LREE enrichment in carbonatite from Khaderpet, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India

LREE enrichment in carbonatite from Khaderpet, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article LREE enrichment in carbonatite from Khaderpet, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India Ramesh Chandra Phani Pothuri, Prabir Sengupta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An account of enriched light rare earth elements (LREEs), petrographic features, geochemical character, and stable isotope (C & O) concentrations in carbonatite occurring in association with kimberlite clan rock (KCR) at 3–016 prospect, Khaderpet, Anantapur dt., Andhra Pradesh within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF), Eastern Dharwar Craton is presented. The ‘Khaderpet carbonatite (KC) was discovered by Rio Tinto Exploration in 2002. The KC intrudes into kimberlite pipe, which is emplaced in granites of Archaean age. The pipe is expressed as a hard carapace of granite-kimberlite breccia which is one of its kind. In this investigation, total of 10 fresh outcrop samples of carbonatite have been analysed. Petrographically, the carbonatite is dominated by calcites showing massive equigranular texture. Occasional accessory minerals like chlorite, apatite are seen. REE bearing minerals like monazite, titanite and allanite are seen in the studied thin sections. The ∑REE ranges from 4100 to 4500 ppm of which ∑LREE contributes maximum, i.e., 4092 to 4509 ppm. The Sc ranges from 43 to 50 ppm. These results are analogous with the global carbonatite average REE. Geochemistry and Stable isotopes have confirmed that carbonatite is of magmatic origin. KC shows ‘mineralised’ nature in geochemical diagrams. Although the intrusion is smaller in magnitude, it warrants detailed quantification in terms of its anomalously enriched LREE content and presence of diamonds. Geochemistry LREE enrichment carbonatite stable isotope WKF Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction REEs are a group of 15 lanthanide elements, namely, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. In addition, owing to their similar chemical characters, elements Y and Sc are also clubbed with REE. The elements La to Pm are termed as light rare earth elements (LREEs), while Sm to Lu is termed as heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Because of their rising demand in frontier green energy technology and limited supply, REEs have been classified as critical metals by almost all countries (Skirrow et al., 2013 ; Balaram, 2019 ; Singh, 2020 ; European Union, 2020 ; Wang et al., 2020, GSI and AMD, 2020 ; Gonzalez-´Alvarez ´ et al., 2021; Balaram, 2022 , Pirajno and Yu, 2025 ). The REEs possess exceptional and diversified characteristics and act as ‘industrial vitamins’ of the digital era. The LREEs are intimately related to carbonatite deposits are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of mostly mantle derived carbonate-rich parental melts. Such deposits may also contain substantial amounts of critical minerals such as Nb, Th and Sc. Genetically, the carbonatite-hosted REE deposits are classified as primary magmatic, hydrothermal and weathering crust type. Spandler et al. ( 2020 ) further classified REEs into nine types, namely, (1) Carbonatite related, (2) peralkaline/alkaline volcanic-related, (3) pegmatites, (4) monazite sand deposits (placers), (5) laterites, (6) sedimentary phosphorite deposits, (7) unconformity-related, (8) skarns and (9) iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. The Bayan Oba of China is the largest carbonate- and carbonatite-hosted REE deposit of the world (Ling et al., 2010 ; Yang et al., 2024). Carbonatites are mantle-derived igneous rocks with > 50% carbonate minerals (Anenburg et al., 2021 ; Yaxley et al., 2022 ). Carbonatites contain the highest amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) among any other igneous rocks and act as primary sources of REE. Hence, carbonatites with mineralisation have gained attention as global REE sources (Yang et al.,2025; Piranjo and Yu, 2025). Carbonatites are volumetrically small that occur in both intrusive and extrusive igneous forms. Carbonatite melts are formed by very low degrees of partial melting of the carbonated peridotite mantle forming interconnected melts at fractions lower than 0.05 wt.%. Carbonatites are spatially and temporally associated with orogenic belts and also constructive and destructive plate margins. They are known mostly from continental settings (Bell et al., 2013 ; Stoppa et al., 2019). They generally occur in uplifted or domed areas extending from tens to thousands of kilometers in diameter, typically associated with major domal faulting and rifting (Wooley; 1989; Xu et al., 2010 ). Globally, the carbonatite activity commenced in the Late Archaean and gradually increased over geological time with peak activities recorded between 750 Ma and 500 Ma coeval with the Pan African orogeny and around 200 Ma coinciding with the Gondwana breakup (Wooley, 1989) Carbonatite activities in the Indian subcontinent occurred before the end of Cretaceous (~ 65 Ma) and mid-Quaternary (~ 30 Ma). These could be attributed to plume related Deccan Trap magmatism and Himalayan orogeny respectively (Deans, 1972; Le Bas; 1987; Basu et al., 1993 ). Many occurrences of carbonatites associated with kimberlites are known. However, in the Indian context, carbonatite association with kimberlites has not received attention until the Khaderpet Kimberlite Carbonatite Intrusion (KKCI) of the Anumpalli cluster of the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) has been discovered by Rio Tinto Exploration (Chatterjee et al. 2008 ; Smith et al., 2013 ). In India, exploration for REE mineralisation in carbonatites is being carried out by GSI and AMD, however, it gained an encouraging momentum only ever since Kamthai REE deposit was discovered by the Baldota Group (Bhushan and Kumar, 2013 ). Of late, with the advent of focus on green energy drive, REE and other critical minerals are investigated by several institutes and organisations. In India, critical mineral exploration projects by GSI increased from 65 in 2020–2021 to 195 in 2024–2025 (NCMM, 2025 ). REE in carbonatites can occur by crystallization of REE-bearing minerals from the primary magmas as in the case of Mountain pass (Mariano, 1989 ; Castor, 2008 ) or in-situ replacement due to hydrothermal fluids, or late magmatic fluids, residual from the source carbonatite magmas (Verplanck and Van Gosen, 2011 ; Jaireth et al., 2014 ). Early-stage REE-bearing cumulates derived from carbonatite magma include pyrochlore, perovskite, calcite and apatite, while late-stage dykes, sheets, and veins derived from the residual carbonatite melts are enriched in F, Ba, Nb, P, Sr, U, and Th in addition to REEs including minerals such as bastnäsite, parisite and synchysite (Bhushan and Kumar, 2013 ; Skirrow et al., 2013 ; Andersen et al., 2017 ; Anenburg et al., 2020 ). The mineralisation is typically hypabyssal or deep-seated; the grade of mineralisation generally improves with depth (Frolov, 1971 ; Epshteyn and Kaban’kov, 1984 ). In India, carbonatites occur in (i) Paleo- Neoproterozoic plutonic and (ii) Middle- late Cretaceous subvolcanic- volcanic complexes distributed in several localities spatially and temporally. These carbonatites were studied extensively in terms of their geochemistry, petrogenesis, isotopes and tectonic significance (Krishnamurthy, 2019 ; Ranadive and Meshram, 2020). However, little attention has been paid to the carbonate of Khaderpet, i.e. ‘3–016 kimberlite prospect’ Anumpalli Kimberlite Cluster within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) (CRAE, 2004). In this context, this study presents a preliminary account of field and petrological aspects, stable isotopes (C&O) and enriched REE concentrations in Khaderpet carbonatite (KC). 1.1. Kimberlite-carbonatite association Although the genetic link between archetypal kimberlites and carbonatites sensu stricto is still controversial, the case for closely related rock types is gaining attention of petrologists (Hutchison and Frei, 2009 ; Tappe et al., 2009 ; Chakhmouradian, 2009 ). The kimberlite-carbonatite association has been alleged by many workers (Gaspar and Wyllie, 1984, Willey and Huang, 1975, Mitchell, 1979 ). However, it is not uncommon for this rare association to occur. The concepts of the origin of carbonate and its role in the kimberlite formation changed significantly through time, from rejection of its magmatic nature (Milashev, 1974 ) to the conclusion about its key contribution to the kimberlite formation (Russell et al., 2012). Many authors have supported the occurrence of kimberlites and carbonatites together spatially and temporally. Many researchers consider crystalline carbonate in kimberlites as carbonatite (Agashev et al., 2008 ; Kamenetsky and Yaxley, 2015 ). Many kimberlite pipes of the world contain late-stage crystalline carbonate-rich dikes that possess a close composition of carbonatite, e.g. Premier pipe (Cullinan). Association of diamondiferous kimberlites, barren melilitite bearing alkali picrites, olivine lamproites and carbonatites has been described from Arkhanglesk, Russia. (Mahotkin et al., 2000 ). Of late, carbonatite-like rock was reported from Aikhal Kimberlite Pipe from Yakutia Kimberlite Province (Kostrovitsky et al., 2021 ). The petrographic and chemical affinities with either kimberlite or ultramafic lamprophyre also have a possible counterpart in the kimberlite pipes of Winter Coast Field near Arkhangelsk, Russia where an association of diamondiferous kimberlites, barren melilite bearing alkali picrites, olivine lamproites and carbonatites has been narrated (Mahotkin et al., 2000 ). Recently, a carbonate rich aillikite associated with carbonatite s discovered on the northern shore of Lake Superior, Canada, with large enrichment of LREEs over HREEs in carbonatites (La/Yb cn = 33–62) (Yilmaz et al., 2025). The association of aillikite or ultramafic lamprophyre or kimberlite clan rock (KCR) with carbonatite is similar to Arkhanglesk which stands as evidence for the rare genetic association of these two rock types. The KC contains mantle derived xenocrysts lherzolitic, eclogitic and subclacic pyrope, picrochromite, picroilmenite, and numerous late-stage carbonate veins and most peculiarly, diamond. This phenomenon is akin to kimberlites such as Cullinan (Premier), Dutoitspan and Jagersfontein (Robinson, 1975 ). Further, this is also similar to kimberlite-olivine lamproite-lamprophyre association of Arkhangelsk, Russia (Mahotkin et al., 2000 ). In Kaapvaal Craton, Mesozoic kimberlite and carbonatite dykes were discovered during expansion of underground operations at Cullinan Diamond Mine (Tappe et al., 2020 ). Not only KC, yet another possible carbonatite associated with kimberlite in Gooty Kimberlite Cluster was reported by Phani et al. ( 2020 ). Thus, the association of carbonatite with kimberlite is not an uncommon feature in nature to occur and in specific to WKF. Therefore, it is necessary to keenly examine the associated mantle derived rock types while investigating for kimberlites in the Indian Shield. 2. Geological and exploration aspects The Indian Peninsular Shield is an amalgamation of Archean cratons intervened Proterozoic mobile belts that developed during and since the events of the Rodinia Supercontinental Cycle (Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanathan, 2008 ). The Dharwar Craton is the southernmost Archean craton within the Indian Shield and predominantly comprises granite terrain with narrow Late Archaean greenstone supracrustal belts (Fig. 1a). The Indian Shield forms a fertile terrain for emplacement of KCR and is studded with more than 400 pipes (Shaikh et al., 2023 ). Broadly, the craton in general is made up of migmatite gneiss, forming a remobilized basement, known as Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) overlain by linear arcuate supracrustal greenstone belts such as Ramagiri Penakacherla Hungund Schist Belt, Kadiri Schist Belt, Julakalva Schist Belt, Jonnagiri Schist Belt, Veligallu Schist Belt etc. (Naha et al., 1990 ). The Dharwar Craton has been subdivided into two blocks named Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and Western Dharwar Craton (WDC), separated by Chitradurga Schist Belt, joined along the Closepet Granite (~ 2600 Ma), based on significantly different evolutionary history (Chadwick et al., 2000 ; Gupta et al., 2003 ; Griffin et al., 2009 ). The EDC is dominated by the granitoids sensu stricto , granodiorites, monzonites and diorites of calc-alkaline nature with thick lithospheric mantle. The younger intrusives comprise pegmatite, quartz veins, quartz reefs and basic dykes of dolerite trending in multiple directions. The EDC forms a fertile geological domain for the emplacement of kimberlites and related mantle derived rocks, many of which are diamondiferous (Smith et al., 2013 ; Phani, 2019 ). More than 150 kimberlite and related rock types have been discovered in the EDC (Chatterjee et al., 2008 ; Smith et al., 2013 ). The kimberlite pipes of the EDC are grouped as kimberlite fields of Wajrakarur, Raichur, Narayanpet and Tungabhadra. Most of the KCRs in the EDC, are of Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic age (Fareeduddin and Mitchell, 2012). More than 45 kimberlite pipes have been reported within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) of the EDC (Phani, 2020) (Fig. 1b). In the WDC, carbonatite magmatism has been reported at Archaean- Proterozoic boundary (Brahma et al.,2025). The WKF is divided into seven clusters namely, Wajrakarur, Lattavaram, Anumpalli, Chigicherla, Kalyanadurgam, Timmasamudram and Gooty (Fig. 1b). Among the 45 kimberlite pipes so far discovered in the EDC, a unique discovery of aillikite (ultramafic lamprophyre)- kimberlite and carbonatite association was made through conscientious exploration by the Rio Tinto Group in 2002 in their 3–016 prospect of reconnaissance permit in the WKF. The 3–016 prospect lies within the Anumpalli Cluster of the WKF close to the Closepet Granite boundary. The 3–016 prospect is located in the eastern part of the WKF situated on the western convex flank of the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin. The area comprises residual granitic soil (0.5 to 1 meter thick) and in the northern portion of the pipe, black alluvial soil exists (Fig. 1c). The prospect was christened as ‘Granitoid Breccia- Kimberlite- Carbonatite Complex’ as it comprises complex lithological entities (Fig. 1d) (CRAE, 2004). The drilling results of 3–016 pipe proved that both kimberlite and carbonatite components are richly diamondiferous. The KC is well exposed, homogenous and fine grained. Fresh boulders come out from ground as ploughing progresses (Fig. 2 a). The rock displays ‘panther skin’ type of weathering typical of carbonatite (Fig, 2b). Fenitisation is a type of alkali metasomatism produced by alkali-rich fluids exsolved from igneous carbonatitic or alkaline magma. It is a unique alteration phenomenon of carbonatite and other alkaline igneous rocks. The KC shows intense fenitisation in country rock granitoid with brick-red K-feldspar, The carbonatite shows gradational contact with the granitoid kimberlite breccia (Fig. 2 c). Banding in carbonatite showing flow structures is common (Fig. 2 d). The granitoid breccia resembles carapace of a tortoise with chloritized kimberlite material as the matrix (Fig. 2 e). Caustic fusion of carbonatite core samples revealed good quality diamonds according to Smith et al. ( 2013 ). Absence of carbonatite fragments in the KCR counterpart indicates that the carbonatite intrusion is a late-stage event (Smith et al., 2013 ). 3.Sampling and Analysis Ten samples of fresh carbonatite from the outcrop have been collected and analysed for the petrography, whole rock analyses including major elements and trace elements including REE. The major elements were determined by X-ray Flurosence (XRF) and trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at Shiva Analyticals, Bangalore in 2015–2017 as a part of analyses performed during author’s Ph.D. work. For trace elements, multi acid digestion technique using hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric (HCl) and perchloric (HClO 4 ) acids. Analyses have been performed by using standards namely SY-4 (diorite gneiss, Canada), SARM-39 (kimberlite, South Africa), IPT-44 (limestone, Brazil). Repeat analyses for both major and trace elements were carried out to have a control on accuracy. The detection limit for major elements was 0.01 wt. % and for trace elements was 0.02 to 5ppm. Stable isotope analyses (O and C) were conducted at Isotope Laboratory, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun for 5 samples adopting standard techniques in the year 2019. Repetitive analyses were conducted and internal as well as global standards (MERCK and NBS-18) were analysed for achieving accuracy. 4. Results and discussion 4.1 Petrography The KC shows fine grained equigranular texture with a massive appearance with occasional development of banding. Within the fine-grained groundmass, tiny grains of apatite, garnet grains are noticed. In addition, small crystals of magnetite and chromite are also seen. Owing to its predominance in calcite, it is classified as sövite (Fig. 5 a). The carbonatite shows fine-grained texture at the center of the outcrop and coarse granularity at the peripheries i.e. at the contact of KCR granite breccia. At the center of the body, the carbonatite exhibits coarse-grained texture, with well-developed calcite crystals. The calcite grains show typical rhombohedral sets of cleavage, twinkling, higher order interference colors, saccharoidal crystal resemblance. (Fig. 5 b). The fine-grained portions show flow structures where the calcite crystals are aligned to the flow pattern indicating fluid movement (Fig. 5 c). The carbonatite comprises minerals like allanite, phlogopite within the calcite groundmass. Phlogopite is seen as almost common constituent. (Fig. 5 d). Crystals of monazite are also seen at places (Fig. 5 e). Well-developed large crystals of titanite are observed in cloudy carbonate groundmass. Alteration of calcite to aragonite is also a common feature. (Fig. 5 f). The presence of allanite, monazite and other REE bearing mineral phases is consistent with observations made by Rio Tinto Exploration (CRAE. 2004). Based on predominance of calcite, the KC is classified as sövite which is in agreement with observations made by Smith et al. ( 2013 ). 4.2 Major elements The major element and trace element data is shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The major element concentrations show high CaO proportion, ranging from 46.3 to 53.8 wt. %, with SiO 2 ranging from 2 to 12.7 wt. %. The rest of the major elements such as Al 2 O 3 (0.22–0.4 wt. %), FeO (0.2–0.23 wt. %), Na 2 O ( 0.8 confirming it to be sövite. The loss on ignition (LoI) ranges from 34.5 to 39.5. The calculated Mg# is relatively high ranging from 46 to 79.5. Table 1 Major element analyses of Khaderpet carbonatite (KC). KH1 KH2 KH3 KH4 KH5 KH6 KH7 KH8 KH9 KH10 SiO 2 3.5 7.23 6.8 2.5 2.98 3.8 5.7 6.7 2.61 2.22 TiO 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 Al 2 O 3 0.22 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.23 0.33 0.3 0.23 FeO 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.22 MnO 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.43 0.33 0.14 0.17 0.18 0.19 MgO 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.33 0.48 0.36 0.28 0.11 0.17 0.21 CaO 52.4 49.9 47.8 53.8 51.5 52.4 48.6 46.3 53.2 52.9 Na 2 O < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 K 2 O 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 P 2 O 5 1.28 1.15 1.54 1.44 1.45 1.55 1.44 1.26 1.43 1.33 F ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND LOI 34.5 38.1 37.6 38.9 39.5 36.7 38.7 34.9 36.8 37.5 Total 92.51 97.39 94.69 97.76 97.01 95.82 95.34 90.05 94.96 94.86 Table 2 Trace element analyses of Khaderpet carbonatite (KC). KH1 KH2 KH3 KH4 KH5 KH6 KH7 KH8 KH9 KH10 Ba 894 901 888 911 912 920 890 878 920 891 Sc 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 V 83 87 78 67 83 76 88 85 84 80 Co < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 Cr 26 22 21 25 25 21 25 23 26 27 Ni 27 18 21 18 19 22 24 23 21 26 Cu 22 21 19 18 22 21 19 20 18 17 Pb 149 173 185 144 `182 166 169 176 164 169 Zn 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 As 5.5 5.67 5.49 4.89 4.6 5.02 5.7 5.3 5.23 5.23 Se 5 4.8 5 5 4.78 5.02 5 5.03 5.1 5.21 Rb 0.48 0.51 0.44 0.53 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.49 0.54 Sr 10359 9459 8889 9233 9349 10006 9345 10989 9482 10023 Y 50.2 49.2 50.3 50.4 49.08 48.99 48.92 43.04 50.01 50.4 Hf 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Ta 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.7 0.7 Zr 20 19 18 17 22 21 17 18 21 23 Nb 81 76 67 66 78 79 82 83 84 87 Th 79 81 80 73 79 83 78 72 71.2 73.1 U 54 55 51.2 49 52.3 55 54 47.6 44 49.6 Y 49.8 52.3 50.2 49.5 45.7 43.7 44.5 47.5 50.2 48.9 Sc 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 La 1570 1350 1290 1441 1376 1267 1345 1423 1333 1443 Ce 2190 2060 2100 2234 2030 2199 2210 2109 2031 2139 Pr 172 168 172 152 177 181 167 165 155 163 Nd 492 490 512 454 435 422 452 501 498 519 Sm 47.9 49.4 50.1 38.4 41.3 44.5 42.3 43.2 41.2 42.6 Eu 11.8 10.8 9.2 10.1 10.9 11.2 10.3 11.02 10.3 10.78 Gd 26 26.8 21.6 20.2 23.5 22.2 21.8 22.3 23.8 22.9 Dy 10.7 10.2 9.75 8.35 9.3 8.9 9.01 11.3 9.2 11.3 Er 2.75 2.4 2.75 2.15 2.66 2.78 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.45 Yb 2.95 2.65 2.85 2.2 2.34 2.21 2.34 2.87 2.54 2.43 Tb 2.48 2.48 2.16 2.04 2.3 2.4 2.12 2.1 2.3 2.4 Ho 1.72 1.54 1.52 1.44 1.35 1.22 1.32 1.43 1.34 1.56 Tm 2.95 2.65 2.85 2.2 2.34 2.21 2.34 2.87 2.54 2.43 Lu 0.44 0.38 0.41 0.51 0.8 0.87 0.78 0.81 0.9 0.45 ∑LREE 4510 4155 4155 4350 4094 4147 4248 4275 4092 4340 ∑HREE 23.99 22.3 22.29 18.89 21.09 20.59 20.35 23.69 21.04 23.02 ∑LREE/∑HREE 188 186.3 186.4 230.3 194.1 201.4 208.8 180.4 194.5 188.5 (La/Lu) N 40.98 40.81 36.14 32.45 19.76 16.73 19.81 20.18 17.01 36.83 (La/Yb) N 273.8 262.1 232.9 337 302.6 295 295.7 255.1 270 305.5 The triangular diagram between CaO, MgO, and (FeO T +MnO) classifies the KC as a calcio-carbonatite (sövite) (Fig. 1). 4.3 Trace and rare earth elements In pristine carbonatites, elements like Fe, Ti, Zr, and Nb may be accidental or regional to some extent whilst the elements like Sr, Ba, REE and P belong to earlier constituents of carbonatitic magma (Knorring, 1962 ). It was opined that individual enrichment of elements like P, Sr and Ba cannot be diagnostic of carbonatites however, collective enrichment of Nb, Ce, La, P, Sr, and Ba are characteristic features of a carbonatite (Deans and Powell, 1968 ). In KC, the Ce/La ratio is more than unity indicating enrichment of Ce. The Ce+(La/Y) ratio ranges from 2057 to 2262 ppm showing that the Y concentration is high. The incompatible elements (large ion lithophile elements-LILE) such as Ba (878–920 ppm), Rb (0.44-0.56ppm), Sr (8889–10989 ppm), Ce (2030–2234 ppm) have higher concentrations. The compatible elements (high field strength elements- HFSE) such as Zr (17–23 ppm), Nb (66–87 ppm), Th (71–83 ppm) and U (44–55 ppm) are also higher in their concentrations. The Sc has an average of 2 ppm while Y ranges from 43 to 50 ppm. The enrichment of LREE and depletion of HREE indicates mantle origin for this carbonatite. The trace element plot involving total REE, Y, Sr and Ba further confirm its carbonatitic character of the Khaderpet samples (Fig. 5 ). The ∑REE in the Khaderpet samples ranges from 4113 to 4533 ppm. In general, the concentration of REE increases with increase in concentration of minerals like pyrochlore, sphene, perovskite, etc. (Ingrid, 1998 ). The ∑LREE ranges from 4092 to 4509 ppm while the ∑HREE ranges from 19 to 24 ppm. The chondrite normalized plot shows (Sun and McDonough, 1989 ) a step like pattern more or less in similar trend to the global average carbonatite. The REE content of the KC is much higher than WKF kimberlites and approaches values of the world average carbonatite (Fig. 6 ). The ∑LREE/∑HREE ratio ranges from 180 to 230. Carbonatites show enriched in LREEs and also have the highest (La/Lu) N ratios among all the igneous rocks (Kjarsgaard 1998 ). The KC shows (La/Lu) N ratio of 29 with very high LREE and high (La/Yb) N ratios (~ 282), typical of carbonatites (Woolley and Kempe, 1989 ). The high LREE enrichment is attributed to the presence of mineral phases like monazite, allanite and titanite which are observed in thin sections. The primitive mantle normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989 ) trace element plot shows elevated U, La, Ce, Nd concentrations and low values or troughs for Rb, Nb, Sr (Fig. 7 ). The Zr/Hf ration ranges from 85 to 115 while the Nb/Ta ratio ranges from 110 to 270 with positive correlation indicating mantle origin (Nelson et al., 1988 ). 4.4 Stable isotopes (C & O) The stable isotope data of C & O, for KC, shows its primary magmatic nature (Fig. 3). In-situ stable isotope analyses have shown that primary kimberlitic carbonates commonly preserve their mantle signature (δ 18 O=6-9 o / oo ) whereas secondary carbonates have heavier δ 18 O values (Oliver et al., 2017 ). The KC possesses 6.67 to 8.76 o / oo . This is analogous with Precambrian carbonatites elsewhere. 5 Economic perspective For nearly 50 years, carbonatites have been the essential sources of niobium (Nb), phosphate and REEs, in particular the light REEs, including La, Ce, Pr, and Nd (Verplanck et al.,2016). The significant REE ore minerals in carbonatites are ancylite, bastnaesite type minerals, britholite, crandallite-group minerals and monazite. Other ore deposits hosted by carbonatites include Cu, Mo, fluorite, apatite and vermiculite. In addition, some carbonatite complexes also act as resources either as main or by product for other elements such as Zr, Fe, Ti, V, F, Na, Sr, Th and U (Mariano, 1989 ; Krishnamurthy et al., 2000 ). In India, so far, the Kamthai carbonatite is the only occurrence that has been proved to be feasible for mining (Bhushan and Kumar, 2013 ). It is necessary that the carbonatites in other parts of the country also need to be thoroughly assessed for their economics. The geochemical diagrams between Sr/Ba and Ba versus ∑REE show that the KC samples plot in ‘mineralised’ field encouraging flor further exploration (Fig. 9 ). 6 Implications for exploration Recently, some new carbonatite occurrences have been reported in the Dharwar craton. Few to mention are carbonatite at Rapalli in Telangana (GSI, 2019 ) and suspected occurrence of carbonatite associated with kimberlite at Krishtipadu in Andhra Pradesh (Phani et al., 2020 ) in the EDC and Gundlupet in Karnataka in the WDC (Brahma et al., 2022 ). The previously discovered carbonatite at Chintalacheruvu was also reported to contain enriched P, Fe, Ba, Sr, Ce and Y (Bhaskar and Thimmaiah, 1997 ). In India, except Kamthai deposit, no other carbonatite has been economically assessed thoroughly for its REE resources (Bhushan and Kumar, 2013 ). Het another carbonatite classified as magnesio-carbonatite at Kannegiri hills, Khammam dt. of Telangana has reported low REE concentrations (Sarvothaman et al., 1998 ). Petrography of KC outcrop samples revealed few typical REE-bearing minerals. It is quite possible that examination of drill core from depth may show more well-developed REE-bearing minerals and improve the confidence level on the order of magnitude of mineralisation. It is necessary to investigate the Khaderpet carbonatite in terms of its LREE mineralisation and size of the body. The drone magnetic survey revealed an areal extent of 100 x 200 meters with an average depth of 40 meters (Phani et al., 2025 ). The previous exploration by Rio Tinto Group was mainly focused on diamond incidence of kimberlite and carbonatite. Detailed studies are also warranted to ascertain its feasibility for diamond extraction. The geochemical evidence in this study shows that the carbonatite is mineralized similar to Weishan REE deposit of China. The LREE concentrations in KC are much higher than south Indian carbonatites. Thus, it warrants to determine REO concentrations and their quantification for extraction; delineation of dimensions and size of the deposit whether the rare earth metals can profitably be extracted from Khaderpet carbonatite. 7 Conclusions The carbonatite at Khaderpet is a unique discovery that exemplifies genetic relation between KCRs and carbonatites. The Khaderpet carbonatite occurs as an intrusion with the KCR garlanded by chloritized kimberlite-granite breccia outcrops, christened as Granitoid Breccia Kimberlite Carbonatite Complex by Rio Tinto. The carbonatite, in hand specimen, is predominantly composed of calcite and also petrographically and geochemically qualifies to be classified as sövite. The carbonatite outcrop surfaces exhibit panther-skin type of weathering characteristic of carbonatites. The carbonatite shows coarse-grained texture at the center and fine-grained texture towards its contact with the granitoid kimberlite breccia. The carbonatite under the microscope shows essentially calcite, with accessory phases like phlogopite, apatite, magnetite, chromite, garnet and most importantly monazite, titanite and allanite which are the storehouses for REEs. The stable isotope (C & O) compositions confirmed that the carbonatite is of primary origin. Overall, this study confirms that KC is of magmatic origin formed in late stage than the KCR. The total LREE is very high ranging from 4509 to 4092 ppm while the Sc concentration ranging from 43 to 50 ppm. The geochemical plots between REE, Ba and Sr also support mineralised nature of the KC. In this context, the high LREE values in KC qualify for detailed economic investigations. Declarations Acknowledgements PRCP and PS thank Cyient Limited and Innourbia Solutions Pvt. Ltd. respectively for necessary support. Owners of farmlands where Khaderpet (3-016) pipe is situated, are thanked for access to enter the site during agriculture season in 2023. This article is very much benefitted from participation by PRCP in the India-Australia Joint Workshop on Critical Minerals Research: Sustainable Transition to Green Energy during March 2023 at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Funding This work did not receive any type of financial aid from any agency or organisation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest either financial or personal with any individual or organisation. Ethics and Consent to Participate Not applicable Consent to Publish Not applicable Author Contribution PRCP: Conceptualisation, Field work, Sampling, Illustrations, Data preparation, Interpretation, Writing and editing, Final manuscript preparation. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8520900","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":585032673,"identity":"3e3996d1-f033-431d-a7ac-4b4c8efa7ffb","order_by":0,"name":"Ramesh Chandra Phani Pothuri","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBOAGJ+ECehgBQtkg0ghgGxWkDA4ACYJEKHuXTzswcPd9yTNz6/OvHDAwMGeX6xA/i1WM45Zm6QeKbYcNuNt5slgA4znDk7Ab8WgxsJZhKJbQkJZjfObgBpSTC4TVBL+jewFuMZZzf/IFJLDsQWA/7ebcTZYjkjp0wi8UyC4YwbvNssEgwkCPvFXCJ9m+TPHQny/P1nN9/8UWEjzy9NyGEggrEBSEiAVUrgUYuhhf8AYdWjYBSMglEwMgEAQAtFgNFJspUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Cyient Limited","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramesh","middleName":"Chandra Phani","lastName":"Pothuri","suffix":""},{"id":585032675,"identity":"2adbbaa1-6bdc-450c-a01b-efe8dff35e82","order_by":1,"name":"Prabir Sengupta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Innourbia Solutions Pvt. ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabir","middleName":"","lastName":"Sengupta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-05 11:38:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101940599,"identity":"31d6ea4d-a040-4266-bde0-adadfe05e9fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1244477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimplified geological maps. (a) Dharwar Craton showing major geological domains (After Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan, 2008) showing Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) in rectangular box. (b) Geological map of WKF showing different kimberlite clusters (KC) (Modified after Shaikh et al., 2016). WKC- Wajrakarur, AKC- Anumpalli, KKC- Kalyanadurgam, TKC- Timmasamudram, CKC- Chigicherla, GKC- Gooty, LKC- Lattavaram. \u0026nbsp;Khaderpet kimberlite pipe named as ‘3016’ by Rio Tinto. (c) pipe boundary on Google Earth image. Star symbol refers to carbonatite location. (d) geological map of Khaderpet pipe along with mapped rock units (Chatterjee et al., 2008). Other abbreviations: CB- Cuddapah Basin, CBF- Chitradurga Boundary Fault, EGMB- Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, KCR- Kimberlite Clan Rock, PGC- Peninsular Gneissic Complex, CG- Closepet Granites, RGB- Ramagiri Greenstone Belt, CD- Cherlopally, Dome KD-Katrimala Dome, MD- Marutla Dome, and ND- Nasanakota Dome.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/1457015b3876d30be248354c.png"},{"id":101940598,"identity":"99c9f5bd-4c76-4a12-9591-a8f91eb091fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1783570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eField photographs of Khaderpet carbonatite. a) carbonatite outcrop amidst granitoid kimberlite breccia. b) panther skin type of weathering typical of carbonatite. (c) contact relation between carbonatite and granitoid kimberlite breccia. \u0026nbsp;d) \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e boulder of carbonatite showing banding. e) close-up of chloritized/fenitised granite kimberlite breccia outcrop, eroded to ground level. f) diamonds recovered from carbonatite adopted from Smith et al., (2013). Abbreviations: K.Gr.Br.- Kimberlite granite breccia, Carb.- carbonatite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/f6901478e833d10de0c5a421.png"},{"id":101943622,"identity":"85c1c21a-227b-4bb6-8bc0-a4915e200d21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:42:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2043397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePetrographic features of outcrop samples of carbonatite of Khaderpet. (a) Fine grained texture comprising predominantly calcite (Cal). Very tiny grains of apatite (Ap), garnet (Grt) with undiscernible grains of magnetite and chromite (XPL). (b) Coarse grained texture homogenously composed of calcite crystals (Cal) (XPL). (c). Banded structure indicating flow pattern in calcite mass (Cal) (XPL). (d) Widely spread phlogopite (Phl) and radiating grain of allanite (Aln) within calcite (Cal) groundmass (XPL). (e). Monazite (Mnz) and allanite (Aln) in calcite groundmass (Cal) (PPL). (f). Titanite (Ttn) within matrix of altered calcite (PPL).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/b0111285bfbbe389ffe18cf3.png"},{"id":101940607,"identity":"5a6a58a1-a8e8-451b-91a6-b6b4510e8dae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTernary geochemical diagram (Woolley and Kempe, 1989) showing calico-carbonatite character of Khaderpet carbonatite. G- Gujarat, R- Rajasthan, and T- Tamilnadu (fields after Ranadive and Meshram, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/ecbec33b7b2812ee8581a3bd.jpeg"},{"id":101940605,"identity":"2a65124d-cd0a-4f65-a99b-b1dc2847e4d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eREE+Y versus Sr+Ba diagram showing Khaderpet samples positioning in carbonatite field (Samoilov, 1991).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/926c8cada580c5140b45bc59.jpeg"},{"id":101940604,"identity":"9e300363-99bf-4c3a-86d7-27dbf8c6e521","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":238746,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChondrite normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989) plot for Khaderpet carbonatite in comparison with global carbonatite average and WKF kimberlites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primitive mantle normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989) trace element plot shows elevated U,\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/663ec292e4667e3fc524ed76.jpeg"},{"id":101943656,"identity":"af3ecc6a-916f-497c-a878-6346fe4bb720","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:42:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":222962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrimitive mantle normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989) plot of Khaderpet carbonatite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Zr/Hf ration ranges from 85 to 115 while the Nb/Ta ratio ranges from 110 to 270 with positive correlation indicating mantle origin (Nelson et al., 1988).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/f20bc342834725da26f6a3c2.jpeg"},{"id":101943749,"identity":"36ad05b3-0242-4c75-b408-aed00e95d609","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:43:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":169005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeochemical plot showing primary carbonatite character of Khaderpet samples. Carbon and Oxygen stable isotope compositions (in \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003csub\u003eoo\u003c/sub\u003e relative to V-PDB and V-SMOW respectively). Fields for (a) primary carbonatite fields: 1 – Clarke et al. (1994); 2 – Keller and Hoefs (1995) and 3 – Taylor et al. (1967) and (b) fields for carbonatites, kimberlites and orangeites after Tappe et al. (2006). Dashed boundary represents carbonatites of Tamilnadu comprising Sevattur, Samalpatti, Hogenakal, Pakkanadu (fields after Schleicher et al., 1998).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/8b985a76126675f157cd7665.jpeg"},{"id":101940601,"identity":"28706c0b-8d22-40b7-8eff-3419a2035870","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:16:04","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":96850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeochemical plots showing mineralized character of Khaderpet carbonatite. a) Sr/Ba ratio vs. ∑REE and b) Ba vs. ∑REE. (Jia and Liu, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/1d155584906f19e1257de87d.png"},{"id":102294941,"identity":"50bbc50f-cb58-4669-bf65-580d9c7c9f38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 10:05:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7435543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8520900/v1/8f7e86ae-32e3-4da9-847d-51472b82ca6f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"LREE enrichment in carbonatite from Khaderpet, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eREEs are a group of 15 lanthanide elements, namely, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. In addition, owing to their similar chemical characters, elements Y and Sc are also clubbed with REE. The elements La to Pm are termed as light rare earth elements (LREEs), while Sm to Lu is termed as heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Because of their rising demand in frontier green energy technology and limited supply, REEs have been classified as critical metals by almost all countries (Skirrow et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Balaram, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; European Union, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., 2020, GSI and AMD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gonzalez-\u0026acute;Alvarez \u0026acute; et al., 2021; Balaram, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Pirajno and Yu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The REEs possess exceptional and diversified characteristics and act as \u0026lsquo;industrial vitamins\u0026rsquo; of the digital era. The LREEs are intimately related to carbonatite deposits are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of mostly mantle derived carbonate-rich parental melts. Such deposits may also contain substantial amounts of critical minerals such as Nb, Th and Sc. Genetically, the carbonatite-hosted REE deposits are classified as primary magmatic, hydrothermal and weathering crust type. Spandler et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) further classified REEs into nine types, namely, (1) Carbonatite related, (2) peralkaline/alkaline volcanic-related, (3) pegmatites, (4) monazite sand deposits (placers), (5) laterites, (6) sedimentary phosphorite deposits, (7) unconformity-related, (8) skarns and (9) iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. The Bayan Oba of China is the largest carbonate- and carbonatite-hosted REE deposit of the world (Ling et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonatites are mantle-derived igneous rocks with \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50% carbonate minerals (Anenburg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yaxley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Carbonatites contain the highest amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) among any other igneous rocks and act as primary sources of REE. Hence, carbonatites with mineralisation have gained attention as global REE sources (Yang et al.,2025; Piranjo and Yu, 2025). Carbonatites are volumetrically small that occur in both intrusive and extrusive igneous forms. Carbonatite melts are formed by very low degrees of partial melting of the carbonated peridotite mantle forming interconnected melts at fractions lower than 0.05 wt.%. Carbonatites are spatially and temporally associated with orogenic belts and also constructive and destructive plate margins. They are known mostly from continental settings (Bell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Stoppa et al., 2019). They generally occur in uplifted or domed areas extending from tens to thousands of kilometers in diameter, typically associated with major domal faulting and rifting (Wooley; 1989; Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, the carbonatite activity commenced in the Late Archaean and gradually increased over geological time with peak activities recorded between 750 Ma and 500 Ma coeval with the Pan African orogeny and around 200 Ma coinciding with the Gondwana breakup (Wooley, 1989) Carbonatite activities in the Indian subcontinent occurred before the end of Cretaceous (~\u0026thinsp;65 Ma) and mid-Quaternary (~\u0026thinsp;30 Ma). These could be attributed to plume related Deccan Trap magmatism and Himalayan orogeny respectively (Deans, 1972; Le Bas; 1987; Basu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Many occurrences of carbonatites associated with kimberlites are known. However, in the Indian context, carbonatite association with kimberlites has not received attention until the Khaderpet Kimberlite Carbonatite Intrusion (KKCI) of the Anumpalli cluster of the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) has been discovered by Rio Tinto Exploration (Chatterjee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India, exploration for REE mineralisation in carbonatites is being carried out by GSI and AMD, however, it gained an encouraging momentum only ever since Kamthai REE deposit was discovered by the Baldota Group (Bhushan and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Of late, with the advent of focus on green energy drive, REE and other critical minerals are investigated by several institutes and organisations. In India, critical mineral exploration projects by GSI increased from 65 in 2020\u0026ndash;2021 to 195 in 2024\u0026ndash;2025 (NCMM, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). REE in carbonatites can occur by crystallization of REE-bearing minerals from the primary magmas as in the case of Mountain pass (Mariano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Castor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) or in-situ replacement due to hydrothermal fluids, or late magmatic fluids, residual from the source carbonatite magmas (Verplanck and Van Gosen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Jaireth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Early-stage REE-bearing cumulates derived from carbonatite magma include pyrochlore, perovskite, calcite and apatite, while late-stage dykes, sheets, and veins derived from the residual carbonatite melts are enriched in F, Ba, Nb, P, Sr, U, and Th in addition to REEs including minerals such as bastn\u0026auml;site, parisite and synchysite (Bhushan and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Skirrow et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Andersen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Anenburg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The mineralisation is typically hypabyssal or deep-seated; the grade of mineralisation generally improves with depth (Frolov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Epshteyn and Kaban\u0026rsquo;kov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India, carbonatites occur in (i) Paleo- Neoproterozoic plutonic and (ii) Middle- late Cretaceous subvolcanic- volcanic complexes distributed in several localities spatially and temporally. These carbonatites were studied extensively in terms of their geochemistry, petrogenesis, isotopes and tectonic significance (Krishnamurthy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ranadive and Meshram, 2020). However, little attention has been paid to the carbonate of Khaderpet, i.e. \u0026lsquo;3\u0026ndash;016 kimberlite prospect\u0026rsquo; Anumpalli Kimberlite Cluster within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) (CRAE, 2004). In this context, this study presents a preliminary account of field and petrological aspects, stable isotopes (C\u0026amp;O) and enriched REE concentrations in Khaderpet carbonatite (KC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1. Kimberlite-carbonatite association\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the genetic link between archetypal kimberlites and carbonatites \u003cem\u003esensu stricto\u003c/em\u003e is still controversial, the case for closely related rock types is gaining attention of petrologists (Hutchison and Frei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tappe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Chakhmouradian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The kimberlite-carbonatite association has been alleged by many workers (Gaspar and Wyllie, 1984, Willey and Huang, 1975, Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is not uncommon for this rare association to occur. The concepts of the origin of carbonate and its role in the kimberlite formation changed significantly through time, from rejection of its magmatic nature (Milashev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e) to the conclusion about its key contribution to the kimberlite formation (Russell et al., 2012). Many authors have supported the occurrence of kimberlites and carbonatites together spatially and temporally. Many researchers consider crystalline carbonate in kimberlites as carbonatite (Agashev et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Kamenetsky and Yaxley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Many kimberlite pipes of the world contain late-stage crystalline carbonate-rich dikes that possess a close composition of carbonatite, e.g. Premier pipe (Cullinan). Association of diamondiferous kimberlites, barren melilitite bearing alkali picrites, olivine lamproites and carbonatites has been described from Arkhanglesk, Russia. (Mahotkin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Of late, carbonatite-like rock was reported from Aikhal Kimberlite Pipe from Yakutia Kimberlite Province (Kostrovitsky et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe petrographic and chemical affinities with either kimberlite or ultramafic lamprophyre also have a possible counterpart in the kimberlite pipes of Winter Coast Field near Arkhangelsk, Russia where an association of diamondiferous kimberlites, barren melilite bearing alkali picrites, olivine lamproites and carbonatites has been narrated (Mahotkin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, a carbonate rich aillikite associated with carbonatite s discovered on the northern shore of Lake Superior, Canada, with large enrichment of LREEs over HREEs in carbonatites (La/Yb\u003csub\u003ecn\u003c/sub\u003e = 33\u0026ndash;62) (Yilmaz et al., 2025). The association of aillikite or ultramafic lamprophyre or kimberlite clan rock (KCR) with carbonatite is similar to Arkhanglesk which stands as evidence for the rare genetic association of these two rock types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe KC contains mantle derived xenocrysts lherzolitic, eclogitic and subclacic pyrope, picrochromite, picroilmenite, and numerous late-stage carbonate veins and most peculiarly, diamond. This phenomenon is akin to kimberlites such as Cullinan (Premier), Dutoitspan and Jagersfontein (Robinson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e). Further, this is also similar to kimberlite-olivine lamproite-lamprophyre association of Arkhangelsk, Russia (Mahotkin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In Kaapvaal Craton, Mesozoic kimberlite and carbonatite dykes were discovered during expansion of underground operations at Cullinan Diamond Mine (Tappe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Not only KC, yet another possible carbonatite associated with kimberlite in Gooty Kimberlite Cluster was reported by Phani et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the association of carbonatite with kimberlite is not an uncommon feature in nature to occur and in specific to WKF. Therefore, it is necessary to keenly examine the associated mantle derived rock types while investigating for kimberlites in the Indian Shield.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Geological and exploration aspects","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Indian Peninsular Shield is an amalgamation of Archean cratons intervened Proterozoic mobile belts that developed during and since the events of the Rodinia Supercontinental Cycle (Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanathan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The Dharwar Craton is the southernmost Archean craton within the Indian Shield and predominantly comprises granite terrain with narrow Late Archaean greenstone supracrustal belts (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a). The Indian Shield forms a fertile terrain for emplacement of KCR and is studded with more than 400 pipes (Shaikh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Broadly, the craton in general is made up of migmatite gneiss, forming a remobilized basement, known as Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) overlain by linear arcuate supracrustal greenstone belts such as Ramagiri Penakacherla Hungund Schist Belt, Kadiri Schist Belt, Julakalva Schist Belt, Jonnagiri Schist Belt, Veligallu Schist Belt etc. (Naha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). The Dharwar Craton has been subdivided into two blocks named Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and Western Dharwar Craton (WDC), separated by Chitradurga Schist Belt, joined along the Closepet Granite (~\u0026thinsp;2600 Ma), based on significantly different evolutionary history (Chadwick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Gupta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Griffin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EDC is dominated by the granitoids \u003cem\u003esensu stricto\u003c/em\u003e, granodiorites, monzonites and diorites of calc-alkaline nature with thick lithospheric mantle. The younger intrusives comprise pegmatite, quartz veins, quartz reefs and basic dykes of dolerite trending in multiple directions. The EDC forms a fertile geological domain for the emplacement of kimberlites and related mantle derived rocks, many of which are diamondiferous (Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Phani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). More than 150 kimberlite and related rock types have been discovered in the EDC (Chatterjee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The kimberlite pipes of the EDC are grouped as kimberlite fields of Wajrakarur, Raichur, Narayanpet and Tungabhadra. Most of the KCRs in the EDC, are of Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic age (Fareeduddin and Mitchell, 2012). More than 45 kimberlite pipes have been reported within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) of the EDC (Phani, 2020) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b). In the WDC, carbonatite magmatism has been reported at Archaean- Proterozoic boundary (Brahma et al.,2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe WKF is divided into seven clusters namely, Wajrakarur, Lattavaram, Anumpalli, Chigicherla, Kalyanadurgam, Timmasamudram and Gooty (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b). Among the 45 kimberlite pipes so far discovered in the EDC, a unique discovery of aillikite (ultramafic lamprophyre)- kimberlite and carbonatite association was made through conscientious exploration by the Rio Tinto Group in 2002 in their 3\u0026ndash;016 prospect of reconnaissance permit in the WKF. The 3\u0026ndash;016 prospect lies within the Anumpalli Cluster of the WKF close to the Closepet Granite boundary. The 3\u0026ndash;016 prospect is located in the eastern part of the WKF situated on the western convex flank of the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin. The area comprises residual granitic soil (0.5 to 1 meter thick) and in the northern portion of the pipe, black alluvial soil exists (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1c). The prospect was christened as \u0026lsquo;Granitoid Breccia- Kimberlite- Carbonatite Complex\u0026rsquo; as it comprises complex lithological entities (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1d) (CRAE, 2004). The drilling results of 3\u0026ndash;016 pipe proved that both kimberlite and carbonatite components are richly diamondiferous. The KC is well exposed, homogenous and fine grained. Fresh boulders come out from ground as ploughing progresses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea). The rock displays \u0026lsquo;panther skin\u0026rsquo; type of weathering typical of carbonatite (Fig, 2b). Fenitisation is a type of alkali metasomatism produced by alkali-rich fluids exsolved from igneous carbonatitic or alkaline magma. It is a unique alteration phenomenon of carbonatite and other alkaline igneous rocks. The KC shows intense fenitisation in country rock granitoid with brick-red K-feldspar, The carbonatite shows gradational contact with the granitoid kimberlite breccia (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec). Banding in carbonatite showing flow structures is common (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed). The granitoid breccia resembles carapace of a tortoise with chloritized kimberlite material as the matrix (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ee). Caustic fusion of carbonatite core samples revealed good quality diamonds according to Smith et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Absence of carbonatite fragments in the KCR counterpart indicates that the carbonatite intrusion is a late-stage event (Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.Sampling and Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eTen samples of fresh carbonatite from the outcrop have been collected and analysed for the petrography, whole rock analyses including major elements and trace elements including REE. The major elements were determined by X-ray Flurosence (XRF) and trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at Shiva Analyticals, Bangalore in 2015\u0026ndash;2017 as a part of analyses performed during author\u0026rsquo;s Ph.D. work. For trace elements, multi acid digestion technique using hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), hydrochloric (HCl) and perchloric (HClO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) acids. Analyses have been performed by using standards namely SY-4 (diorite gneiss, Canada), SARM-39 (kimberlite, South Africa), IPT-44 (limestone, Brazil). Repeat analyses for both major and trace elements were carried out to have a control on accuracy. The detection limit for major elements was 0.01 wt. % and for trace elements was 0.02 to 5ppm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStable isotope analyses (O and C) were conducted at Isotope Laboratory, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun for 5 samples adopting standard techniques in the year 2019. Repetitive analyses were conducted and internal as well as global standards (MERCK and NBS-18) were analysed for achieving accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Petrography\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe KC shows fine grained equigranular texture with a massive appearance with occasional development of banding. Within the fine-grained groundmass, tiny grains of apatite, garnet grains are noticed. In addition, small crystals of magnetite and chromite are also seen. Owing to its predominance in calcite, it is classified as s\u0026ouml;vite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). The carbonatite shows fine-grained texture at the center of the outcrop and coarse granularity at the peripheries i.e. at the contact of KCR granite breccia. At the center of the body, the carbonatite exhibits coarse-grained texture, with well-developed calcite crystals. The calcite grains show typical rhombohedral sets of cleavage, twinkling, higher order interference colors, saccharoidal crystal resemblance. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). The fine-grained portions show flow structures where the calcite crystals are aligned to the flow pattern indicating fluid movement (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec). The carbonatite comprises minerals like allanite, phlogopite within the calcite groundmass. Phlogopite is seen as almost common constituent. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). Crystals of monazite are also seen at places (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee). Well-developed large crystals of titanite are observed in cloudy carbonate groundmass. Alteration of calcite to aragonite is also a common feature. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ef). The presence of allanite, monazite and other REE bearing mineral phases is consistent with observations made by Rio Tinto Exploration (CRAE. 2004). Based on predominance of calcite, the KC is classified as s\u0026ouml;vite which is in agreement with observations made by Smith et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Major elements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major element and trace element data is shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e respectively. The major element concentrations show high CaO proportion, ranging from 46.3 to 53.8 wt. %, with SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ranging from 2 to 12.7 wt. %. The rest of the major elements such as Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.22\u0026ndash;0.4 wt. %), FeO (0.2\u0026ndash;0.23 wt. %), Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u0026ndash;0.03 wt. %), K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (0.01\u0026ndash;0.02 wt. %), MgO (0.11\u0026ndash;0.48 wt. %), MnO (0.14-0.43wt. %), P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (1.15\u0026ndash;1.55 wt. %) are low in their concentration levels. The CaO/(CaO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FeO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO) values are \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8 confirming it to be s\u0026ouml;vite. The loss on ignition (LoI) ranges from 34.5 to 39.5. The calculated Mg# is relatively high ranging from 46 to 79.5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor element analyses of Khaderpet carbonatite (KC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAl\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMnO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMgO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNa\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e 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colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e 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colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrace element analyses of Khaderpet carbonatite (KC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKH10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e 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colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eY\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSc\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;LREE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;HREE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;LREE/\u0026sum;HREE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(La/Lu)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(La/Yb)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe triangular diagram between CaO, MgO, and (FeO\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e +MnO) classifies the KC as a calcio-carbonatite (s\u0026ouml;vite) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Trace and rare earth elements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn pristine carbonatites, elements like Fe, Ti, Zr, and Nb may be accidental or regional to some extent whilst the elements like Sr, Ba, REE and P belong to earlier constituents of carbonatitic magma (Knorring, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e). It was opined that individual enrichment of elements like P, Sr and Ba cannot be diagnostic of carbonatites however, collective enrichment of Nb, Ce, La, P, Sr, and Ba are characteristic features of a carbonatite (Deans and Powell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e). In KC, the Ce/La ratio is more than unity indicating enrichment of Ce. The Ce+(La/Y) ratio ranges from 2057 to 2262 ppm showing that the Y concentration is high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incompatible elements (large ion lithophile elements-LILE) such as Ba (878\u0026ndash;920 ppm), Rb (0.44-0.56ppm), Sr (8889\u0026ndash;10989 ppm), Ce (2030\u0026ndash;2234 ppm) have higher concentrations. The compatible elements (high field strength elements- HFSE) such as Zr (17\u0026ndash;23 ppm), Nb (66\u0026ndash;87 ppm), Th (71\u0026ndash;83 ppm) and U (44\u0026ndash;55 ppm) are also higher in their concentrations. The Sc has an average of 2 ppm while Y ranges from 43 to 50 ppm. The enrichment of LREE and depletion of HREE indicates mantle origin for this carbonatite. The trace element plot involving total REE, Y, Sr and Ba further confirm its carbonatitic character of the Khaderpet samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u0026sum;REE in the Khaderpet samples ranges from 4113 to 4533 ppm. In general, the concentration of REE increases with increase in concentration of minerals like pyrochlore, sphene, perovskite, etc. (Ingrid, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). The \u0026sum;LREE ranges from 4092 to 4509 ppm while the \u0026sum;HREE ranges from 19 to 24 ppm. The chondrite normalized plot shows (Sun and McDonough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) a step like pattern more or less in similar trend to the global average carbonatite. The REE content of the KC is much higher than WKF kimberlites and approaches values of the world average carbonatite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The \u0026sum;LREE/\u0026sum;HREE ratio ranges from 180 to 230.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonatites show enriched in LREEs and also have the highest (La/Lu)\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e ratios among all the igneous rocks (Kjarsgaard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). The KC shows (La/Lu)\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e ratio of 29 with very high LREE and high (La/Yb)\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e ratios (~\u0026thinsp;282), typical of carbonatites (Woolley and Kempe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). The high LREE enrichment is attributed to the presence of mineral phases like monazite, allanite and titanite which are observed in thin sections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primitive mantle normalized (Sun and McDonough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) trace element plot shows elevated U, La, Ce, Nd concentrations and low values or troughs for Rb, Nb, Sr (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Zr/Hf ration ranges from 85 to 115 while the Nb/Ta ratio ranges from 110 to 270 with positive correlation indicating mantle origin (Nelson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Stable isotopes (C \u0026amp; O)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stable isotope data of C \u0026amp; O, for KC, shows its primary magmatic nature (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3). In-situ stable isotope analyses have shown that primary kimberlitic carbonates commonly preserve their mantle signature (δ\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003eO=6-9\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003csub\u003eoo\u003c/sub\u003e) whereas secondary carbonates have heavier δ\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003eO values (Oliver et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The KC possesses 6.67 to 8.76 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003csub\u003eoo\u003c/sub\u003e. This is analogous with Precambrian carbonatites elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Economic perspective","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor nearly 50 years, carbonatites have been the essential sources of niobium (Nb), phosphate and REEs, in particular the light REEs, including La, Ce, Pr, and Nd (Verplanck et al.,2016). The significant REE ore minerals in carbonatites are ancylite, bastnaesite type minerals, britholite, crandallite-group minerals and monazite. Other ore deposits hosted by carbonatites include Cu, Mo, fluorite, apatite and vermiculite. In addition, some carbonatite complexes also act as resources either as main or by product for other elements such as Zr, Fe, Ti, V, F, Na, Sr, Th and U (Mariano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Krishnamurthy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In India, so far, the Kamthai carbonatite is the only occurrence that has been proved to be feasible for mining (Bhushan and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). It is necessary that the carbonatites in other parts of the country also need to be thoroughly assessed for their economics. The geochemical diagrams between Sr/Ba and Ba versus \u0026sum;REE show that the KC samples plot in \u0026lsquo;mineralised\u0026rsquo; field encouraging flor further exploration (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6 Implications for exploration","content":"\u003cp\u003eRecently, some new carbonatite occurrences have been reported in the Dharwar craton. Few to mention are carbonatite at Rapalli in Telangana (GSI, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and suspected occurrence of carbonatite associated with kimberlite at Krishtipadu in Andhra Pradesh (Phani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) in the EDC and Gundlupet in Karnataka in the WDC (Brahma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The previously discovered carbonatite at Chintalacheruvu was also reported to contain enriched P, Fe, Ba, Sr, Ce and Y (Bhaskar and Thimmaiah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). In India, except Kamthai deposit, no other carbonatite has been economically assessed thoroughly for its REE resources (Bhushan and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Het another carbonatite classified as magnesio-carbonatite at Kannegiri hills, Khammam dt. of Telangana has reported low REE concentrations (Sarvothaman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePetrography of KC outcrop samples revealed few typical REE-bearing minerals. It is quite possible that examination of drill core from depth may show more well-developed REE-bearing minerals and improve the confidence level on the order of magnitude of mineralisation. It is necessary to investigate the Khaderpet carbonatite in terms of its LREE mineralisation and size of the body. The drone magnetic survey revealed an areal extent of 100 x 200 meters with an average depth of 40 meters (Phani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The previous exploration by Rio Tinto Group was mainly focused on diamond incidence of kimberlite and carbonatite. Detailed studies are also warranted to ascertain its feasibility for diamond extraction. The geochemical evidence in this study shows that the carbonatite is mineralized similar to Weishan REE deposit of China. The LREE concentrations in KC are much higher than south Indian carbonatites. Thus, it warrants to determine REO concentrations and their quantification for extraction; delineation of dimensions and size of the deposit whether the rare earth metals can profitably be extracted from Khaderpet carbonatite.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe carbonatite at Khaderpet is a unique discovery that exemplifies genetic relation between KCRs and carbonatites. The Khaderpet carbonatite occurs as an intrusion with the KCR garlanded by chloritized kimberlite-granite breccia outcrops, christened as Granitoid Breccia Kimberlite Carbonatite Complex by Rio Tinto. The carbonatite, in hand specimen, is predominantly composed of calcite and also petrographically and geochemically qualifies to be classified as s\u0026ouml;vite. The carbonatite outcrop surfaces exhibit panther-skin type of weathering characteristic of carbonatites. The carbonatite shows coarse-grained texture at the center and fine-grained texture towards its contact with the granitoid kimberlite breccia. The carbonatite under the microscope shows essentially calcite, with accessory phases like phlogopite, apatite, magnetite, chromite, garnet and most importantly monazite, titanite and allanite which are the storehouses for REEs. The stable isotope (C \u0026amp; O) compositions confirmed that the carbonatite is of primary origin. Overall, this study confirms that KC is of magmatic origin formed in late stage than the KCR. The total LREE is very high ranging from 4509 to 4092 ppm while the Sc concentration ranging from 43 to 50 ppm. The geochemical plots between REE, Ba and Sr also support mineralised nature of the KC. In this context, the high LREE values in KC qualify for detailed economic investigations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRCP and PS thank Cyient Limited and Innourbia Solutions Pvt. Ltd. respectively for necessary support. Owners of farmlands where Khaderpet (3-016) pipe is situated, are thanked for access to enter the site during agriculture season in 2023. This article is very much benefitted from participation by PRCP in the India-Australia Joint Workshop\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;Critical Minerals Research: Sustainable Transition to Green Energy during March 2023 at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work did not receive any type of financial aid from any agency or organisation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest either financial or personal with any individual or organisation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics and Consent to Participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRCP: Conceptualisation, Field work, Sampling, Illustrations, Data preparation, Interpretation, Writing and editing, Final manuscript preparation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePS: Conceptualisation, Writing \u0026amp; editing, Review.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAgashev, A.M., Pokhilenko, N.P., Takazawa, E., McDonald, J.A., Vavilov, M.A., Watanabe, T., Sobolev, N.V., (2008). 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Precambrian Research, 420, 107736\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Geochemistry, LREE enrichment, carbonatite, stable isotope, WKF","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn account of enriched light rare earth elements (LREEs), petrographic features, geochemical character, and stable isotope (C \u0026amp; O) concentrations in carbonatite occurring in association with kimberlite clan rock (KCR) at 3\u0026ndash;016 prospect, Khaderpet, Anantapur dt., Andhra Pradesh within the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF), Eastern Dharwar Craton is presented. The \u0026lsquo;Khaderpet carbonatite (KC) was discovered by Rio Tinto Exploration in 2002. The KC intrudes into kimberlite pipe, which is emplaced in granites of Archaean age. The pipe is expressed as a hard carapace of granite-kimberlite breccia which is one of its kind. In this investigation, total of 10 fresh outcrop samples of carbonatite have been analysed. Petrographically, the carbonatite is dominated by calcites showing massive equigranular texture. Occasional accessory minerals like chlorite, apatite are seen. REE bearing minerals like monazite, titanite and allanite are seen in the studied thin sections. The \u0026sum;REE ranges from 4100 to 4500 ppm of which \u0026sum;LREE contributes maximum, i.e., 4092 to 4509 ppm. The Sc ranges from 43 to 50 ppm. These results are analogous with the global carbonatite average REE. Geochemistry and Stable isotopes have confirmed that carbonatite is of magmatic origin. KC shows \u0026lsquo;mineralised\u0026rsquo; nature in geochemical diagrams. Although the intrusion is smaller in magnitude, it warrants detailed quantification in terms of its anomalously enriched LREE content and presence of diamonds.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"LREE enrichment in carbonatite from Khaderpet, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-05 09:15:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8520900/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-24T10:20:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T09:04:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T11:51:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T10:09:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-07T17:42:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"183052018407060647866541926920696739114","date":"2026-03-07T09:27:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329009514566401038831315489304378015189","date":"2026-03-04T09:57:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284389294163136669037201197627727201965","date":"2026-03-02T11:34:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"120551633056373777493381914682504351","date":"2026-03-01T15:17:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160824448160512993403214028771169700071","date":"2026-03-01T11:35:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"114880062350897788543148052861234502715","date":"2026-02-27T11:37:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T12:29:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292035123217993442991708014006448232757","date":"2026-02-19T06:43:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T12:09:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T07:24:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T07:18:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2026-01-05T11:13:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bf904a04-0812-4d17-87e1-6b7010680289","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T03:08:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-05 09:15:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8520900","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8520900","identity":"rs-8520900","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}