The Prevalence and Factors Influencing Scabies among Elementary School Children in Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia

The Prevalence and Factors Influencing Scabies among Elementary School Children in Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Prevalence and Factors Influencing Scabies among Elementary School Children in Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia Solomon Tesfaye, Mequanint Alem, Damtew Bekele, Ashenafi Alemu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Human scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the human itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis . It is a significant public health issue, affecting over 200 million people globally, primarily children. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies among elementary school children in the Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire and clinical dermatological examination. A logistic regression analysis was used using SPSS version 26.0 to assess the strength of the association between scabies positivity and risk factors. Results The prevalence of scabies among elementary school children in the study area was 16.1% (65/404) with 95% CI (12.7% − 19.9%). Factors such as being male (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.016; 95% CI: 1.127–3.605, P-value = 0.018), attending Koti Primary School (AOR = 2.436; 95% CI: 1.020–5.946, P-value = 0.045), having a history of contact with confirmed scabies cases (AOR = 32.654; 95% CI: 12.758–83.580, P < 0.001), infrequent washing of clothes (AOR = 9.234; 95% CI: 2.241–38.545, P = 0.002), using only water for washing hands (AOR = 5.128; 95% CI: 1.573–16.718, P = 0.007), sharing clothes with scabies-infected individuals (AOR = 12.616; 95% CI: 4.774–33.340, P < 0.001), and poor knowledge of scabies (AOR = 3.500; 95% CI: 1.442–8.493; P = 0.006) were identified as significant risk factors associated with scabies infestation. Conclusions The present study shows that there is a high prevalence of scabies among elementary schoolchildren. Therefore, it is crucial to provide comprehensive health education on preventing and controlling scabies. This should include a strong emphasis on good personal hygiene, avoiding sharing clothes, and thorough hand washing with soap. Dermatology Elementary school children Ethiopia Prevalence Risk factors Scabies Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Scabies in humans is caused by the obligate ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei variant hominis . During the parasite's life cycle, the female mite burrows into the epidermis' stratum corneum and burrow tunnels where it lives, feeds, and excretes faeces [ 1 ]. The host's allergic and inflammatory reactions to the mite and its products can cause intense itching and rashes. These reactions may lead to secondary bacterial infections, which can result in serious effects such as septicemia, heart disease, and chronic renal disease [ 2 , 3 ]. Scabies infestations occur through direct skin-to-skin contact or sharing items with an infected person. This is often linked with overcrowding, poor hygiene, low nutritional status, homelessness, immigration, and sexual contact [ 3 – 5 ]. Scabies is a global health issue, affecting 200 million individuals at any given time and is prevalent in every country but is particularly common in vulnerable segments of society in tropical and subtropical regions, especially among children and older people [ 6 ]. The prevalence of scabies ranges from 0.2–71.4%, with the Pacific and Latin American regions having the highest prevalence [ 7 ]. The prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren varies across different parts of the world, with rates of 3.1%, 10.16%, 17.8% and 54.3% reported in schoolchildren in Iran, Egypt, Cameroon, and the Solomon Islands, respectively [ 8 – 11 ]. Scabies is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia, particularly in areas with inadequate water and sanitation systems and high population densities, as well as during natural or man-made disasters such as floods, droughts, civil wars, and conflicts [ 12 , 13 ]. A meta-analysis study conducted in Ethiopia demonstrated that the overall prevalence of scabies was 14.5%, with the Amhara region showing the highest prevalence at 19.6% [ 14 ]. Studies conducted in different regions of Ethiopia have reported varying prevalence rates of scabies among school children. For example, the prevalence was found to be 5.5% in Dabat District [ 4 ], 9.3% in Yirgachefe [ 15 ], 10.82% in Central Armachiho District [ 16 ], 11.4% in Goro Gutu District [ 17 ], 12.93% in Raya Alamata District [ 18 ], 16.0% in Debere Birhan town [ 19 ], 16.4% in Arba Minch Zuria District [ 20 ], 19.26% in Meta Robi District [ 21 ] and 23.5% in Illu aba Bora Zone [ 22 ]. Studies have shown that risk factors associated with scabies infestation in school children in Ethiopia include being a male child [ 21 , 23 ], large family size [ 20 , 24 ], low income [ 20 , 21 , 24 ], not washing hands with soap [ 4 , 6 , 21 , 23 ], infrequent bathing [ 4 , 23 ], infrequent washing of clothes [ 16 , 20 ], infrequent changing of clothes [ 16 ], exposure to scabies cases [ 4 , 16 , 18 , 20 ], sharing sleeping beds [ 19 , 21 , 23 ], sharing clothes [ 18 , 23 , 25 ] and poor knowledge of scabies [ 20 , 24 ]. In 2017, scabies was added to the World Health Organization's list of Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1 ]. However, in Ethiopia, it is not considered a public health priority due to limited information on its burden and risk factors. Previous studies in Ethiopia have mainly focused on outbreak investigation, with little attention given to the prevalence of scabies infestation and associated risk factors in school children. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on the prevalence and associated factors of scabies in school-aged children. Materials and methods Description of the study area The study was carried out in the Amhara Regional State, Yilmana Densa District, West Gojjam Zone, northwest Ethiopia. Yilmana Densa District is located 42 km from Bahir Dar, the center of the regional administration, and 470 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The district is situated at 11° 29' 60'' N latitude and 37° 19' 60'' E longitude. Yilmana Densa District is bordered by Gonji Kolela to the east, Mecha to the west, Quarit to the south, Sekela to the southwest, and Bahir Dar Zuria to the north (Fig. 1 ). According to the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the district has a total population of 214,852, with 107,010 male and 107,842 female. Only 8.92% (19,169) of the population live in urban areas. Most inhabitants follow Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 98.19% reporting it as their religion, while 1.76% are Muslim [ 26 ]. Study design and period A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2022 and February 2023 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies among elementary school children in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia. Sample size determination The single population proportion formula for a cross-sectional study was used to calculate the sample size (n), with the following assumptions [ 27 ]:- Where:- n = sample size zα/2 = 1.96 (Z = score corresponds to 95% confidence interval) p = prevalence of scabies was based on the study from Eastern Ethiopia, 10.82% 16 d = 0.04 (margin error) By multiplying the total sample size (232) by a 1.5 design effect and adding a 16% non-response rate, the final sample size was calculated as follows: n = (232) x 1.5 = 348 + 56 = 404. Sampling techniques A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. The study participants were selected in two stages. During the first stage, three primary schools, Debremawi, Kudad, and Koti, were purposefully chosen from 35 elementary schools in the district. Ease of accessibility for transport was the reason for choosing the three schools. Then, from each selected school, participating children were selected using a simple random sampling technique by using class rosters as a sample frame. Variables of the study Dependent variable The dependent variable is the prevalence of scabies among primary school children in elementary school. Independent variables The independent variables studied in this study include socio-demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, personal hygiene, sanitation aspects, and knowledge of parents and students about scabies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were being the students of the three selected primary schools and willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were unwilling to participate in the study and being absent at the time of visiting. Data collection Clinical examination Scabies was diagnosed based on history and physical examination. During the physical examination, if lesions were observed on body surfaces including interdigital spaces, hands, wrists, arms, elbows, maxilla, legs, feet, abdomen, thorax, mamilla/.perimammillar area, back, buttocks, and head, they were reported as scabies [ 28 ]. Dermoscopy and skin scrapings/microscopy were unavailable to confirm the diagnosis. Two experienced clinical nurses who had previously received scabies training performed the examination separately in a private room with sufficient lighting. Disagreements between the clinical nurses were reconciled through discussion and consensus. Questionnaire The risk of scabies data was collected using a structured questionnaire during the physical examination of the study participants. Additionally, the health post workers in the respective Kebeles where the selected schools are located collected information from the children's parents or caregivers. The semi-structured, pre-tested Amharic version of the questionnaire was utilized to gather socio-demographic information about the students and their parents, as well as to assess the knowledge of both students and parents regarding scabies, including its nature, prevention and control measures, methods of transmission, environmental and behavioral factors, and sanitation systems. The principal investigator oversaw the data collection and ensured that the questionnaires were completed accurately. Data analysis The collected data was carefully reviewed for completeness and consistency, and then coded by the principal investigator. To ensure accuracy and consistency, a thorough data cleanup process was conducted. Any errors that were identified were promptly corrected. The data was entered, cleaned, and coded for analysis using SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the data and evaluate the distribution of the study variables. In our study, we used bivariate logistic regression to measure the relationship between dependent and outcome variables. Additionally, we utilized multivariate logistic regression to pinpoint the main risk factors for scabies infestation among participants after taking into account potential confounding variables. We selected variables with a P-value of less than 0.25 from the bivariate logistic regression for further analysis in the multivariate logistic regression. In the final model of multivariate logistic regression, variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Quality control The data collectors received training on the study protocol, client approach, data collection procedures, and quality control before the study commenced. To ensure the quality of the data, questionnaires were initially prepared in English, then translated into Amharic, and finally retranslated back into English. Before the study began, the questionnaires were pretested among 5% of the students and their parents in schools that were not selected for the study. The principal investigator reviewed the data for accuracy before the data analysis stage. Additionally, the principal investigator checked the questionnaires to ensure completeness and the consistency of biological data. Operational definition Good knowledge those mothers or caregivers who answered above the mean of the knowledge questions. Poor knowledge those mothers or caregivers who answered below the mean of the knowledge questions. Infrequent bathing showering frequency less than once per week in the past month. Infrequent washing clothes washing clothes less than once per week in the past month. Infrequent changing clothes: changing clothes less than once per week in the past month. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of students and their parents In the present study, 404 elementary school children were initially enrolled, but only 403 were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 99.8%. Out of the 403 participants, 210 (52.1%) were male and 193 (47.9%) were female. The majority of the participants resided in rural areas and were Orthodox Christians, accounting for 298 (73.9%) and 350 (86.8%) respectively. Among the children, 52.1% were in grades 1–4, while the remaining 47.9% were in grades 5–8. Additionally, the majority of the mothers and fathers of the children had no formal education, with percentages of 74.9% and 71.5% respectively. In regards to the marital status of the students' parents, 326 (80.9%) were reported as being married. The majority of the students' mothers and fathers were employed as farmers (73.0% and 88.0% respectively). Additionally, 268 (66.5%) of the participants came from families with more than five members (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of elementary school children and their parents at Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, (n = 403). Variables Categories Frequency Percent Sex Male 210 52.1 Female 193 47.9 Age(year) 5–9 216 53.6 10–14 187 46.4 Residence Rural 298 73.9 Urban 105 26.1 Religion Orthodox 350 86.8 Muslim 45 11.2 Others 8 2.0 Educational status of children Grade 1–4 210 52.1 Grade 5–8 193 47.9 Mothers educational status Not educated 302 74.9 Educated 101 25.1 Fathers educational status Not educated 288 71.5 Educated 115 28.5 Marital status of the house hold Married 326 80.9 Others 77 19.1 Occupational status of father Farmer 266 88.0 Private employees 67 16.6 Government employees 33 8.2 Merchant 16 4.0 Others 21 5.2 Occupational status of mother Farmer 294 73.0 House wife 74 18.4 Daily labor 23 5.7 Private employees 12 2.1 Family size 2500 83 20.6 Prevalence of scabies and its areas of infestion The prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren in Yilmana Densa District was found to be 16.1% (65/403), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 12.7–19.9%. The most common locations of scabies lesions were the web spaces between the fingers (53.8%; 35/65), followed by the lower and upper hand (21.5%; 14/65), buttocks/groin (12.3%; 8/65), foot web (6.2%; 4/65), face/head (3.1%; 2/65), and lower/upper leg (3.1%; 2/65) (Fig. 2 ). Socio-demographic characteristics and scabies infestation A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic characteristics and the prevalence of scabies infestation are presented in Table 2 . The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of having scabies were 2.4 times higher (AOR = 2.463; 95% CI: 1.020–5.46, P = 0.045) at Koti primary school compared to Debremawi primary school. Furthermore, male students were infected more than twice as often as female students (AOR = 2.016; 95% CI: 1.127–3.605, P = 0.018). Table 2 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of Socio-demographic factors and prevalence of scabies in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, December 2022 to February 2023 Variables Scabies Status COR (95% CI) P. value AOR (95% CI) P.value Positive (%) Negative (%) School name Debremawi 18(10.9) 147(89.1) 1 1 Kudad 17(15.6) 92(84.4) 1.509(0.740,3.076) 0.257 1.254(0.502,3.136) 0.628 Koti 30(23.3) 99(76.6) 2.475(1.308,4.682) 0.005 2.463(1.020,5.946) 0.045 Sex Male 40(19.0) 170(81.0) 1.581(0.918.2.722) 0.098 2.016(1.127,3.605) 0.018 Female 25(13.0) 168(87.0) 1 1 Age (year) 6–9 36(16.7) 180(83.3) 1.090(0.639,1.858) 0.753 NA* 10–14 29(15.5) 158(84.5) 1 Residence Rural 56(18.8) 242(81.2) 2.468(1.175,5.186) 0.017 1.7889(0.643,4.977) 0.260 Urban 9(8.6) 96(91.4) 1 1 Religion Orthodox 59(16.9) 291(83.1) 1.419(0.171,11.752) 0.745 NA Muslim 5(11.1) 40(88.9) 0.875(0.088,8.660) 0.909 NA Others 1(12.5) 7(87.5) 1 Educational status of children Grade 1–4 38(18.1) 172(81.9) 1.358(0.794,2.325) 0.264 NA Grade 5–8 27(14.0) 166(86.0) 1 Mothers educational status Not educated 54(17.9) 248(82.1) 1.782(0.892,3.558) 0.102 1.937(0.935,4.011) 0.075 Educated 11(10.9) 90(89.1) 1 1 Fathers educational status Not educated 50(17.4) 238(82.6) 1.401(0.752,2.610) 0.289 NA Educated 15(13.0) 100(77.0) 1 Marital status Married 56(17.2) 270(82.8) 1.567(0.738,3.320) 0.242 1.361(0.618,2.997) 0.444 Others 9(11.7) 68(88.3) 1 Occupational status of father Farmer 50(18.8) 216(82.2) 4.630(0.607,35.313) 0.139 4.765(0.601,37.776) 0.139 Private employee 12(17.9) 55(82.1) 4.364(0.533,35.749) 0.170 4.261(0.499,36.396) 0.185 Government employee 1(3.0) 32(97.0) 0.625(0.037,10.565) 0.745 0.533(0.030,9.385) 0.665 Merchant 1(6.2) 15(93.4) 1.333(0.077,23.085) 0.843 1.243(0.069,22.467) 0.883 Others 1(4.8) 20(95.2) 1 1 Occupational status of mother Farmer 58(19.7) 236(80.3) 2.703(0.342,21.363) 0.346 NA Housewife 2(2.7) 72(97.3) 0.306(0.026,3.659) 0.349 NA Daily labor 4(17.4) 19(82.6) 2.316(0.229,23.417) 0.447 NA Private employee 1(8.3) 11(91.7) 1 NA Family size < 5 17(12.6) 118(87.4) 1 1 ≥ 5 48(17.9) 220(82.1) 1.514(0.934,2.750) 0.173 1.476(0.789,2.759) 0.223 Monthly income (in Birr) Below 1000 19(21.6) 69(78.4) 2.264(0.718,3.390) 0.062 2.339(0.933,5.860) 0.070 1000–2500 37(15.9) 195(84.1) 1.560(0.718,3.3900 0.261 1.503(0.668,3.380) 0.325 > 2500 9(10.8) 74(89.2) 1 1 * NA: not applicable Personal hygiene and sanitation characteristics and scabies infestations The association between personal hygiene and sanitation characteristics and the prevalence of scabies infestation is presented in Table 3 . The multivariate logistic regression showed that contact with scabies cases, infrequent washing of clothes, washing hands only with water, sharing clothes that had scabies, and poor knowledge of scabies remained independent predictors of scabies infestion. Individuals who had contact with scabies-infected individuals were over 32 times more likely to be infested with scabies compared to those who did not have such contact (AOR = 32.654; 95% CI: 12.758–83.580, P < 0.001). Similarly, the odds of scabies infestation were more than nine times higher among schoolchildren who infrequently washed their clothes (AOR = 9.234; 95% CI: 2.241–38.548; P = 0.002). Individuals who used water only for washing hands were over five times more likely to be infested with scabies than those who used other cleansing agents (AOR = 5.128; 95% CI: 1.573–16.718, P = 0.007). Participants who shared clothes with scabies-infested individuals were over 12 times more infested than those who did not share clothes (AOR = 12.616; 95% CI: 4.774–33.340, P < 0.001). Children whose parents had poor knowledge of scabies were over three times more likely to be infested with scabies compared to those whose parents had good knowledge about scabies (AOR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.442–8.493, P = 0.013). Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis of Personal hygiene and sanitation characteristics of school children in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, December 2022 to February 2023 Variables Scabies Status COR (95% CI) P.value AOR (95% CI) P.value Positive (%) Negative (%) Water source Unprotected 54(16.8) 268(83.2) 2.282(0.637,2.581) 0.481 NA* Protected 11(13.6) 70(86.4) 1 Travel time to water source 30 minutes 28(20.3) 110(79.7) 1.569(0.913,2.691) 0.103 1.897(0.793,4.536) 0.150 Sleeping place On floor 49(19.4) 203(80.6) 2.037(1.112,3.729) 0.021 1.334(0.531,3.353) 0.540 On bed 16(10.6) 135(89.4) 1 1 Had contact with scabies No 11(3.6) 291(96.4) 1 1 Yes 54(53.5) 47(46.5) 30.395(14.827,62.309) 0.000 32.654(12.758,83.580) < 0.001 Frequency of bathing Infrequent 59(20.0) 236(80.0) 4.250(1.778,10.158) 0.001 3.399(0.961,12.018) 0.058 Frequent 6(5.6) 102(94.4) 1 1 Frequency of washing cloth Infrequent 60(20.2) 237(79.8) 5.114(1.778,10.158) 0.001 9.234(2.241,38.548) 0.002 Frequent 5(4.7) 101(95.3) 1 Frequency of changing cloth Infrequent 59(18.1) 267(81.9) 2.615(1.085,6.302) 0.032 2.137(0.665,6.861) 0.202 Frequent 6(7.8) 71(92.2) 1 1 Share common sleeping bed/fomites No 6(7.7) 72(92.3) 1 1 Yes 59(18.2) 266(81.8) 2.662(1.105,6.412) 0.029 2.897(0.894,9.385) 0.076 Washing hand with Soap 5(3.6) 133(96.4) 1 1 Water only 60(22.6) 205(77.4) 7.785(3.047,19.892) 0.000 5.128(1.573,16.718) 0.007 Sharing clothes who had scabies No 22(7.8) 261(92.2) 1 1 Yes 43(35.8) 77(64.2) 6.625(3.735,11.753) 0.000 12.616(4.774,33.340) < 0.001 Knowledge of scabies Poor 37(22.4) 128(77.6) 2.168(1.266,3.712) 0.005 3.500(1.442,8.493) 0.006 Good 28(11.8) 210(88.2) 1 1 * NA: not applicable Discussion The overall prevalence of scabies was 16.1% (65/403) in schoolchildren in the present study. The finding was consistent with similar studies conducted in Ethiopia, such as Arbaminch Zuria district (16.4%) [ 20 ], Meta Robi district (19.26%) [ 21 ] and outside Ethiopia in Cameroon (17.8%) [ 11 ] and India (18%) [ 28 ]. It was higher than the research conducted in Yirgachefe, Southern Ethiopia (5.5%) [ 15 ], Central Armachiho, Northwest Ethiopia (10.82%) [ 16 ], Raya Alamata, Northeast Ethiopia (12.93%)[ 18 ], Iran (3.1%) [ 8 ] and Egypt (4.4%) [ 30 ]. However, it was lower than the results from Illu aba Bora Zone (23.5%) [ 22 ], Wadila district (23.4%) [ 2 ], Gondar city (22.5%) [ 31 ], Saudi Arabia (31%) [ 32 ] and Solomon Islands (54.3%) [ 33 ]. The difference could be attributed to variations in living conditions, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, family size, economic status, data collection period, and cultural disparities. Additionally, differences in individual clinical diagnosis of scabies, knowledge about scabies within the study population, and participant health-seeking behaviors could all be contributing factors to the variations between this study and others. The risk of scabies infestation was higher in Koti Primary School (AOR: 2.463, 95% CI: 1.020, 5.946) than Debremawi Elementary School. The fact that Koti Primary School is situated in a rural area may be the cause of the higher occurrence of scabies infestations in the school. Compared to urban areas, Ethiopia had less access to clean water and environmental and personal hygiene standards in rural areas [ 33 ]. In the current study, male students had a higher risk of scabies than females did (AOR: 2.016, 95% CI: 1.127, 3.605). The results were consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia [ 21 , 24 , 34 ] and Cameron[ 11 ]. Nonetheless, scabies prevalence was higher in females in a study conducted in Iran [ 8 ]. However, research done in Ethiopia and elsewhere did not find a statistically significant difference in scabies infestations between males and females [ 4 , 30 , 35 ]. The higher prevalence in males' children might be because males spend most of their time outside, especially in rural regions, playing and working in groups, which may enhance contact that results in scabies transmission. Another possible explanation might be that women tend to maintain their personal hygiene than males in Ethiopia, which could potentially decrease the incidence of scabies among females. The odds of scabies infestation were more than 32 times (AOR: 32.654, 95% CI: 12.758, 83.580) higher among schoolchildren who had a contact history with confirmed scabies cases than those who had no contact history. The findings of this study are in line with those of studies carried out in the Dabat district [ 4 ], Kechabira district [ 13 ], Central Armachiho district [ 16 ], Arbaminch district [ 20 ] and Meta Robi district [ 21 ]. This could be due to the contagious nature of scabies. Body contact is one of the most prevalent modes of transmission, allowing mites to readily move from an infected individual to a healthy one. Under room conditions, S. scabiei var. hominis mites were found to persist on the skin for 24 to 36 hours. This allowed the mites to more easily penetrate human skin and spread scabies infestations [ 3 ]. This study found that children who did not wash their clothes frequently were more than nine times (AOR 9.234; 95% CI, 2.241–38.548) more likely to have a scabies infestation than children who did. This is in agreement with studies conducted in Ethiopia [ 4 , 16 , 20 ]. In Ethiopia, low household income is sometimes associated with inadequate personal hygiene practices, such as not washing clothes. Scabies is also common among low-income groups and individuals who neglect personal and environmental cleanliness. According to the current study, study participants who washed their hands with water only had a nearly five-fold (AOR: 5.128; 95% CI: 1.573, 16.718) higher chance of having scabies than those who washed with soap. This is in line with studies conducted in Dabat [ 4 ], in Central Armachiho[ 16 ] and in Meta Robi District, Oromiya region [ 21 ] where using detergents frequently for washing hands reduced scabies infestation. This could be because the chemical property of soap kills scabies mites and reduces the likelihood of transmission. In the present study, sharing cloth with students who had confirmed scabies cases was more than 12 times more risky than their counterparts (AOR: 12.616; 95% CI: 4.774–33.340). This finding is similar to other studies [ 4 , 16 , 21 ]. Scabies mites can live on clothing and spread from infected individuals to healthy ones, which may explain the reason for their prevalence [ 3 ]. Participants in the study whose parents had poor knowledge of scabies were found to be at a higher risk of contracting scabies. This finding aligns with similar studies conducted in Ethiopia [ 19 , 20 , 36 ] and Bangladesh [ 37 ]. Insufficient knowledge can result in inadequate preventative measures and suboptimal healthcare seeking behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of children being infested with scabies. Limitions of the study The study has some limitations. One limitation is the cross-sectional study design, which makes it difficult to establish a causal relationship between exposures and scabies infestations. Another limitation is that the prevalence of scabies infestation may have been either overestimated or underestimated due to the clinical diagnosis approach used in this investigation. Additionally, information about sanitation variables, personal hygiene, and the environment may be influenced by self-reporting bias. Conclusions The prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren in Yilmana Densa District was high. Factors such as being male, attending Koti primary school, having contact with scabies cases, infrequently washing clothes, using only water for washing, sharing clothes with scabies cases, and having poor knowledge about scabies were significantly associated with scabies infestation. These factors were identified as explanatory risk factors among the study subjects in the area. It's important to provide health education about scabies prevention and control, emphasizing the importance of good personal hygiene, avoiding clothes sharing, washing hands with soap, and reducing crowds to avoid contact in schools. Declarations Funding: No funding was obtained for this study. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. Author contributions: ST : Conceptualized the study, developed methodology, validated study, supervised the study, analysed data, and wrote the original draft of the study MA: Conceptualized the study, developed methodology, validated study, collected data , analysed data, and wrote the original draft of the study DB: Validated the study, analysed data, collected data, reviewed and edited the study AA: Validated the study, analysed data, collected data, reviewed and edited the study All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments: We would like to sincerely thank the study participants for their willing involvement in the research. We also thank the school directors for their assistance during the data collection process. Ethics approval and consent to participate The ethical committee of the College of Natural and Computational Sciences at the University of Gondar approved the study (CNCS/638-25-5-2020). The study participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Children were referred to the hospital's medical unit for treatment if they tested positive for scabies infestation. References Engelman D, Kiang K, Chosidow O, Members of The International Alliance For The Control Of Scabies et al (2013) Toward the global control of human scabies: introducing the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(8):e2167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002167 Bhat SA, Mounsey KE, Liu X et al (2013) Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, in humans. Parasites vectors 10:1–2. 10.1186/s13071-017-2320-4 Hay RJ, Steer AC, Engelman D et al (2012) Scabies in the developing world–-its prevalence, complications, and management. 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Parasites vectors 9(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1690-3 Enbiale W, Ayalew A (2018) Investigation of a scabies outbreak in drought-affected areas in Ethiopia. Trop med infect 3(4):114. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3040114 Wochebo W, Haji Y, Asnake S (2019) Scabies outbreak investigation and risk factors in Kechabira district, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. BMC res notes 12(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4317-x Azene AG, Aragaw AM, Wassie GT (2020) Prevalence and associated factors of scabies in Ethiopia: systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC infect dis 20:1–0. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05106-3 Walker SL, Lebas E, De Sario V et al (2017) The prevalence and association with health-related quality of life of tungiasis and scabies in schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia. PLoS negl trop dis 11(8):e0005808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005808 Misganaw B, Nigatu SG, Gebrie GN et al (2022) Prevalence and determinants of scabies among school-age children in Central Armachiho district, Northwest, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 17(6):e0269918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269918 Hassen YK, Ame MM, Mummed BA et al (2022) Magnitude and Factors Associated With Scabies Among Primary School Children in Goro Gutu Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci 3(4):84. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijmpes.3119 Tefera S, Teferi M, Ayalew A et al (2020) Prevalence of Scabies and Associated Factors among Primary School Children in Raya Alamata District, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017/2018. J Infect Dis Epidemiol 6:154. https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510154 Mengist Dessie A, Fenta Feleke S, Getaye Workie S et al (2022) Prevalence of Skin Disease and Its Associated Factors Among Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Northern Ethiopian Town. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 15:791–801. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S361051 Girma E, Churko C, Alagaw A et al (2021) Prevalence of scabies and its associated factors among school-age children in Arba Minch Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia, 2018. J Skin 5(5):1–8 Ararsa G, Merdassa E, Shibiru T et al (2023) Prevalence of scabies and associated factors among children aged 5–14 years in Meta Robi District, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 18(1):e0277912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.027791 Lulu Y, Tolesa G, Cris J (2017) Prevalence and associated factors of skin diseases among primary school children in Illuababorzone, Oromia Regional State, South West Ethiopia. Indo Am J Pharm Res 7(1):7374–7383 Amare HH, Lindtjorn B (2021) Risk factors for scabies, tungiasis, and tinea infections among schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional Bayesian multilevel model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(10):e0009816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009816 Ejigu K, Haji Y, Toma A et al (2019) Factors associated with scabies outbreaks in primary schools in Ethiopia: a case–control study. Res Rep Trop Med 27:119–127 Haile T, Sisay T, Jemere T (2019) Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 years children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. Pan Afr Med J 37(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.37.224.25753 Central statistical Agency of (2007) Ethiopia (CSA).Population and housing census of Ethiopia. Results at country level Naing L, Winn TB, Rusli BN (2006) Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Archives Soc Sci 1:9–14 Heukelbach J, Mazigo HD, Ugbomoiko US (2013) Impact of scabies in resource-poor communities. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26(2):127–132. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835e847b Raut YG, DVW NS, Agrekar DS (2013) Cross Sectional Study Of Prevalence Of Scabies In School Going Children. Math Sci Int Res J. ; 2(2) Hegab DS, Kato AM, Kabbash IA, Dabish GM (2015) Scabies among primary schoolchildren in Egypt: socio medical environmental study in Kafr El-Sheikh administrative area. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 24:105–111. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S78287 Yassin ZJ, Dadi AF, Nega HY et al (2017) Scabies Outbreak Investigation among Yekolo Temaris in Gondar Town, North Western Ethiopia, November 2015. Electron J Biol 13(3):203–209 Ahmed AE, Jradi H, AlBuraikan DA et al (2019) Rate and factors for scabies recurrence in children in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study. BMC pediatr 19:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1565-9 Azage M, Motbainor A, Gedamu G (2021) Access to improved water and household water treatment practice in rural communities of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PAMJ-One Health 15(4). https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj-oh.2021.6.4.28481 Sara J, Haji Y, Gebretsadik A (2018) Scabies outbreak investigation and risk factors in East Badewacho District, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. Dermatol res pract. ; 26:2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7276938 Sambo M, Idris S, Umar A et al (2012) Prevalence of scabies among school-aged children in Katanga rural community in Kaduna state, Northwestern Nigeria. Ann Niger Med 6(1):26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.100208 Melese F, Malede A, Sisay T et al (2023) Cloth sharing with a scabies case considerably explains human scabies among children in a low socioeconomic rural community of Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 51(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-023-00544-6 Talukder K, Talukder MQ, Farooque MG et al (2013) Controlling scabies in madrasahs (Islamic religious schools) in Bangladesh. Public Health 127(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.004 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5850656","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":403625177,"identity":"e9542c16-bd3e-47f7-83f8-e7d550fcaddd","order_by":0,"name":"Solomon Tesfaye","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+QbmBiiT8QFDQoUNA4MEAS0GBxjBWoDqmA0YPpxJI0ILA5IWxplth4nQwt7Y+OhGxZ06fv7DjJ952M4n9s9uPviAocYmGqdfeg42G+eceSYhOSOZWZqH53bijDvHkg0YjqXlNuDScyOxTTq37bCEwQ3+A9I8ErcTG27kmEkwNhwmrMX+/GHm3zwG5xLnE63FgCGZTXJGwoHEDYS0GJwB++Ww5IwbyWwWHw4kG2+8kZZskIDHL/LtzQcf51Qc5ufvP8x8I/Gfney8G8kHH3yoscHtMHTgCFaZQKxyELAnRfEoGAWjYBSMDAAABNRiRp8fv+UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7486-464X","institution":"University of Gondar, College of Natural \u0026 Computational Sciences, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"","lastName":"Tesfaye","suffix":""},{"id":403625178,"identity":"b8db660e-ff27-4be4-9065-593dce8bf26c","order_by":1,"name":"Mequanint Alem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar, College of Natural \u0026 Computational Sciences, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mequanint","middleName":"","lastName":"Alem","suffix":""},{"id":403625179,"identity":"8b6006e0-3181-4472-891d-cf023f089475","order_by":2,"name":"Damtew Bekele","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ambo University, College of Natural \u0026 Computational Sciences, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Damtew","middleName":"","lastName":"Bekele","suffix":""},{"id":403630305,"identity":"5b6d3022-f9bc-4a50-a102-d70f8e60d726","order_by":3,"name":"Ashenafi Alemu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar, College of Natural \u0026 Computational Sciences, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashenafi","middleName":"","lastName":"Alemu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-17 16:09:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74294563,"identity":"42756552-12ad-408f-994a-e7bdf118743a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-20 17:47:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the Yilmana Densa District by Kebeles (Smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5850656/v1/b87dfec9b65a9345eb6abf72.png"},{"id":74294555,"identity":"9f04d101-4212-40e3-b63c-3497f1c80d70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-20 17:47:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of scabies cases by area of infestation among elementary school children in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, December 2022 to February 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5850656/v1/da2841fe27ac2e9b3400e6f4.png"},{"id":74295521,"identity":"1d5b97b5-6558-4c37-b74f-c64673f980a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-20 18:03:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1706911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5850656/v1/14c35dd2-0b73-4c16-94ab-1b00e2197ccd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Prevalence and Factors Influencing Scabies among Elementary School Children in Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eScabies in humans is caused by the obligate ectoparasite \u003cem\u003eSarcoptes scabiei\u003c/em\u003e variant \u003cem\u003ehominis\u003c/em\u003e. During the parasite's life cycle, the female mite burrows into the epidermis' stratum corneum and burrow tunnels where it lives, feeds, and excretes faeces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The host's allergic and inflammatory reactions to the mite and its products can cause intense itching and rashes. These reactions may lead to secondary bacterial infections, which can result in serious effects such as septicemia, heart disease, and chronic renal disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Scabies infestations occur through direct skin-to-skin contact or sharing items with an infected person. This is often linked with overcrowding, poor hygiene, low nutritional status, homelessness, immigration, and sexual contact [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScabies is a global health issue, affecting 200\u0026nbsp;million individuals at any given time and is prevalent in every country but is particularly common in vulnerable segments of society in tropical and subtropical regions, especially among children and older people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of scabies ranges from 0.2\u0026ndash;71.4%, with the Pacific and Latin American regions having the highest prevalence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren varies across different parts of the world, with rates of 3.1%, 10.16%, 17.8% and 54.3% reported in schoolchildren in Iran, Egypt, Cameroon, and the Solomon Islands, respectively [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScabies is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia, particularly in areas with inadequate water and sanitation systems and high population densities, as well as during natural or man-made disasters such as floods, droughts, civil wars, and conflicts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. A meta-analysis study conducted in Ethiopia demonstrated that the overall prevalence of scabies was 14.5%, with the Amhara region showing the highest prevalence at 19.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies conducted in different regions of Ethiopia have reported varying prevalence rates of scabies among school children. For example, the prevalence was found to be 5.5% in Dabat District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], 9.3% in Yirgachefe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], 10.82% in Central Armachiho District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], 11.4% in Goro Gutu District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], 12.93% in Raya Alamata District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], 16.0% in Debere Birhan town [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], 16.4% in Arba Minch Zuria District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], 19.26% in Meta Robi District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and 23.5% in Illu aba Bora Zone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that risk factors associated with scabies infestation in school children in Ethiopia include being a male child [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], large family size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], low income [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], not washing hands with soap [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], infrequent bathing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], infrequent washing of clothes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], infrequent changing of clothes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], exposure to scabies cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], sharing sleeping beds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], sharing clothes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] and poor knowledge of scabies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2017, scabies was added to the World Health Organization's list of Neglected Tropical Diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in Ethiopia, it is not considered a public health priority due to limited information on its burden and risk factors. Previous studies in Ethiopia have mainly focused on outbreak investigation, with little attention given to the prevalence of scabies infestation and associated risk factors in school children. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on the prevalence and associated factors of scabies in school-aged children.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDescription of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out in the Amhara Regional State, Yilmana Densa District, West Gojjam Zone, northwest Ethiopia. Yilmana Densa District is located 42 km from Bahir Dar, the center of the regional administration, and 470 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The district is situated at 11\u0026deg; 29\u0026apos; 60\u0026apos;\u0026apos; N latitude and 37\u0026deg; 19\u0026apos; 60\u0026apos;\u0026apos; E longitude. Yilmana Densa District is bordered by Gonji Kolela to the east, Mecha to the west, Quarit to the south, Sekela to the southwest, and Bahir Dar Zuria to the north (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the district has a total population of 214,852, with 107,010 male and 107,842 female. Only 8.92% (19,169) of the population live in urban areas. Most inhabitants follow Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 98.19% reporting it as their religion, while 1.76% are Muslim [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design and period\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA school-based cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2022 and February 2023 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies among elementary school children in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe single population proportion formula for a cross-sectional study was used to calculate the sample size (n), with the following assumptions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]:-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"143\" height=\"62\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:- n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ez\u0026alpha;/2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 (Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;score corresponds to 95% confidence interval)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prevalence of scabies was based on the study from Eastern Ethiopia, 10.82% 16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 (margin error)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" height=\"50\" width=\"222\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy multiplying the total sample size (232) by a 1.5 design effect and adding a 16% non-response rate, the final sample size was calculated as follows: n = (232) x 1.5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;348\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;56\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;404.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling techniques\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multistage random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. The study participants were selected in two stages. During the first stage, three primary schools, Debremawi, Kudad, and Koti, were purposefully chosen from 35 elementary schools in the district. Ease of accessibility for transport was the reason for choosing the three schools. Then, from each selected school, participating children were selected using a simple random sampling technique by using class rosters as a sample frame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eVariables of the study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable is the prevalence of scabies among primary school children in elementary school.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe independent variables studied in this study include socio-demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, personal hygiene, sanitation aspects, and knowledge of parents and students about scabies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were being the students of the three selected primary schools and willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were unwilling to participate in the study and being absent at the time of visiting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eClinical examination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScabies was diagnosed based on history and physical examination. During the physical examination, if lesions were observed on body surfaces including interdigital spaces, hands, wrists, arms, elbows, maxilla, legs, feet, abdomen, thorax, mamilla/.perimammillar area, back, buttocks, and head, they were reported as scabies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Dermoscopy and skin scrapings/microscopy were unavailable to confirm the diagnosis. Two experienced clinical nurses who had previously received scabies training performed the examination separately in a private room with sufficient lighting. Disagreements between the clinical nurses were reconciled through discussion and consensus.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe risk of scabies data was collected using a structured questionnaire during the physical examination of the study participants. Additionally, the health post workers in the respective \u003cem\u003eKebeles\u003c/em\u003e where the selected schools are located collected information from the children\u0026apos;s parents or caregivers. The semi-structured, pre-tested Amharic version of the questionnaire was utilized to gather socio-demographic information about the students and their parents, as well as to assess the knowledge of both students and parents regarding scabies, including its nature, prevention and control measures, methods of transmission, environmental and behavioral factors, and sanitation systems. The principal investigator oversaw the data collection and ensured that the questionnaires were completed accurately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe collected data was carefully reviewed for completeness and consistency, and then coded by the principal investigator. To ensure accuracy and consistency, a thorough data cleanup process was conducted. Any errors that were identified were promptly corrected. The data was entered, cleaned, and coded for analysis using SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the data and evaluate the distribution of the study variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn our study, we used bivariate logistic regression to measure the relationship between dependent and outcome variables. Additionally, we utilized multivariate logistic regression to pinpoint the main risk factors for scabies infestation among participants after taking into account potential confounding variables. We selected variables with a P-value of less than 0.25 from the bivariate logistic regression for further analysis in the multivariate logistic regression. In the final model of multivariate logistic regression, variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eQuality control\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data collectors received training on the study protocol, client approach, data collection procedures, and quality control before the study commenced. To ensure the quality of the data, questionnaires were initially prepared in English, then translated into Amharic, and finally retranslated back into English. Before the study began, the questionnaires were pretested among 5% of the students and their parents in schools that were not selected for the study. The principal investigator reviewed the data for accuracy before the data analysis stage. Additionally, the principal investigator checked the questionnaires to ensure completeness and the consistency of biological data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eOperational definition\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethose mothers or caregivers who answered above the mean of the knowledge questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethose mothers or caregivers who answered below the mean of the knowledge questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfrequent bathing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshowering frequency less than once per week in the past month.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfrequent washing clothes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewashing clothes less than once per week in the past month.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfrequent changing\u003c/strong\u003e clothes: changing clothes less than once per week in the past month.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of students and their parents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, 404 elementary school children were initially enrolled, but only 403 were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 99.8%. Out of the 403 participants, 210 (52.1%) were male and 193 (47.9%) were female. The majority of the participants resided in rural areas and were Orthodox Christians, accounting for 298 (73.9%) and 350 (86.8%) respectively. Among the children, 52.1% were in grades 1\u0026ndash;4, while the remaining 47.9% were in grades 5\u0026ndash;8. Additionally, the majority of the mothers and fathers of the children had no formal education, with percentages of 74.9% and 71.5% respectively. In regards to the marital status of the students' parents, 326 (80.9%) were reported as being married. The majority of the students' mothers and fathers were employed as farmers (73.0% and 88.0% respectively). Additionally, 268 (66.5%) of the participants came from families with more than five members (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of elementary school children and their parents at Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;403).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot educated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathers educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot educated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status of the house hold\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational status of father\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational status of mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income (in Birr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of scabies and its areas of infestion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren in Yilmana Densa District was found to be 16.1% (65/403), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 12.7\u0026ndash;19.9%. The most common locations of scabies lesions were the web spaces between the fingers (53.8%; 35/65), followed by the lower and upper hand (21.5%; 14/65), buttocks/groin (12.3%; 8/65), foot web (6.2%; 4/65), face/head (3.1%; 2/65), and lower/upper leg (3.1%; 2/65) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics and scabies infestation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic characteristics and the prevalence of scabies infestation are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of having scabies were 2.4 times higher (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.463; 95% CI: 1.020\u0026ndash;5.46, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045) at Koti primary school compared to Debremawi primary school. Furthermore, male students were infected more than twice as often as female students (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.016; 95% CI: 1.127\u0026ndash;3.605, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of Socio-demographic factors and prevalence of scabies in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, December 2022 to February 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScabies Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP. value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP.value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool name\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebremawi 18(10.9) 147(89.1) 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKudad 17(15.6) 92(84.4) 1.509(0.740,3.076) 0.257 1.254(0.502,3.136) 0.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoti 30(23.3) 99(76.6) 2.475(1.308,4.682) 0.005 2.463(1.020,5.946) 0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.581(0.918.2.722)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.016(1.127,3.605)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168(87.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.090(0.639,1.858)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(84.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242(81.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.468(1.175,5.186)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7889(0.643,4.977)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(83.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.419(0.171,11.752)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(88.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875(0.088,8.660)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(87.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172(81.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.358(0.794,2.325)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(86.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot educated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(82.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.782(0.892,3.558)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.937(0.935,4.011)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(89.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathers educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot educated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238(82.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.401(0.752,2.610)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(77.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(17.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270(82.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.567(0.738,3.320)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.361(0.618,2.997)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(88.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational status of father\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216(82.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.630(0.607,35.313)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.765(0.601,37.776)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(82.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.364(0.533,35.749)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.261(0.499,36.396)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(97.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625(0.037,10.565)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.533(0.030,9.385)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(93.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.333(0.077,23.085)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.243(0.069,22.467)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(95.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational status of mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(19.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(80.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.703(0.342,21.363)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(97.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.306(0.026,3.659)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(82.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.316(0.229,23.417)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(91.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118(87.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220(82.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.514(0.934,2.750)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.476(0.789,2.759)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income (in Birr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(21.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(78.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.264(0.718,3.390)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.339(0.933,5.860)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195(84.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.560(0.718,3.3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.503(0.668,3.380)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(89.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e* NA: not applicable\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003ePersonal hygiene and sanitation characteristics and scabies infestations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe association between personal hygiene and sanitation characteristics and the prevalence of scabies infestation is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The multivariate logistic regression showed that contact with scabies cases, infrequent washing of clothes, washing hands only with water, sharing clothes that had scabies, and poor knowledge of scabies remained independent predictors of scabies infestion. Individuals who had contact with scabies-infected individuals were over 32 times more likely to be infested with scabies compared to those who did not have such contact (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.654; 95% CI: 12.758\u0026ndash;83.580, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Similarly, the odds of scabies infestation were more than nine times higher among schoolchildren who infrequently washed their clothes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.234; 95% CI: 2.241\u0026ndash;38.548; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Individuals who used water only for washing hands were over five times more likely to be infested with scabies than those who used other cleansing agents (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.128; 95% CI: 1.573\u0026ndash;16.718, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007). Participants who shared clothes with scabies-infested individuals were over 12 times more infested than those who did not share clothes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.616; 95% CI: 4.774\u0026ndash;33.340, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Children whose parents had poor knowledge of scabies were over three times more likely to be infested with scabies compared to those whose parents had good knowledge about scabies (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.50; 95% CI: 1.442\u0026ndash;8.493, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis of Personal hygiene and sanitation characteristics of school children in Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia, December 2022 to February 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScabies Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP.value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP.value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive (%) Negative (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnprotected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268(83.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.282(0.637,2.581)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(86.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravel time to water source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228(86.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(20.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(79.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.569(0.913,2.691)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.897(0.793,4.536)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeping place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(19.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203(80.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.037(1.112,3.729)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.334(0.531,3.353)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn bed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(89.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad contact with scabies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(96.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(53.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.395(14.827,62.309)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.654(12.758,83.580)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of bathing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.250(1.778,10.158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.399(0.961,12.018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(5.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(94.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of washing cloth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(20.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237(79.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.114(1.778,10.158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.234(2.241,38.548)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(95.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of changing cloth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267(81.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.615(1.085,6.302)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.137(0.665,6.861)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShare common sleeping bed/fomites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(92.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266(81.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.662(1.105,6.412)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.897(0.894,9.385)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWashing hand with\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133(96.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(22.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205(77.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.785(3.047,19.892)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.128(1.573,16.718)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharing clothes who had scabies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261(92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(35.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(64.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.625(3.735,11.753)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.616(4.774,33.340)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of scabies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(22.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128(77.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.168(1.266,3.712)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.500(1.442,8.493)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(88.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e* NA: not applicable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe overall prevalence of scabies was 16.1% (65/403) in schoolchildren in the present study. The finding was consistent with similar studies conducted in Ethiopia, such as Arbaminch Zuria district (16.4%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], Meta Robi district (19.26%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and outside Ethiopia in Cameroon (17.8%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and India (18%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. It was higher than the research conducted in Yirgachefe, Southern Ethiopia (5.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], Central Armachiho, Northwest Ethiopia (10.82%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], Raya Alamata, Northeast Ethiopia (12.93%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], Iran (3.1%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and Egypt (4.4%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it was lower than the results from Illu aba Bora Zone (23.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], Wadila district (23.4%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], Gondar city (22.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], Saudi Arabia (31%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and Solomon Islands (54.3%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The difference could be attributed to variations in living conditions, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, family size, economic status, data collection period, and cultural disparities. Additionally, differences in individual clinical diagnosis of scabies, knowledge about scabies within the study population, and participant health-seeking behaviors could all be contributing factors to the variations between this study and others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risk of scabies infestation was higher in Koti Primary School (AOR: 2.463, 95% CI: 1.020, 5.946) than Debremawi Elementary School. The fact that Koti Primary School is situated in a rural area may be the cause of the higher occurrence of scabies infestations in the school. Compared to urban areas, Ethiopia had less access to clean water and environmental and personal hygiene standards in rural areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, male students had a higher risk of scabies than females did (AOR: 2.016, 95% CI: 1.127, 3.605). The results were consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] and Cameron[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Nonetheless, scabies prevalence was higher in females in a study conducted in Iran [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, research done in Ethiopia and elsewhere did not find a statistically significant difference in scabies infestations between males and females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The higher prevalence in males' children might be because males spend most of their time outside, especially in rural regions, playing and working in groups, which may enhance contact that results in scabies transmission. Another possible explanation might be that women tend to maintain their personal hygiene than males in Ethiopia, which could potentially decrease the incidence of scabies among females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds of scabies infestation were more than 32 times (AOR: 32.654, 95% CI: 12.758, 83.580) higher among schoolchildren who had a contact history with confirmed scabies cases than those who had no contact history. The findings of this study are in line with those of studies carried out in the Dabat district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], Kechabira district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], Central Armachiho district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], Arbaminch district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and Meta Robi district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be due to the contagious nature of scabies. Body contact is one of the most prevalent modes of transmission, allowing mites to readily move from an infected individual to a healthy one. Under room conditions, \u003cem\u003eS. scabiei\u003c/em\u003e var. hominis mites were found to persist on the skin for 24 to 36 hours. This allowed the mites to more easily penetrate human skin and spread scabies infestations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found that children who did not wash their clothes frequently were more than nine times (AOR 9.234; 95% CI, 2.241\u0026ndash;38.548) more likely to have a scabies infestation than children who did. This is in agreement with studies conducted in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In Ethiopia, low household income is sometimes associated with inadequate personal hygiene practices, such as not washing clothes. Scabies is also common among low-income groups and individuals who neglect personal and environmental cleanliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the current study, study participants who washed their hands with water only had a nearly five-fold (AOR: 5.128; 95% CI: 1.573, 16.718) higher chance of having scabies than those who washed with soap. This is in line with studies conducted in Dabat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], in Central Armachiho[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and in Meta Robi District, Oromiya region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] where using detergents frequently for washing hands reduced scabies infestation. This could be because the chemical property of soap kills scabies mites and reduces the likelihood of transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, sharing cloth with students who had confirmed scabies cases was more than 12 times more risky than their counterparts (AOR: 12.616; 95% CI: 4.774\u0026ndash;33.340). This finding is similar to other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Scabies mites can live on clothing and spread from infected individuals to healthy ones, which may explain the reason for their prevalence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants in the study whose parents had poor knowledge of scabies were found to be at a higher risk of contracting scabies. This finding aligns with similar studies conducted in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Insufficient knowledge can result in inadequate preventative measures and suboptimal healthcare seeking behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of children being infested with scabies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitions of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study has some limitations. One limitation is the cross-sectional study design, which makes it difficult to establish a causal relationship between exposures and scabies infestations. Another limitation is that the prevalence of scabies infestation may have been either overestimated or underestimated due to the clinical diagnosis approach used in this investigation. Additionally, information about sanitation variables, personal hygiene, and the environment may be influenced by self-reporting bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of scabies among schoolchildren in Yilmana Densa District was high. Factors such as being male, attending Koti primary school, having contact with scabies cases, infrequently washing clothes, using only water for washing, sharing clothes with scabies cases, and having poor knowledge about scabies were significantly associated with scabies infestation. These factors were identified as explanatory risk factors among the study subjects in the area. It's important to provide health education about scabies prevention and control, emphasizing the importance of good personal hygiene, avoiding clothes sharing, washing hands with soap, and reducing crowds to avoid contact in schools.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was obtained for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eST\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualized the study, developed methodology, validated study, supervised the study, analysed data, and wrote the original draft of the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMA: Conceptualized the study, developed methodology, validated study, collected data , analysed data, and wrote the original draft of the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDB: Validated the study, analysed data, collected data, reviewed and edited the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAA: Validated the study, analysed data, collected data, reviewed and edited the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe would like to sincerely thank the study participants for their willing involvement in the research. We also thank the school directors for their assistance during the data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethical committee of the College of Natural and Computational Sciences at the University of Gondar approved the study (CNCS/638-25-5-2020). The study participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Children were referred to the hospital\u0026apos;s medical unit for treatment if they tested positive for scabies infestation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngelman D, Kiang K, Chosidow O, Members of The International Alliance For The Control Of Scabies et al (2013) Toward the global control of human scabies: introducing the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies. 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Public Health 127(1):83\u0026ndash;91. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Elementary school children, Ethiopia, Prevalence, Risk factors, Scabies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the human itch mite, \u003cem\u003eSarcoptes scabiei\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ehominis\u003c/em\u003e. It is a significant public health issue, affecting over 200\u0026nbsp;million people globally, primarily children. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies among elementary school children in the Yilmana Densa District, northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire and clinical dermatological examination. A logistic regression analysis was used using SPSS version 26.0 to assess the strength of the association between scabies positivity and risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of scabies among elementary school children in the study area was 16.1% (65/404) with 95% CI (12.7% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;19.9%). Factors such as being male (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.016; 95% CI: 1.127\u0026ndash;3.605, P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018), attending Koti Primary School (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.436; 95% CI: 1.020\u0026ndash;5.946, P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045), having a history of contact with confirmed scabies cases (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.654; 95% CI: 12.758\u0026ndash;83.580, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), infrequent washing of clothes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.234; 95% CI: 2.241\u0026ndash;38.545, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), using only water for washing hands (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.128; 95% CI: 1.573\u0026ndash;16.718, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), sharing clothes with scabies-infected individuals (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.616; 95% CI: 4.774\u0026ndash;33.340, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and poor knowledge of scabies (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.500; 95% CI: 1.442\u0026ndash;8.493; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006) were identified as significant risk factors associated with scabies infestation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study shows that there is a high prevalence of scabies among elementary schoolchildren. Therefore, it is crucial to provide comprehensive health education on preventing and controlling scabies. This should include a strong emphasis on good personal hygiene, avoiding sharing clothes, and thorough hand washing with soap.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Prevalence and Factors Influencing Scabies among Elementary School Children in Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-20 17:47:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5850656/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b58b0ee2-0ae3-444c-88b1-e0818d208582","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43037559,"name":"Dermatology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-20T17:47:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-20 17:47:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5850656","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5850656","identity":"rs-5850656","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}