Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta) alleviates bisphenol A-induced adverse reproductive abnormalities in mice

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Gracilaria changii aqueous extract improved the reproductive health of bisphenol A-exposed mice by mitigating uterine abnormalities and increasing pregnancy rates.

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This study investigated whether aqueous extracts of the red macroalgae Gracilaria changii could mitigate reproductive toxicity induced by bisphenol A in female mice. The researchers administered BPA to ICR mice alongside G. changii extract, evaluating outcomes through uterine histology, oxidative stress markers, and pregnancy rates. Results indicated that the seaweed extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and improved uterine health metrics compared to the BPA-only group, although the paper does not explicitly mention endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the potential of Gracilaria changii extract in ameliorating the potential adverse effects of bisphenol A. Methods: The antioxidant capacity of Gracilaria changii extracted using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) was studied. The mice were administered by oral gavage with bisphenol A (60 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks with or without Gracilaria changii aqueous extract. Thereafter, the mice were either euthanized for histology and immunohistochemistry studies or mated to evaluate the pregnancy rate. Results: Gracilaria changii aqueous extract showed the highest antioxidant properties compared with extract using methanol and ethanol. The aqueous extract of Gracilaria changii improved the uterus index and uterine lipid peroxidation after bisphenol A exposure, although the uterine expressions of estrogen receptors and complement C3 were not improved. Histological evaluation of the uterus during the estrus stage has revealed that the extract could mitigate bisphenol A-induced adverse effects in the uterus as there was a lower percentage of mice showing abnormalities like decreased eosin staining in the myometrium, and decrease in the number of eosinophil and endometrial glands in the endometrium. Besides, Gracilaria changii aqueous extract improved the pregnancy rate of mice administered with bisphenol A. Conclusions: Gracilaria changii extract protects against bisphenol A-induced female reproductive abnormalities in mice which may be mediated via modulation of eosinophil migration, endometrial gland formation, and protein expressions associated with prostaglandins in the myometrium.
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Acknowledgements

Sincere appreciation is extended to the laboratory staff of Faculty of Science, UTAR and research assistant in Sunway University, Malaysia. Appreciation is also extended to the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Research Fund for funding this research (IPSR/ RMC/UTARRF 2017-C1/K04). Besides, the authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Devendra Pathak, an independent histologist from GADVASU University, India for examining and verifying the histopathological sections.

References

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