Lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display based on double-phase decomposition for optical see-through near-eye display applications

Lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display based on double-phase decomposition for optical see-through near-eye display applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display based on double-phase decomposition for optical see-through near-eye display applications Yuhang Luo, Wenqiang Wan, Yanhong Zhou, Yanfeng Su This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4608672/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The holographic Maxwellian display holds significant potential as a technique for augmented reality presentations due to its capability to address the vergence-accommodation conflict in see-through near-eye displays. However, conventional lensless holographic Maxwellian displays predominantly rely on amplitude-type holograms, facing challenges such as low diffraction efficiency and interference from conjugate images. To overcome these limitations, we propose a lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display tailored for optical see-through near-eye applications. In our approach, a complex amplitude distribution, calculated using the angular spectrum diffraction method, was encoded into a phase hologram via the double-phase decomposition algorithm. This phase hologram can effectively converge the virtual target image onto the viewer’s pupil by multiplying the phase hologram with a convergent spherical wave at the hologram plane, enabling viewers to consistently perceive all-in-focus images at the pupil location. Additionally, we introduced a digital grating to mitigate the interference caused by other-order diffraction images. Finally, experimental results demonstrated that our proposed near-eye display system can accurately generate see-through virtual images without the vergence-accommodation conflict issue by loading the designed phase hologram onto a phase-type spatial light modulator. Furthermore, the eyebox expansion has been realized by multiplying the phase hologram with multiple convergent spherical waves. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Displays Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Imaging and sensing holographic Maxwellian display double-phase decomposition spatial light modulator phase-only hologram Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Visualization.1.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4608672","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":325397318,"identity":"1e1802e2-2297-4aca-96f3-4e6ac5b1f75d","order_by":0,"name":"Yuhang Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"East China Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuhang","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":325397319,"identity":"6181165d-c31b-47e3-a7e6-c5c43e2be726","order_by":1,"name":"Wenqiang Wan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADxgYGxgcJFTWkaGljYDZ4cOYYKdawMbBJPmxhJqzQ4HiO4ecCBht55vk9ZhWJDWwM/O3dCfi1nHljLD2DIc2wsY3H7EbiDhkGiTNnN+DVYnYjd4M0D8PhBEawljNsDAYSuQS1bP7Nw/AfrKUgsY2ZKC3bgLYcAGthIEqL/Zn336x5GJKBfkkrlkg4c4yHoF8k29OSb/Mw2MkbNh/e+PFHRY0cf3svfi0MDAnAaPzHwGDYAOHyEFAO1QIC8kQoHQWjYBSMghEKAAppRNySdnVdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"East China Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""},{"id":325397320,"identity":"32c495b6-d227-4cb3-8fbf-7516bc825796","order_by":2,"name":"Yanhong Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"East China Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":325397321,"identity":"4b62f197-d7aa-463c-8c6b-f4806427779f","order_by":3,"name":"Yanfeng Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Jiliang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-20 02:48:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4608672/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4608672/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60389500,"identity":"2626af85-81b9-49f8-9dc6-7e2dc3c232fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 08:44:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":581414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4608672/v1_covered_4956c575-7e15-4b0c-9ad9-73ce954f6d8b.pdf"},{"id":60182200,"identity":"b0a98776-da53-4a24-a1d8-5b78a6e0e917","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 17:50:42","extension":"mp4","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":979196,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Visualization.1.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4608672/v1/44c3f0de64a1773dcbd28836.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display based on double-phase decomposition for optical see-through near-eye display applications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"holographic Maxwellian display, double-phase decomposition, spatial light modulator, phase-only hologram","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4608672/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4608672/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe holographic Maxwellian display holds significant potential as a technique for augmented reality presentations due to its capability to address the vergence-accommodation conflict in see-through near-eye displays. However, conventional lensless holographic Maxwellian displays predominantly rely on amplitude-type holograms, facing challenges such as low diffraction efficiency and interference from conjugate images. To overcome these limitations, we propose a lensless phase-only holographic Maxwellian display tailored for optical see-through near-eye applications. In our approach, a complex amplitude distribution, calculated using the angular spectrum diffraction method, was encoded into a phase hologram via the double-phase decomposition algorithm. This phase hologram can effectively converge the virtual target image onto the viewer\u0026rsquo;s pupil by multiplying the phase hologram with a convergent spherical wave at the hologram plane, enabling viewers to consistently perceive all-in-focus images at the pupil location. Additionally, we introduced a digital grating to mitigate the interference caused by other-order diffraction images. Finally, experimental results demonstrated that our proposed near-eye display system can accurately generate see-through virtual images without the vergence-accommodation conflict issue by loading the designed phase hologram onto a phase-type spatial light modulator. 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