is carried out using a multilevel generalized linear model, taking the statistical units (women aged 15\u0026ndash;49) as the first level and the regions (NUTS 2 for Italy and France, and NUTS 1 for Germany) as the second level. To this end, LSF data were merged with those from Regional statistics (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e) in order to adjust and consider contextual indicators in the estimation of individual probability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe remainder of the present paper is structured as follows. Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e describes the sources used, the choice of variables, and the methods applied. Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the multilevel models for each country, together with a comparison of risk factors for unemployment across countries. Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e discusses the results and presents the main policy implications, and Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e concludes the paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Data and methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Labour Force Survey (LFS) (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e) is a large household sample survey providing quarterly results on labour participation of people aged 15 and over and on people outside the labour force in Europe. The survey covers persons resident in a given country, aged 15 years and over and who live in private households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom LFS microdata (in the following discussion, we show in bold the original names of the LFS variables), we select, from respondents in each analysed country, woman aged 20\u0026ndash;49 years (\u003cb\u003eAGE_GRP\u003c/b\u003e) who have not been not participating in formal education and training (i.e. as students or apprentices) in the previous four weeks \u003cb\u003e(EDUCFED4\u003c/b\u003e). As binary target variable, we use \u003cb\u003eEMPSTAT\u003c/b\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;1 if employed and 0 if unemployed or outside the labour force). As individual covariates, we select the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eage class: \u003cb\u003eAGE_GRP\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eeducation: \u003cb\u003eHATLEVEL\u003c/b\u003e for highest title and \u003cb\u003eHATFIELD\u003c/b\u003e for field of highest title;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003efamily type: (crossing) \u003cb\u003eHHPARENT\u003c/b\u003e (if living with parents), \u003cb\u003eHHPARTNR\u003c/b\u003e (if living with partner), \u003cb\u003eEMPSTAT\u003c/b\u003e (occupational status of partner);\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003enumbers of children in age classes 0\u0026ndash;2, 3\u0026ndash;5, 6\u0026ndash;8, 9\u0026ndash;17 years: \u003cb\u003eHHNBCH0TO2\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHHNBCH3TO5\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHHNBCH6TO8\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHHNBCH9TO17\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003epresence of elderly over 65 years in the family: \u003cb\u003eHHNBOLD\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ecitizenship: \u003cb\u003eCITIZENSHIP\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003earea of birth: \u003cb\u003eCOUNTRYB\u003c/b\u003e (native or another continent);\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eyear of permanent residence in the country: \u003cb\u003eYEARESID\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003earea of urbanization where woman resides: \u003cb\u003eDEGURBA\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of persons in the household outside the labour market, \u003cb\u003eHHNBADOUTLF\u003c/b\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eif the woman is registered (and also if she received assistance or monetary benefit) or not with a public employment service: \u003cb\u003eREGISTER\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn particular, this last variable was specified not to capture any effectiveness of public employment centres, but rather to measure the degree of motivation in looking for work (in general, those who are motivated or able to find work do not use such public services, being able to rely on their own strengths) and/or any characteristics of the woman that may disadvantage her (education, age, or complex family or housing situation) compared with other women, thus justifying the assistance or monetary benefits received from the welfare state.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo consider possible regional differences within countries linked to factors such as regional economy and work opportunities, as well as education, economic, and social context, we used from publicly available data (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e) various covariates that summarize the literature discussed above (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the last four covariates refer to household structure and situations that require support networks in regions, and the last one in particular tries to capture the prevalence of \u0026ldquo;non-traditional\u0026rdquo; families, such as situations where a household is composed of two or more nuclei (among the most frequent such cases is that of an elderly person living in their son\u0026rsquo;s or daughter's family and that of a woman with or without children who returns to her parents\u0026rsquo; household for different reasons).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegions for Italy and France (where we excluded regions called D\u0026eacute;partements d\u0026rsquo;Outre-Mer) are NUTS 2, whereas for Germany they are NUTS 1 (Lands).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the methodology adopted, for data characterized by a hierarchical structure (e.g. individuals within regions), multilevel modelling is generally preferred as an improvement over classical regression models (Goldstein \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). In this paper, we adopt a multilevel generalized model (MGM) that models a binary response as a function of individual data (level I) and aggregated data (level II), where the level II units are considered random effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional statistics used in the model (Eurostat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross domestic product at 2021 market prices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEAN_H_INCOME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage gross household income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOVERTY_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of residents under the poverty threshold (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60% of median income)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMP_RATE_F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment rates for Female (age group 15\u0026ndash;64 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMP_RATE_M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment rates for Male (age group 15\u0026ndash;64 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGR_EMP_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment rates in Agriculture, Fish and Forestry (age group 15\u0026ndash;64 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFERT_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertility rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDU_TER_TOT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of population with Tertiary educational attainment (age group 25\u0026ndash;64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDU_TER_F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of women with tertiary achievement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEARLY_LEAVE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of early leavers from education or training (age group 18 to 24 years]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEET_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEET rates of young people not in education and training (age group 15\u0026ndash;29 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWEB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of households that have internet access at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of population with foreign and non-EU citizenship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNIFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of households composed by a single person\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPOSFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of households composed by a couple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAMFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of households composed by a single woman and at least one child under 25 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMULTIFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of households composed by two-or-more-family nucleus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modelling adopted allows us on the one hand to consider the clustering effect of the micro-units in the macro-units (regions) and on the other hand to integrate regional indicators in their aggregate level to adjust and consider contextual indicators in the estimation of individual probabilities. More specifically, if we denote by \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e the occupational status (=\u0026thinsp;1 for employed and 0 otherwise) of woman \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e in region \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e, then the probability of the primary outcome (\u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 1) can be modelled by a logistic model\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(P\\left({Y}_{ij}=1\\right)={\\text{logit}}^{-1}\\left({\\beta }_{0j}+\\sum _{k=1}^{K}{\\beta }_{k}{x}_{ijk}\\right) \\left(1\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eas a function of \u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e individual covariates \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eijk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, \u0026hellip;, \u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e). In Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1), the coefficients \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e of the level 1 covariates remain fixed, while the intercept \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is specified as a random effect (region-specific) that possibly depends on level 2 predictors (regions):\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\beta }_{0j}={\\beta }_{00}+\\sum _{k=1}^{K}{\\beta }_{0k}{z}_{jk}+{u}_{0j}, {u}_{0j}\\sim\\text{N}\\left(0,{\\sigma }_{j}^{2}\\right), \\left(2\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e00\u003c/sub\u003e is the overall intercept, \u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ejk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are level II covariates (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are the errors in the level II parameters, normally distributed with zero mean and variance \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{j}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll models are estimated by weighting individuals by the LFS carryover universal coefficients, and analyses are performed separately for Italy, France, and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Descriptive\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dataset under study covers 80,518 (Italy), 11,521 (France), and 30,956 (Germany) woman aged 20\u0026ndash;49 years who had not participated in formal education during the four weeks preceding the interview. We initially removed 11.5% (Italy), 10.5% (France), and 12.9% (Germany) of woman aged 20\u0026ndash;49 years participating in formal education and training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, which describes of the analysed samples by country, reveals several notable differences across countries in the composition of the women analysed, especially in terms of the degree of urbanization of area of residence (more in rural areas in France, 32%, and less in Italy, 15%), the percentage of native women (less in Germany, 81%, and more in France, 91%), and education (27% of women with tertiary education in Italy, and 35% in France). In Italy, 40% of the women have a general non-specific specialization or have not achieved an upper secondary specialization (compared with 12% in France and 25% in Germany). Regarding living situation, in Italy, 30% of the women in age class 20\u0026ndash;49 live with their parents (compared with 11% in the other two countries), only 16% are single (27% in the other two countries), and 11% are in households where there is an elderly person in charge (3% in the other two countries). Age and the remaining covariates present similar profiles. Interestingly, the percentages of women with permanent contracts (among working women) are highest for France and Germany, with Italian woman closing this gap only after the age of 35 years.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: descriptive of sample by country (women 20-49 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:494.45pt;margin-left:-.25pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:76.4pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eN = 80518\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:75.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eN = 11521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:80.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eN = 30956\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNot-Employed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36072\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e44.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2995\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:white;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e26.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:white;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6841\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:white;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEmployed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e44446\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e55.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8526\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e74.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24115\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e77.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUrbanization Area\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCity urbanized\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e28825\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e35.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5507\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e47.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13621\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e44.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCity unurbanized\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e39454\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e49.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2293\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11732\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eY45-49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e17956\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePermanent employment rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eY20-24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border: none;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3733\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border: none;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e92.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eY45-49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15825\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid 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3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4526\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNative\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e66081\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e82.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9828\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e85.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e23452\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eYear Stay\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;0-4 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1605\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e252\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2194\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(Years of stay in Country)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5-9 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2327\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e332\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1298\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10+ years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10513\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1226\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4141\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNative\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e65807\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e82.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9715\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e84.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e23272\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e265\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEducation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNo formal education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e336\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eISCED 1- ISCED 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrimary or Lower II\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19359\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1141\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4827\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eISCED 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUpper II (general/ vocational)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36950\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e45.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e38.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11169\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eISCED 4-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1847\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e17.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;ISCED 6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTertiary (Bach, Master, PhD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22127\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3972\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9468\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e30.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRegister\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRegistered and assisted\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e936\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1658\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(Public Employment Centre)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e386\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEducation Field\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGeneral field\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e12199\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(Highest Degree)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eHumanities\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11767\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e18.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4574\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLaw-Economy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15285\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3682\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e32.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8484\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMath-Science\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3040\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e791\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e845\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEngineering-Architect\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4475\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e514\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1482\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAgriculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1049\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e280\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eHealth\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4745\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1894\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTransports-personal services- security\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e932\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUpper II not achieved\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19691\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1327\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4857\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3359\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e201\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eWhere_Live\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive with Parents\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16377\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e902\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive with Father\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1159\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e158\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive with Mother\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5153\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e451\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e842\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive outside parents\u0026lsquo;home\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e57828\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e71.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10103\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e87.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27731\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e89.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eHpartner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive with partner/ husband\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e45734\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e56.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e60.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19224\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e62.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLive without the partner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34784\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e43.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4516\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e39.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11732\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e37.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFamily\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLive with parents\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22885\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border: none;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e29.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: none;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSingle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11971\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2697\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e26.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCouple, Partner not work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7526\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e810\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCouple, Partner work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e34173\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e44.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: white;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5568\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e55.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eElderly_charge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e68067\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e88.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9976\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e97.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e29782\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e97.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(Aged \u0026gt;65 in Household)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8488\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e265\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e858\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eOut_Labour_Market\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0 persons\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e35265\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e46.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e69.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22406\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e73.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(N\u0026deg; persons in Household\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1 person\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e31.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e23.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6474\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e21.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eoutside the Labour Market)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 persons\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11892\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e601\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1374\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026gt;2 persons\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e149\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e68106\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e89.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8774\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e85.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e26320\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e85.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8449\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1467\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4320\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan 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none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e65826\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e86.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e83.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e26513\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e86.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 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0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10729\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e66.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6485\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e63.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e72.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:127.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25518\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e33.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3756\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8391\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. Percentages of \u0026ldquo;Permanent employment rates\u0026rdquo; are calculated as the number of women with permanent jobs divided by the total number of women in each age class. Grey cells indicate the most frequent category.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs expected, the characteristics of women not registered with public employment centres (not shown) reveal better characteristics: 32% have tertiary education, compared with just 16% for women registered in Italian centres. The same pattern is found in France (37% vs 22%) and Germany (33% vs 17%). Moreover, in Italy, 36% of women registered have not achieved an upper secondary level of education (18% in France and 43% in Germany). Hence, our hypothesis that this variable may provide a suitable proxy for motivational and general characteristics of the women seem to be confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, which summarizes employment rates for the main characteristics of the women, demonstrates that unregistered women have the highest rates (not so different from those of most educated women) with respect to other possible features, in each country. In Italy, registered women do not work at all, maybe indicating discouragement or other problematic situations that prevent active job search. Indeed, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates similar patterns across the countries, demonstrating lower rates for the following profiles: women aged 20\u0026ndash;24, women with children (although this is not so pronounced for France and Germany until there are two children), and non-native status (especially among African women, those with low education, and those living with parents). Note the large difference in employment rates between Italy and the other two countries for women in couples where the partner is working.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePossible explanations for such differences may lie in differences in characteristics between territories within the individual states. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e synthesizes regional statistics and possible differences in indicators across the three states (the last column of this table shows the significance of each covariate, which provides an assessment of whether it changes among countries, obtained by multinomial logistic regression taking the country as dependent variable and one variable at time as unique covariate).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn examining the socio-economic regional statistics for Italy, France, and Germany (apart from immigration rates and Internet use), several noteworthy differences emerge, in terms of education (early leaver and NEET rates), employment, wealth, and especially fertility, poverty, and population with tertiary education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly exhibits higher NEET and early leaver rates compared with France and Germany. In terms of poverty rates, Italy reports the highest (19.3), indicating a relatively larger percentage of the population living in poverty compared with France (13.3) and Germany (14.6). Economically, Germany stands out, with the highest mean GDP and employment rate, surpassing both Italy and France, suggesting potential disparities in labour market dynamics. On the other hand, fertility rates, tertiary education rates for females, and the total population are significantly higher in France compared with Italy and Germany. Interestingly, France exhibits higher mean rates of households comprising single females with children (5.53, MAMFAM) and lower rates of households comprising couples (41.8 SPOSFAM), compared with Germany (49.5), suggesting a greater diversity of household structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional covariates (NUTS 2 for Italy and France, NUTS 1 for Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovariates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.8 (92.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.1 (156)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.1 (230)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.6 [4.70, 403]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5 [10.1, 765]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 [34.4, 740]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMP_RATE_M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8 (7.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0 (2.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.6 (2.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9 [53.2, 77.6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6 [65.2, 72.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.8 [72.0, 82.9]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMP_RATE_F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.0 (3.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3 (2.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7 [29.1, 63.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4 [56.6, 68.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3 [66.9, 76.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEET_rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (6.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 (2.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0 (2.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 [13.3, 36.3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 [9.60, 17.0]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 [7.30, 13.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWEB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2 (3.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.3 (2.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.3 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.2 [84.4, 94.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.9 [86.5, 96.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.8 [66.6, 95.2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60 (3.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 (1.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 (0.836)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30 [0, 13.0]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00 [0, 6.70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30 [0, 2.50]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEARLY_LEAVE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 (3.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07 (1.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 (2.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 [7.60, 21.2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.35 [5.90, 11.4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 [9.00, 17.4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 (5.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48 (4.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (6.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 [3.00, 18.9]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40 [3.00, 21.5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80 [2.30, 19.9]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDU_TER_TOT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 (2.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7 (5.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7 (5.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0 [14.8, 26.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9 [27.8, 54.4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 [25.1, 46.7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDU_TER_F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 (3.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6 (6.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8 (6.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 [16.7, 28.8]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5 [28.9, 56.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9 [23.5, 48.6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFERT_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75 (0.124)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 (0.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 [0.990, 1.72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77 [1.37, 1.93]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58 [1.39, 1.66]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNIFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1 (3.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4 (2.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.0 (5.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.0 [55.2, 71.4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4 [60.1, 68.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9 [45.8, 62.8]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMULTIFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38 (0.569)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44 (0.213)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 (0.315)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 [0.59, 2.42]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38 [0.160, 1.14]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 [0.670, 1.68]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOVERTY_RATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 (2.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 (2.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 [5.60, 37.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 [10.0, 18.1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 [11.7, 19.6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPOSFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5 (5.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8 (1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7 (5.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6 [39.9, 58.8]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2 [37.2, 45.3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5 [29.0, 48.5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAMFAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41 (0.706)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.53 (0.868)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93 (0.542)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20 [3.25, 6.08]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.47 [4.33, 7.02]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.81 [4.24, 6.37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEAN_H_INCOME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2 (57.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8 (80.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.0 (154)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian [Min, Max]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 [2.46, 249]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8 [6.96, 392]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.0 [17.5, 502]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Multilevel models\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore we fit the multilevel models, we pre-process the data, analysing possible forms of separation of quasi-separation among the target and each covariate. Moreover, we control for collinearity, a problem particularly affecting the use of regional statistics. For Italy, large collinearity (|\u003cem\u003eρ\u003c/em\u003e| \u0026gt; 0.90) emerges for the following pairs: GDP\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eMEAN_H_INCOME, EMP_RATE_M\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eEMP_RATE_F, EDU_TER_TOT\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eEDU_TER_F, SPOSFAM\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eUNIFAM, NEET_RATE\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eEMP_RATE_M and NEET_RATE\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eEMP_RATE_F. France shows the same pattern, also including MEAN_H_INCOME\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003eEDU_TER_TOT (\u003cem\u003eρ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85), whereas for Germany the previous high correlations are confirmed, apart from smaller correlations for the couples EMP_RATE_M\u0026minus;EMP_RATE_F (0.69), NEET_RATE\u0026minus;EMP_RATE_M (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.66), NEET_RATE \u0026minus;EMP_RATE_F (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.68), and SPOSFAM\u0026minus;UNIFAM (0.75) and a larger correlation for UNIFAM\u0026minus;POVERTY_RATE (0.75).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same controls were performed with individual variables and demonstrate, in each country, strong association between citizenship and country of birth (which we remove from the model), as well as between variables describing the family situation: if the woman lives with a partner and if the partner works or not. Finally, we gather these variables in a single variable (Family).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, we fit an empty multilevel model to assess intraclass correlation (ICC), i.e. the degree of clustering of individuals within regions. The results shown that only for Italy, as expected, is there a significant non-zero variance across regions (\u003cem\u003eσ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.321, Std. error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108) and thus a non-negligible quota of total variation of the outcome across regions (ICC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.1%), unlike the case for the other countries (ICC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.1%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the main results of the multilevel models in term of importance (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e test of likelihood ratio test statistics) and significance, including all (non-collinear) individual and regional variables (full model) and the selected models, by country. Note that the individual variables play a major role, in contrast to regional statistics, apart from some exceptions.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Likelihood ratio test statistics (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e) of the full and selected multilevel models, by country \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:418.2pt;margin-left:-.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFull model\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 137.2pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSelected model\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEffect\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUrbanization Area\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e12.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAge_Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e45.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEducation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e21.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e56.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e21.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e56.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRegister\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e179.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e638.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e477.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e178.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e641.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e476.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e395.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e139.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e397.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eChild_Age3-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e21.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e21.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e69.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e98.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eChild_Age6-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.0pt;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eChild_Age9-17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e35.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e28.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e35.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFamily\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEDU_TER_F\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e4.58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMEAN_H_INCOME\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMAMFAM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.05pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. Bold numbers indicate significance levels \u0026lt;0.01 and red numbers significance levels \u0026lt;0.05. Variables in capital letters refer to regional statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the estimated odds ratio (OR) for being employed for the selected models, by country (detailed results with estimated coefficients, standard errors, significance and confidence intervals are provided in the supplementary material). The odds ratios for being employed in Italy, France, and Germany present notable patterns across various categories. The most significant variables differ between countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApart from the largest effect, which is due to registration with an employment centre (see the discussion below), the three most significant variables for France and Germany, in decreasing order, are having a child aged 0\u0026ndash;2, having a child aged 3\u0026ndash;5, both of which are negatively associated with employment, and living in a couple with a working partner, which \u003cem\u003eincreases\u003c/em\u003e the odds of being employed for women. The fourth and fifth most important variables are education and age group in France, and having a child aged 9\u0026ndash;17 and citizenship in Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly, by contrast, presents a completely different pattern: the most important covariates are family situation (being single increases the odds of being employed for women, whereas living in a couple with a working partner decreases the odds), age group, having a child aged 9\u0026ndash;17, and duration of stay in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis last variable, namely duration of stay in the respective country, together with citizenship, education, field of study, having a child of whatever age, and degree of urbanization (apart for Italy) is significant in all countries. It is associated with lower odds of employment for women living in industrialized areas (confirming the Eurostat regional statistics for France and Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the significant odds ratios in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, it can be seen that women aged 20\u0026ndash;24 face significantly higher odds of being unemployed compared with other age groups across all countries, although this is particularly pronounced in Italy in comparison with France and especially Germany, where these age differences are more attenuated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoman with children consistently exhibit a higher risk of unemployment in all three countries, with this risk peaking in Germany for woman with children aged 0\u0026ndash;2 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.301, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). However, although the employment opportunities increase as children grow older, having child in whatever age class remains a significant barrier to unemployment in all the countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding citizenship, Italy presents another counter-intuitive situation: whereas in the other two countries, non-natives are significantly penalized compared with native woman (particularly American and Asian woman in Germany, and Asian and African women in France), in Italy, occupational opportunities do not significantly differ among Asian, American, and nationals (only African women have significant lower rates). However, after 10 years of residence in the respective countries, these occupational gaps disappear in France (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.97, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.274) and Germany (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.393), although not in Italy (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.632, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational levels play a crucial role, with nuanced differences among countries: although higher education levels increase employment, this effect is particularly strong in Italy, where all lower educational grades are associated with significantly lower odds of being employed compared with tertiary education. In other countries, women possessing post-secondary education face a non-significant lower risk of being unemployed compared with those possessing a tertiary education. The same holds in Germany also for women with primary or lower secondary education, probably confirming the degree of polarization of the labour market and demonstrating that employment rates for elementary jobs that require few skills may not be lower than those for highly skilled occupations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this regard, having a specialization in a specific field of study confers noticeable occupational advantages over women with only a general specialization. These differences, which are particularly strong in Germany, are associated with specialization in health (with odds ratios ranging from 2.22 in France to 3.27 in Germany), law\u0026ndash;economics (from 1.27 in France to 3.44 in Germany), transports and personal services (from 1.57 in France to 2.82 in Germany) and engineering\u0026ndash;architecture (from 1.26 in France to 2.86 in Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the effect of registration of woman with employment centres, in each country, we estimate very large positive effect for woman without such registration in Italy (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139.4), France (16.8), and Germany (31.5), reflecting, as expected, that motivated women or those in more favourable conditions (age, education, etc.) generally do not use this type of service to find work. However, Italy presents another peculiarity: whereas in France and Germany, women who are registered but do not receive benefits or assistance present higher employment rates than registered women registered who do receive benefits or assistance (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.46 and 1.34, respectively, both with \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating that the first group is less disadvantaged that the second and effectively has better opportunities for work, in Italy this difference is not significant, demonstrating that benefits and assistance do not have any significant effect on working opportunities, and, indeed, may even discourage the search for work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional covariates have little effect, with some exceptions. Significant risk factors for being outside the labour market are living in regions with high poverty rate (Italy and Germany), low percentage of women with tertiary educational attainment (Italy), and percentage of households including two or more-family nuclei (Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, environmental contexts that favour a high probability of employment are living in regions with high employment rate (Italy and Germany) or in regions with higher fertility rates (France).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo increase women\u0026rsquo;s employment in the labour market, institutions adopt various policy interventions, such as implementation of equitable family leave policies, such as providing maternity leave, promoting workplace flexibility, and addressing biases in hiring and promotion processes. The main policies that have been adopted over the last 30 years in France and Germany (Fondazione Magna Carta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) have addressed principally the problem of low fertility among the population, the need to raise the educational level of the workforce, the need to increase the participation of young people and woman in the labour market, and the need to make the working environment more friendly for women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the first issue, France is now characterized by a fertility rate (1.83) that is decidedly higher than those of Italy (1.24) and Germany (1.53). One of the reasons for this seems to lie in a series of political policies (part-time working up to the child\u0026rsquo;s age of three, family quotient, free schooling, and family-friendly housing solutions) adopted in recent decades to support parenting: these not only facilitate births, but also support the choice to have children in the long term with aid that increases as the number of children making up the family unit increases. Furthermore, since the 1980s and 1990s, France has been very active in developing a childcare system. In 2019, around 60% of children under three years old had access to a care service, compared with an average of 36% across the OECD and 28% of Italian children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, our data demonstrate that French regions with higher fertility also have higher occupational rates. This confirms evidence that in many advanced economies, the correlation between fertility rate and female employment has become positive, reflecting a better balance between work and private life (Barbiellini Amidei et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), although in those European countries where the male breadwinning model is dominant (such as Italy, Spain, and Germany), unemployed women have higher birth rates than employed women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy contrast, those countries where female employment is widespread (such as in Northern Europe) are characterized by a positive relationship between employment and fertility (Chab\u0026egrave;-Ferret and Gobbi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The literature suggest that a positive relationship could also reflect policy measures or institutional changes that favour conciliation between the roles of mothers and workers, by increasing childcare support or maternity leave provisions (Rindfuss et al. 2003). Findings for France seem to reflect these winning policies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver the last 20 years Germany has also invested substantially in family policies, resulting in an increase in the fertility rate from the 1.33 recorded in mid-2000. Among other things, these include mandatory three-month maternity leave at 100% of salary, 12-month parental leave with a salary of 67% of the income usable by both parents (and up to 100% for less well-off families), a legal right for children to have access to services starting from their first year of age, and an adequate number of nurseries for each Land.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther policies have significantly contributed to women\u0026rsquo;s entry into the labour market (an allowance per child in every family regardless of income, tax deductions of up to two-thirds of the costs incurred linked to expenses for children up to 14 years of age in households where both parents work, and gender equality policies in the distribution of tasks within the family unit).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results for Germany demonstrate that, as well as poverty, a particularly significant regional factor is living in a household including two or more family nuclei, and women in such multi-nuclear households (essentially situations where women, generally with children, have returned to their parents\u0026rsquo; homes) encounter problems not only with regard to school dispersion (Brzinsky-Fay \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), but also in their later labour market participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar policies have also been proposed in Italy in the face of low female employment and demographic challenges, including low fertility rates and an aging population. The main policy measures proposed have been concerned with parental leave and allowances to support families with children and facilitate a work\u0026ndash;life balance. Welfare policies related to unemployment have included unemployment benefits and social safety nets for individuals and families facing financial hardship due to unemployment (Welfare Italia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, these Italian policies have not achieved the same success as those adopted in France and Germany. Some recent data still demonstrate large gender gaps and failed occupational policies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding education, according to the latest (December 2023) OECD-Pisa report, which surveyed the skills of 15-year-olds, Italy is the only country, among 81 school systems, showing a gender gap in mathematics of 21 points, the equivalent of a year of school.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs far as the labour market is concerned, apart from the discouraging female employment rate (50.6), one of the lowest in Europe (compared with 64.0 in France and 72.3 in Germany), the prospects for improvement do not seem comforting. From a recent report (5 December 2023) of the National Labour Inspectorate (Ispettorato Nazionale del Lavoro \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), it emerges that in Italy over 44,000 mothers in 2022 left their jobs, representing an increase of 17.1% compared with 2021. The largest share of resignations (32%) is linked to micro-enterprises (less than 10 employees), then large (26.2%), small (22.3%), and finally medium-sized (15.5%) enterprises. Regarding motivation, for 63% of new mothers, difficulty in combining employment and childcare was cited as the cause of resignation, and for 32.2%, resignation was related to the absence of supportive relatives, the high costs of nurseries or babysitters, or failure to be accepted into a nursery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe greatest number of resignations (58%) concerned with mothers with only one child (or expecting their first child), 32.5% of cases concerned mothers with two children, and only 7.5% concerned those with more than two children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Italy, there is a limited availability of childcare facilities for children aged between 0 and 2 years, as shown by the official enrolment rates (26%, vs 35% in Europe; OECD \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the same vein, the limited uptake of leave by fathers following childbirth (20%, vs 30% in Europe) certainly do not encourage the employment of women (Carta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelving deeper into our empirical results, we note that LFS microdata provide several indications regarding the reasons for the lack of participation in the labour market or, for female workers, if they desire to work a greater number of hours or to move to a permanent contract from an (involuntary) part-time job.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analysis of these variables (the original LFS variables are given in bold) for unemployed women shows that in Italy only 17.3% were looking for work (\u003cb\u003eSEEKWORK\u003c/b\u003e) during the four weeks preceding the reference week (compared with 29.5% in France), while 80.8% were not looking (67.5% in France).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the main reasons for not working among women not employed and not looking for work (\u003cb\u003eSEEKREAS\u003c/b\u003e), the need to care for children or the elderly appears to be a minor reason in Italy (18.3%) compared with the other two countries (26.1% in France and 33.5% in Germany, where it represents the main reason), while \u0026ldquo;other family reasons\u0026rdquo; prevail (39.6%, compared with 22% in Germany and 10.1% in France, where the main reason, 32.3%, is the lack of a suitable job). Furthermore, possible obstacles to work such as lack or inaccessibility of assistance services receive less emphasis in Italy (15%) than in France (18%) and Germany (17%), despite the known lack of such services in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is therefore interesting to analyse the reasons according to which women (not employed and not looking for work) believe that childcare would limit their participation in the labour market (\u003cb\u003eNEEDCARE\u003c/b\u003e). The main reason, for all countries, is not the difficult time\u0026ndash;family\u0026ndash;work conciliation, but the desire to provide assistance, and, curiously, this answer is higher in Italy (84.2%) than in France (70.2%) or Germany (64.2%). This appears to demonstrate, in theory at least, that Italians are inspired by a strong idealistic desire to care for their offspring, which, however, is not confirmed in practice as the reason for unemployment and inactivity. It could also demonstrate different visions of the role of the woman\u0026ndash;mother by the women themselves in the three countries. In Italy, a woman must personally take care of her children, giving up or pausing her working career for long periods, whereas in the other two countries, a different idea of the woman is dominant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsequent analysis of the responses of women employed in a part-time job reveals that in Italy the main motivation for working part-time (\u003cb\u003eFTPTREAS\u003c/b\u003e) is a lack of availability of the current full-time job (58.3% of those interviewed), a value far higher than those in France (30.5%) and Germany (5.50%), where care for children and the elderly prevails as a motivation (36.6% and 46.9%, respectively, compared with 18.1% in Italy).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe considerations put forward seem to indicate a certain idea of the relationship between (out of labour market) women and work in Italy. The problem of low female employment does not seem to be dictated by the presence of children to look after (which instead is the primary reason for resignation by woman already in work), although this is nevertheless considered an important consideration-, or by a difficult family\u0026ndash;work reconciliation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical results suggest, instead, two different reasons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, there are contextual conditions that do not particularly motivate entry into the market, such as an economy that does not favour women in top roles in companies, a society that does not value female self-entrepreneurship, or the exit from the traditional role of a woman\u0026ndash;mother. As previously discussed (Bertrand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), preferences to not work are not innate or completely endogenous, but are heavily influenced by the cultural and social environment to which women are exposed. In this context, it should be noted that unfavourable labour market conditions have also been remarked upon by employed women (involuntary part-time workers).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond, being out of the labour market depends on a conscious choice not to work, often due to lack of economic need, generally owing to the presence of a partner in the family who works (female employment rates in Italy for this subgroup are twenty percentage points lower than in France and Germany, and even lower than women in these two countries who still live with parents or women in the 20\u0026ndash;24 age group). In this end, empirical data confirm that in Italy first-birth rates are higher for non-working women than for women with a job, confirming the importance of men\u0026rsquo;s economic position for the decision to have a first child (Barbiellini Amidei et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA a conscious choice not to work can also possibly be attributed to the existence of a welfare system and to fiscal policies that provide transfers and tax credits for dependent spouses, generously subsidizing unemployment rather than monetarily and fiscally rewarding the opposite, as is the case, for example, in France with the \u0026ldquo;family quotient\u0026rdquo;. It is no coincidence that in Italy the only subgroup with a high rate of female participation, comparable to France and Germany, is made up of single women. More specifically, in the Italian tax system, women who contribute a second income to a couple receive lower monetary incentives than single women or their husbands (first income).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the monetary incentive decreases if the additional income results in the family losing some benefits/transfers \u0026ndash; a typically generous deduction for a dependent spouse, or loss of exemptions linked to the ISEE (the Italian acronym for the \u0026ldquo;Equivalent Financial Situation Indicator\u0026rdquo;). Finally, since the deduction for earned income does not depend on the number of earners, with the same income, a family with one or two earners receives the same deduction, without any incentive for the second income (Colonna and Marcassa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAddressing gender disparities in the Italian labour market requires a broad and coordinated set of policies. First of all, the system of transfers to families should distance itself from current paternalistic models by trying to increase the supply of female labour, favouring rewards or benefit if mothers work, instead of bonuses for mothers who stop working.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the same direction, an increase in childcare facilities for younger children no longer seems to be an option, as clearly emerges from the recent EU directives on the so-called Next Generation (NextGen) European programme, implemented in Italy by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, which provides around 2.7\u0026nbsp;billion Euros for the strengthening of public nursery schools (document presented by the Government to the Italian Parliament on 12 January 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementing inclusion and awareness policies to combat gender or other discrimination disparities, and providing opportunities and resources necessary to overcome socioeconomic barriers, will not only promote individual well-being, but also contribute to more inclusive and sustainable economic and social growth for the whole of Italian society. To this end, a report of the Bank of Italy suggests that, other things being equal, a 10% increase in the Italian workforce, and especially in the female workforce, from current to EU levels, would increase GDP by approximately the same percentage in the long term (Carta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo conclude, given the considerations presented here regarding the two reasons for low employment levels among woman who do not work, the hope is that the first of these reasons, namely unfavourable market conditions and contextual conditions, will not become an endemic mechanism underlying long-term non-employment, discouraging in the future even those women now active in the job market who for age and economic reasons have not yet formed a family or had children, and forcing them over time to a irreconcilable choice whether to continue working or to start a family. Unfortunately, the above data provided by the National Labour Inspectorate seem to confirm such a likelihood.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eP.G.L. wrote the main manuscript text, P.G.L. and A.P. contributed to statistical analyses and A.P. prepared dataset and write the R-code. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBabcock, L, M P Recalde, L Vesterlund, and L Weingart (2017), Gender differences in accepting and receiving requests for tasks with low promotability. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Economic Review\u003c/em\u003e 107(3): 714\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbiellini Amidei, F. Di Addario, S.L. 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(2019). Parental leave and maternal labour supply: evidence from Germany. Journal of Population Economics, 32(4), 1137-1181.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Supplementary Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Materials are not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Labour Force Survey, Employment, Regional Factors, NUTS, multilevel modelling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn line with the existing literature, the primary focus of the present paper is on understanding the multifaceted factors contributing to unequal employment opportunities for women and the potential implications for both individuals and society. Specifically, the objective is to identify meaningful risk factors that affect the probability of being employed for women in the 20–49 age group, exploring possible demographic, educational, social, and family factors, as well as territorial context factors. The analysis is conducted on the three most populous European countries (Italy, France, and Germany) as representatives of different welfare regimes. The analysis exploits the rich information available in the micro-data of the Labour Force Survey (2021) as well as Eurostat regional statistics considering individuals nested in regions (NUTS 2). A deep analysis of empirical findings sheds light on employment determinants and motivations for not working, which appear to be essentially related to family and demographic factors. These results reveal the country-specific profiles that indicate greater risk of non-employment and also provide a basis for suggesting different policy implications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClassification JEL: F66 J21 J71\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: A Labour Force Survey empirical study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-08 19:21:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831572/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"931459c5-33bf-4f37-b5e0-aa4eb7939c5b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-17T01:14:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-08 19:21:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3831572","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3831572","identity":"rs-3831572","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}