Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia Desalegn Amanuel, Eskindir Amanuel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study aimed to investigate Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Mirab and Misrak Badawacho districts. Ninety respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from two districts and six kebeles. Also, 90 cows were selected for evaluation of prostaglandin-based estrus synchronization's effectiveness. Descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests used to analyze the data. The average age at first service for female native and crossbred cows were 41.9 ± 5.3 and 30.9 ± 3.1 months, average daily milk yield (1.7 ± 0.5 and 6.31 ± 1.2 liters), average lactation length (8 ± 1.0 and 9.71 ± 1.0 months), average age at first calving (50.85 ± 3.95 and 39.35 ± 8.1 months), average calving interval (23.4 ± 4.2 and 21.4 ± 2.85 months), average days open (208.2 ± 36.2 and 148.4 ± 36.8) for local and crossbred, respectively. Natural pasture and crop residue were dominant feed sources, and cattle were typically housed with household members. The purpose of rearing cattle in the contemplate area is milk followed by the source of income, meat, traction, and manures. Most of the respondents (85.6%) used the pond as a source of water for their cattle in both districts. The respondents showed a preference for female cattle with high milk yield, reproduction ability, good temperament, and coat color and natural coupling was the greenest method acting of reproduction. Major procreative problems in dairy were failure to cycle and poor conception rate in the study areas. The potency of artificial insemination after estrus synchronization has an overall conception rate (57.8%) after 60 + days of pregnancy diagnoses. Conception rate has not shown a significant difference at P < 0.05 between the district, age, and Body condition Score, but there is no a significant difference between breed, parity, and time of insemination. This low pregnancy rate is due to several factors related to management, heat detection problem, seminal fluid quality, and artificial insemination time. The study suggested using appropriate animal selection for artificial insemination, trained AI (Artificial Insemination) technicians, and farmer awareness to improve the effectiveness of synchronization and efficiency of artificial insemination. Artificial insemination Conception rate Dairy cattle Estrus synchronization Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION In Ethiopia, agriculture is the main economic activity and more than 80% of the Ethiopian population is dependent on agriculture in which livestock plays a very important role centeral statistics agency. In Ethiopia, agriculture contributes about 40% to the overall GDP, generates 90% of export earnings, and provides employment for 80% of the population. Livestock is an integral part of agriculture and the contribution of live animals and their products to the agricultural economy accounts for 47% Inter-Governmental Authority on Development [ 1 ]. Among livestock species, cattle contribute significantly to the livelihoods of farmers. They serve as a source of draught power for the rural farming population, supply farm families with milk, meat, manure, serve as a source of cash income, and play a significant role in the social and cultural values of the society. Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock resources in Africa with a national herd estimated at 70 million cattle, 42.9 million sheep, 52.5 million goats, and 12.74 million pack animals [ 1 ]. Livestock support and sustain livelihoods for 80% of the rural community and 35–40% of all livestock are located in the pastoral areas and female cattle constitute about 55.5% of the national herd Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development [ 2 ]. Dairy farming is seen as one of the few agricultural activities that can provide enough income to maintain the economic viability of smallholder farms and it has the potential to generate income and employment to improve the welfare of smallholders [ 3 ], In dairy cattle breeding, most of the dairy farmers in the highland, midland and the lowland areas of Ethiopia used natural mating by using indigenous breeding bull [ 4 ]. Along with natural mating, some farmers used artificial insemination in highland and midland areas. Some of the farmers also preferred seasons for mating for their dairy cattle. One of the most effective ways to improve both reproductive performances as well as genetic performance is utilizing superior sires through artificial insemination combined with estrous synchronization [ 3 ]. Artificial insemination technology maximizes the use of outstanding males, dissemination of superior genetic material, improves the rate and efficiency of genetic selection, the introduction of new genetic material by importing semen rather than live animals [ 5 ]. However, it is widely believed that the AI service in Ethiopia has not been successful in improving the reproductive performance of the dairy industry. Artificial insemination service is getting weak and even declining due to inconsistent service in the smallholder livestock production systems of the Ethiopian highlands[ 6 ]. This is because of technical inefficiency, system-related, financial, and managerial problems [ 7 ]. This could be also related to the monitoring of heat in the small holder is quite difficult for the farmers as they are engaged in various farm activities [ 8 ]. Synchronization of estrus is a reproductive management tool that involves manipulating the estrous cycle of females, so that they can be bred at approximately the same time [ 9 ]. Estrus synchronization programs improve reproduction efficiency by reducing the length of breeding and calving interval and increasing calf weaning weights [ 10 ]. Estrus detection has been stated as the most important factor affecting the reproductive success of artificial insemination programs. The primary goal of any estrus synchronization protocol is to induce a compact estrus response so that cows can be inseminated at a predetermined period with acceptable fertility[ 11 ]. Prostaglandin is the first method of heat synchronization that depends on the presence of a functional Corpus luteum particularly in the diestrus stage of the estrous cycle (day 7 to 17 of the cycle) [ 12 ]. PGF2α is not effective on newly established CL, and cows injected on days 1–5 of the estrous cycle are non-responsive. There are several waves of follicular development in each estrous cycle, and cows injected on days 7 or 15 of the estrous cycle have a highly developed follicle ready to ovulate after CL regression. A practical approach to overcome this problem is the injection of PGF2α twice, 11–14 days apart, so that the cows will be responsive to PGF2α at least at the second injection and come into estrus shortly thereafter [ 13 ]. Even though mass synchronization was started five to ten years ago in the Hadiya zone, there was a lack of documented information on the benefit of mass synchronization and efficiency of AI attributed to synchronization interventions that correction and improvement activities will be taken for future planning in Misrak and Mirab Badawacho districts. Therefore, this study was designed with the following objectives: To assess dairy cattle breeding practices of the communities in the study areas. To evaluate the efficiency of artificial insemination after synchronization of dairy cattle and assess the perception of the communities about AI and synchronization. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Description of the Study Area The study was conducted in Misrak and Mirab Badawacho districts in the Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. Misrak Badawacho district is located 345 km from Addis Ababa and borders Kembata Tembaro zone in the north, Wolayta zone in the south, Halaba Zone and Oromia Region in the east, and Mirab Badawacho district in the west. The district has an annual rainfall range of 800-1300mm and a mean annual temperature range of 17.6–33.6°C. It is densely populated and has a large number of livestock. Mirab Badawacho district is located 357 km from Addis Ababa and has a cool sub-humid climate with a mean annual rainfall between 900 and 1400 mm and mean annual temperature of 11-270C. The total population of the district is estimated to be 137,000. The highest rainfall is encountered during summer (rainy) (from June to September and the dry season occurs from October to May)misrek badewacho forest and environment office (Fig. 1 ) [ 14 ]. Mirab Badawacho district is located 357 km from Addis Ababa and 132 km from Hawassa, bordering Kembata Tembaro zone in the north, Misrak Badawacho district in the east, and Wolayta zone in the south and west. The district has a cool sub-humid climate with an altitude ranging between 1750 and 2100m.a.s.l., a mean annual rainfall of 900–1400 mm, and a mean annual temperature of 11-270C. The population of the district is estimated to be 137,000, with the highest rainfall occurring during summer (June-September) and a dry season from October to May (Fig. 1 ) [ 15 ]. 2.1.1. Sampling techniques and data collection Two districts were chosen purposefully: Misrak Badawacho from mid-land and Mirab Badawacho from highland agro-ecologies. Three rural kebeles were randomly selected from each district, and 15 dairy cattle owning households were interviewed from each kebele, totaling 90 households. Focal group discussions were held in each district with men, women, village leaders, key informants, and socially respected individuals to discuss breeding practices, AI services, and major reproductive problems of dairy cows. Both primary and secondary data were collected. 2.1.2. Data type and its sources Primary and secondary data were collected, including previous secondary data on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination. The main data collected during the study period included cattle breed types, body condition score, parity of the cow, and dates of PGF2α hormone administration, heat detection, insemination, and conception. The materials used in the study included animal handling equipment, hormone/prostaglandin, gloves, needles, drenching/inseminating guns, cotton, syringes, sheaths, ear tag applicators and tags, marker, alcohol, savlon, and animals. The study collected primary and secondary data on cattle breed types, body condition score, parity of the cow, and dates of hormone administration, heat detection, insemination, and conception. To evaluate the effect of synchronization using PGF2α, 45 dairy cows were randomly selected from each district and treated with a single injection of PGF2α. Farmers were trained on how to detect estrus in cattle before starting estrus synchronization. The cows were inseminated according to AM/PM method and confirmed by rectal palpation. The cows were inseminated using semen from 100% Holstein Friesian bulls. The conception status was assessed using rectal palpation at days 60 of post insemination, and the CR and NSPC were determined at the end of the study period. The source of mass synchronization efficiency was obtained from the record book of AI centers of districts. $$\text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n} \text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}=\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{p}\text{r}\text{e}\text{n}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{i}\text{n}\text{s}\text{e}\text{m}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}}\text{x}100\text{%}$$ $$\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{s}\text{e}\text{r}\text{v}\text{i}\text{c}\text{e} \text{p}\text{e}\text{r} \text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}=\frac{\text{T}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{i}\text{n}\text{s}\text{e}\text{m}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}}{\text{T}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}\text{i}\text{v}\text{e}\text{d}}$$ Pregnancy diagnosis (PD) through rectal palpation was carried out two months after AI and the diagnosis results were recorded. Early embryonic mortality was indicated those losses which occur in the period between fertilization and the completion of the stage of differentiation and it was identified and registered when the gradual decline in pregnancy was observed and the procedure used to identify embryonic mortality. 2.7. Data Collection and Analysis The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 24, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. A Chi-square test was carried out to assess the statistical significance among categorical variables. The list signfecence difference(LSD) test was used to identify a significant difference between districts' mean. The variation between groups was considered significant when the P-value was < 0.05. For evaluation of the effect of single-shot prostaglandin injection, the response variable is conception and estrous while the class variable used was body condition, breed of the dam, age of dam, parity of cow, and time of insemination. Conception rate and service per conception were estimated from the proportion of pregnancies confirmed by the rectal palpation of the genital tract at day 60 of post insemination among the total number of cows/heifer inseminated artificially with frozen semen in a specified period [ 16 ]. Conception rate, number of services per conception, and estrus rate were calculated as follows: The conception rate was calculated using a total number of pregnant cows per a total number of cows inseminated multiplied by 100% [ 17 ]. $$\text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n} \text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}=\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{p}\text{r}\text{e}\text{n}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{i}\text{n}\text{s}\text{e}\text{m}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}}\text{x}100\text{%}$$ The number of services per conception was calculated using the total number of service/ inseminated per total number of cows conceived $$\text{E}\text{s}\text{t}\text{r}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s} \text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}=\frac{ \text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{s}\text{h}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{e}\text{s}\text{t}\text{r}\text{u}\text{s}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{c}\text{o}\text{w}\text{s} \text{t}\text{r}\text{e}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d} \text{P}\text{G}\text{F}2{\alpha } } x 100\%$$ Indices were calculated to analyze the ranking of the purpose of keeping cattle population, trait preference, and selection criteria. The ranking was expressed as an Index = Sum of (4 for rank 1 + 3 for rank 3 + 2 for rank 2 + 1 for rank 4) given for an individual reason divided by the sum of (4 for rank 1 + 3 for rank 3 + 2 for rank 2 + 1 for rank 4) for overall reasons [ 18 ]. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Livestock Composition and Herd Size The numbers of cattle being reared by the respondents are higher (p < 0.05) in the midland of the study area. The result of this study showed that the population of cows, oxen, bulls, heifers, and calves was higher in the Misrak Badawacho district (Table 1 ). This may be due to the dominance of crop cultivation in Mirab Badawacho district resulting in the low level of grazing land in the area. The findings also indicated that the population of the sheep was higher (P < 0.05) in the Mirab Badawacho district, while the reverse was true for goats. The result also indicates that the population of chicken was higher (P < 0.05) in the Misrak Badawacho district. Table 1 Livestock composition and herd size of the sampled households (n = 90) Livestock type Mirab Badawacho (N = 45) Misrak Badawacho (N = 45) Overall (N = 90) P-value Total cattle 8.36 ± 1.97 9.62 ± 1.64 8.99 ± 1.92 0.01 Cow 2.98 ± 1.0 3.40 ± 0.96 3.19 ± 1.0 0.38 Oxen 1.6 ± 0.49 1.78 ± 0.42 1.69 ± 0.47 0.05 Bulls 0.31 ± 0.47 0.47 ± 0.51 0.39 ± 0.49 0.097 Heifers 1.69 ± 0.59 1.87 ± 0.51 1.78 ± 0.56 0.44 Calves 1.78 ± 0.67 2.11 ± 0.53 1.94 ± 0.63 0.01 Sheep 3.02 ± 0.92 2.22 ± 0.56 2.62 ± 0.86 0.0001 Goat 1.89 ± 0.44 3.0 ± 0.83 2.44 ± 0.86 0.0001 Chicken 4.09 ± 1.18 5.1 ± 0.95 4.59 ± 1.18 0.001 N = number of respondents 3.2. Purpose of keeping Livestock Ranking for purpose of rearing cattle by the respondents in the study area is indicated in Table 2 . The respondents were keeping their cattle for multiple uses and the findings from the Mirab and Misrak Badawacho districts indicated that the primary reason for rearing cattle in the area is milk followed by the source of income, meat, traction, and manures. Respondents were given higher priority to milk production in both districts because of feeding their family and to some extent for cash income. Table 2 Purpose of keeping cattle by the respondents in the study area (N = 90) Parameters Districts Mirab Badawacho Misrak Badawacho 1th 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Index 1th 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Index Milk 95.6 4.4 0 0 0 0.33 86.7 13.3 0 0 0 0.32 Source of income 4.4 86.7 8.9 0 0 0.26 13.3 71.1 11.1 4.4 0 0.26 Meat 0 8.9 91.1 0 0 0.21 0 15.6 75.6 8.9 0 0.2 Traction 0 0 0 77.8 22.2 0.12 0 0 11.1 62 26.7 0.12 Manure 0 0 0 22.2 77.8 0.08 0 0 2.2 24 73.3 0.09 Index = the sum of (5 times first order + 4 times second-order + 3 times third-order + 2 times fourth-order + 1 times fifth order) for individualvariables divided by the sum of (5 times first order + 4 times secondorder + 3 times third order + 2 times fourth order + 1 times fifth-order) for all variables. 3.3. Cattle Breeding Practice 3.3.1. Mating system and source of bull Table 3 presents the findings on the mating systems and bull sources of respondents in highland and midland agro-ecology. Natural mating was the most common method, with 33.3% using AI and 28.9% using both. This is due to the availability and proximity of AI stations, as well as access to good-performing mating bulls for farmers. Most respondents were dependent on bulls reared by their neighbors in both agro-ecologies. Table 3 Mating system and source of bull in the study area (N = 90) Parameters Districts x 2 P-value Mirab Badawacho (N = 45) Misrak Badawacho (N = 45) Mating system % % 1.296 0.523 Natural mating 37.8 48.9 AI 33.3 24.4 Both natural&AI 28.9 26.7 Source of bull % % 0.49 1.00 Own 33.33 35.6 From neighbors 66.67 64.4 N = number of respondents, AI = artificial insemination, X 2 = chi-square 3.3.2. Trait preference for selection of dairy cattle The (Tables 4 and 5 ) reveals that the preferred traits for selecting dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts are milk yield, breeding ability, high growth rate, feeding behavior, good temperament, coat color, and disease resistance. This aligns with a 2014 study by Godadaw et al., which found that milk yield, growth rate, adaptation, and breeding ability were the most preferred traits in the North Amhara region. However, coat color and disease resistance were ranked 6th and 7th in Mirab Badawacho and 7th in Misrak Badawacho respectively. Table 4 Trait preferences for selection of dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho (N = 45) Parameters Mirab Badawacho 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Index Rank Milk yield 91.1 8.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 1 Breeding ability 8.9 80 6.7 2.2 2.2 0 0 0.21 2 High growth rate 0 6.7 86.7 4.4 2.2 0 0 0.18 3 Feeding behavior 0 4.4 2.2 84.4 8.9 0 0 0.14 4 Good temperament 0 0 4.4 8.9 86.7 0 0 0.11 5 Coat color 0 0 0 0 0 73.3 26.7 0.06 6 Disease resistance 0 0 0 0 0 26.7 73.3 0.05 7 Table 5 Trait preferences for selection of dairy cattle in Misrak Badawacho (N = 45) Parameters Misrak Badawacho 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Index Rank Milk yield 86.7 13.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 1 Breeding ability 13.3 73.3 6.7 4.4 2.2 0 0 0.21 2 High growth rate 0 6.7 86.7 4.4 2.2 0 0 0.18 3 Feeding behavior 0 6.7 2.2 77.8 8.9 4.4 0 0.14 4 Good temperament 0 0 4.4 8.9 82.2 4.4 0 0.11 5 Coat color 0 0 0 0 0 31.1 68.9 0.05 7 Disease resistance 0 0 0 4.4 4.4 60 31.1 0.07 6 Index = the sum of (7 times first order + 6 times second-order + 5 times third-order + 4 times fourth-order + 3 times fifth order + 2 times sixth order + 1 times seven order) for individualvariables divided by the sum of (7 times first order + 6 times second order + 5 times third order + 4 times fourth order + 3 times fifth order + 2 times sixth order + 1 times seven order) for allvariables. 3.3.3. Major constraints of dairy cattle in the study area The study reveals major constraints of dairy production in the study area(Table 6 ), including feed and water shortages, disease challenges, poor veterinary service, and limited extension services. The first constraint was water in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts, with 40 and 42.2% respectively. Diseases were more prevalent in Misrak Badawacho, with 33.3% respondents facing more challenges. Poor veterinary service and weak extension service also hindered dairy development. Other factors include feed shortages and disease and parasites in Southern Ethiopia, western Oromia, and Bahir Dar Zuria and Mecha districts. Table 6 Major constraints of dairy production in the study areas (N = 90) Parameters Districts X 2 P-value Mirab Badawacho (n = 45) Misrak Badawacho (n = 45) A major problem of dairy cattle % % 1.164 0.862 shortage of feed and water 40 42.2 disease challenge 28.9 33.3 poor veterinary service 22.2 17.8 weak extension service 8.9 6.7 N = number of respondents, X 2 = chi square 3.4. Major Reproductive problems of dairy cattle in Study area The study found significant reproductive constraints in dairy cattle across districts(Table 7 ). Non-cycling cows had a failure rate of 48.9% and poor conception rate of 55.5%. Abortion and calving problems/dystocia were the main issues in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts. These issues may be due to incorrect insemination timing, feeding system issues, disease, or calves' size. Table 7 The dairy cattle major reproductive problems in study areas Parameters Agro-ecology/Districts Average X 2 P-value Mirab Badawacho Misrak Badawacho Major reproductive problems in dairy cows % % % 23.895 0.0001 Failure to cycling (Non-cycling cows) 48.9 26.7 37.8 Poor conception rate 24.4 55.5 40 Abortion 8.9 11.1 10 Calving problem/dystocia 17.8 6.7 12.2 X 2 = chi-square 3.4.1. Farmers’ Perception and cause of artificial insemination ineffectiveness on estrus synchronization and mass insemination The study reveals that artificial insemination (AI) insemination in dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho district(Tables 8 and 9 ) is primarily due to heat detection issues, delayed AI service availability, distance from AI stations, technician shortages, and repeat breeders. In Misrak Badawacho district, AI insemination is similar to Mirab Badawacho, except for technician shortages and distance from AI stations. This aligns with a study conducted in Mizan Aman, SNNP region, which found lower conception rates due to heat detection issues, distance from AI service centers, and poor husbandry practices. In both districts, 55.6% and 64.4% of respondents were not satisfied with mass synchronization, while 44.4% and 35.6% were satisfied with positive estrus response and conception. Overall, respondents were satisfied with AI service, but some were dissatisfied with input, long-distance stations, technician shortages, efficiency issues, and repeat breeders. Table 8 Perception and Cause of AI ineffectiveness on (OSMI) in the study areas Parameters District Mirab Badawacho Misrak Badawacho 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Index 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Index AI service not available on time (Shortage of input for AI service) 8.9 73.3 8.9 2.2 6.7 0.25 11.1 64.4 15.6 2.2 6.7 0.25 Heat detection 77.8 11.1 0 8.9 2.2 0.3 64.4 13.3 0 17.8 4.4 0.28 Distance of AI station 13.3 2.2 71.1 11.1 2.2 0.21 11.1 6.7 17.8 55.6 8.9 0.17 shortage of AI technicians 0 6.7 13.3 71.1 8.9 0.15 13.3 6.7 55.6 15.6 8.9 0.2 repeat breeder 0 6.7 6.7 6.7 80 0.09 0 8.9 11.1 8.9 71.1 0.1 Table 9 Perception and Cause of AI ineffectiveness on (OSMI) in the study areas Perception of farmers’ on mass synchronation Districts X 2 P-value Mirab Badawacho Misrak Badawacho Satisfaction with the mass synchronization (%) 0.74 0.26 Satisfied 44.4 35.6 Not satisfied 55.6 64.4 Satisfied with the overall AI service (%) 0.81 0.67 Yes 48.9 42.2 No 28.9 37.8 Yes, to some extent 22.2 20 3.5. Evaluation of the Reproductive Performance of Synchronized and Inseminated Dairy Cattle 3.4.2. Estrus rate/Response rate Table 10 shows no significant difference in estrus response rate between local and crossbred cows. However, the estrus response interval after PGF2α injection was significantly different between local and crossbred cows, with a longer time interval observed in local cows. The present study found that 100% of cows treated with PGF2α showed signs of estrus and were inseminated, similar to a previous study by [ 19 ] in Adigrat-Mekelle Milkshed. The overall oestrus response was higher than [ 20 ] in West Shewa milk shed areas, suggesting proper animal management. 3.4.3. Conception rate As the result shown in Table 10 , there was a significant difference in the conception rate between local and crossbred cows. A higher conception rate was detected in crossbred than local breed. From those inseminated cows 52 (57.8%) became pregnant when checked by rectal palpation after 60 + days of insemination. This current result was similar to reported by Azage et al ., (2012) with 57.7% in Awassa-Dale in the Sidama zone. This result of conception rate was slightly low due to genetic and non-genetic factors, season (availability of feed), the accuracy of heat detection, appropriate timing of insemination, BCS of cow, and handling of semen. 3.4.4. Number of services per conception As indicated in Table 10 , the results of the finding indicated that the number of services per conception (NSC) in natives was higher than a crossbred cow. There was a significant difference in NSC between local and crossbred. The average current result of NSC in the study area was 1.7. This result was similar to that reported by [ 21 ] in the Sidama zone of Southern Ethiopia. Table 10 Estru rate, response interval, NSPC and conception rate in dairy cattle (N = 90) Genotype N Estrus response rate (%) Response interval after PGF2α injecting (hrs) % Insemin ated CR%(n) NSC n(%) 24-48hrs 48-72hrs 72-96hrs 96-120hr Local 46 (46)100 10.9 47.8 34.8 6.5 46 45.7(21) 2.2 Cross 44 (44)100 25 68.2 6.8 - 44 70.5(31) 1.4 Overall 90 (90)100 17.8 57 21.1 3.3 90 57.8(52) 1.7 X 2 3.65 35.9 116 52 11.6 P-value 0.073 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.005 N = Number of Estrus response, N = Number of sample synchronized dairy cattle, CR = conception rate, NSPC = number of services per conception Evaluation of Estrus synchronization and Mass Artificial Insemination Efficiency(OSMI) 3.4.5. Estrus rate/Response rate This finding indicated that the estrus response rate, interval to oestrus after PGF2α, NSC and The conception rate is shown in Table 11 . Most of the cattle responded to PGF2α, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between the native and crossbred cattle. This might be due to genetic effect. Estrus/heat/ from injecting PGF2α was longer (P < 0.05) for native cattle, when compared to the crossbred cattle. In the study area, 448 PGF2α treated cows (423) or 94.4% cows showed signs of estrus and were inseminated. This finding was higher than the study by [ 22 ] with 63.64% in Mizan Aman southern Ethiopia but lower than the study by [ 23 ] with 98.9%in Fogera district Ethiopia. 3.4.6. Conception rate In Table 11 , there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in conception rate across the genotypes. From those inseminated cows 423 (50.8%) became pregnant when checked by rectal palpation after 60 + days of insemination. However, the conception rate was lower in local cows. The result of conception rate was low due to genetic factors, heat detection problem, distance of AI station, inappropriate selection of cows, body condition of the cows and season. This current result was slightly similar to the reported (52.29%) by [ 20 ] in West Shoa Zone. 3.4.7. Number of services per conception The present result of OSMI NSPC was a significant difference (p < 0.05) across the genotypes. NSPC in the local cows was higher than the crossbred in the study area (Table 11 ). The current average result of NSPC (1.96) was lower than 2.36 that reported by [ 21 ] in Sidama zone Southern Ethiopia. Table 11 Estrusrate, response interval, NSPC and conception in dairy cattle (N = 448) Genotype N Estrus response rate (%) Response interval after PGF2α injecting (hrs) % Insemin ated CR%(n) NSPC n(%) 24-48hrs 48-72hrs 72-96hrs 96-120hrs Local 242 (222)91.7 11.7 45 38.3 4.9 222 42.3(94) 2.36 Cross 206 (201)97.6 26.4 63.2 10.4 - 201 60.2(121) 1.7 Overall 448 (423)94.4 18.7 53.7 25.1 2.6 423 50.8(215) 1.96 X 2 111.06 38.1 108.2 48.7 215.0 9.78 P-value 0.0001 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0439 n = Number of Estrus response, N = Total Number of synchronized dairy cattle in the study area, CR = conception rate, NSPC = number of services per conception Factors affecting Conception rate The study indicated in the Table 12 , that the rate of pregnancy was highest in Mirab Badawacho (62.2%) and Misrak Badawacho (53.3%) districts, with no significant difference across districts. The conception rate was significantly higher in crossbred cattle (70.5%) than local cattle (45.6%), possibly due to heat detection accuracy and farmers' preference for better management. This is consistent with previous studies by [ 24 ] and [ 8 ]. Conception rates were better among cows with higher Body Condition Score (BCS) but no significant difference among BCS. However, cows with BCS of 4 and 5 had a higher conception rate compared to those with 2 and 3. This suggests that cows with a good BCS at calving help in returning to estrus sooner than those with lower BCS. Age did not significantly affect conception rates in the study area, but higher conception rates were observed among cows aged 5 to 7 years and started to decline after 8 and 9 years due to inefficient utilization of nutrients and inadequacy of hormonal secretion. Young animals also require sufficient nutrients for growth and lactation, which may influence conception. Parity had a significant effect on conception rates, with higher conception rates in primiparous cows and decreased as parity increased. This could be due to factors such as lactation, milk yield, parturition stress, feeding practice, and management. The time of insemination also affected conception rates. The highest conception rate was observed when insemination was done between 11 to 16 hours after the onset of estrus, while lower rates were observed when insemination was done between 17 to 22 hours and > 22 hours. This finding supports [ 25 ] recommendation to inseminate animals between 24 hours after the onset of heat to avoid influencing conception rates. Table 12 Factors affecting conception of dairy cattle (n = 90) Parameters N o of inseminated cows PP CR % SL X2 P-value Woreda NS 2.75 0.885 Mirab Badawacho 45 28 62.2 Misrak Badawacho 45 24 53.3 Breed ** 52.0 0.0001 Local 46 21 45.6 Cross 44 31 70.5 BCS NS 1.43 0.929 2 18 8 44.4 3 22 12 54.5 4 36 22 61.1 5 14 10 71.4 Age NS 3.14 0.689 3 to 4 27 16 59.3 5 to 7 41 26 63.4 8 to 9 22 10 45.5 Parity ** 7.50 0.006 1st 22 17 77.3 2nd 29 19 65.5 3rd 20 9 45 4th 13 5 38.5 5th 6 2 33.3 Time of insemination ** 70.80 0.0001 4–10 hrs 27 14 51.9 11–16 hrs 42 29 69 17–22 hrs 17 8 47.1 > 22 hrs 4 1 25 PP = pregnancy positive, CR = conception rate, NS = non significance, SL = significant level 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The study examines the use of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle farming, focusing on cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens. The study found significant differences in age at first calving local, lactation length crossbred, and age at first service male crossbred. Major constraints faced by dairy cattle included a shortage of feed and water, disease challenges, poor veterinary service, and weak extension. Reproductive problems in the study area included failure to cycle, poor conception, calving problems/dystocia, and abortion. Inappropriate animal selection, inappropriate breeding season, incorrect timing of insemination, estrus detection issues, late reporting to AI stations for insemination, and poor semen handling contributed to poor efficiency of synchronization and insemination. The study found that the status of synchronization and mass artificial insemination and farmers' perception towards the technology were low. Factors affecting conception in synchronized dairy cattle included age, parity, BSC, genotype, and time of insemination. Conception rate was significantly different between crossbred and local dairy cattle due to heat accuracy. Recommendations include improving the availability of AI technicians, creating awareness on the impact of time interval on CR, improving estrus detection methods, proper time of insemination, and appropriate animal selection. A good management system in reproductive health management, feeding, and housing should be considered before implementing effective estrous synchronization and AI programs. Declarations Author contribution statement Desalegn Amanuel : Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper. Eskindir Amanuel : Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data. Funding statement: This work was supported by Wachemo University. Data availability statement: Data will be made available on request. Declaration of interest’s statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Additional information: No additional information is available for this paper. Ethical approval The whole were ethical approved by Wachemo university ethical board. Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge Wachemo university. Authors' information (optional) Desalegn Amanuel: Performed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data. Eskindir Amanuel: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper. Funding statement This work was supported by Wachemo University. Availability of data and materials Data will be made available on request. Declaration of interest’s statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. Additional information No additional information is available for this paper. Ethics approval and consent to participate The necessary consent for the study involving dairy cattle was obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines. The informed consent of the dairy cattle owner was obtained as part of the Ethics approval and Consent to participate process, which was approved by Wachemo University Ethical board members. The owner of the dairy cattle provided written informed consent for their dairy cattle to be included in the study. All procedures involving the dairy cattle were carried out in accordance with ethical guidelines and regulations. The welfare of the dairy cattle was a top priority throughout the study. The study was approved by Wachemo University Ethical board members. Consent for publication The publisher has the author's permission to publish research findings. With the consent, the author gives the publisher license of the copyright which provides the publisher with the exclusive right to publish and sell the research findings in all languages, in whole or in part. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge Wachemo university. References Ethiopia., C.S.A.F.D.R.o.. Agricultural sample survey 2021, Report on Livestock and Livestock characteristics. Volume II, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2021. Development).. M.M.o.A.a.R., Agricultural Input and Products marketing strategy and implementation mechanism. MoARD, Agricultural Marketing and Inputs Sector State Ministry, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia . 2019. Tadesse A. Z.M.a.B.B., Status and constraints evaluation of artificial insemination in cattle in the three selected districts of Western Gojjam Zone; Amhara Region, Ethiopia. African Journal of animal production and Husbandry 1(2), pp.020–028. 2014. Gebremicheal T. Reproductive performance of indigenous dairy cattle in South Wollo.MSc Thesis, Mekelle University, Ethiopia. 65p. 2009. Verma OP, Kumar R, Kumar A, Chand S. Assisted Reproductive Techniques in Farm Animal –From Artificial Insemination to Nanobiotechnology.Veterinary World.5(5):301–310, doi: 10.5455/vetworld. 2012. 301-310. 2012. Dekeba Ababu WA, Hedge PB, Zerihun T. Performance of the Abernossa Ranch in the material production of Ethiopian Boran x Holstein crossbred dairy heifers in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Animal Production, 6: 30 – 4. 2006. Azage Tegegne L-K, Mukassa-Mugrwa A. E., Biotechnology in animal production.Development Opportunities in Livestock Agriculture.Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, 26–27 May 1993, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 49–80. 1995. Woldu T. Yosef TekleGiorgis and Alemayehu Haile., Factors affecting conception rate in artificially inseminated cattle under farmer’s condition in Ethiopia. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology Vol. 5 (16), pp. 334–338. 2011. Deutcher. RRaG. Synchronizing Estrus in Beef Cattle. University of Nebraska–Lincoln | Lincoln, NE 68588 | 402-472-7211. 2013. Gupta J, Vir Singh LA O, and, Ashutosh. A comparative study on evaluation of three synchronization protocols at field level in both cattle and buffaloes Extension Division Veterinary Office Dairy Cattle Physiology Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India. 2008. Noseir, Wael MB. Ovarian follicular activity and hormonal profile during the estrous cycle in cows: the development of 2 versus 3 waves. National Center for Biotechnology.Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA. 2003. Cordova-Izquierdo AC, A C-JMS, Cordova-Jimenez CG, Ruiz LJ. “Estrus synchronization and percentage of pregnancy in dairy calves using prostaglandins by two via of administration.’’Australian Journal of basic applied sciences, Vol. 3, (3), 2834–2837. 2009. E., J.S., Applied Animal Endocrinology, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada CABI. 2003. WBADO Wa. West Badawacho Woreda Finance Economic Development Office and West Badawacho Woreda Agriculture Development Office, 2017. 2017. EBWADO Ea. East Badawacho Woreda Finance Economic Development Office and East Badawacho Woreda Agriculture Development Office, 2017. 2017. Sharifuzzaman. JA, Barman SC, Matin MA. Rokonuzzaman Md & Ashadul Haque Md., Comparative study on conception rate in indigenous and crossbred cows after artificial insemination.Bangladesh International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 2. pp 9–12. 2015. Khatun MA, Bari1 FY, Alam M, Ali MR, Sarkar PK. The post AI Conception Rate in Cattle at Rajarhat, Kurigram, Bangladesh. Wayamba Journal of Animal Science Pp845-854. 2014. I.S., K., Breeding objectives and breeding strategies for small ruminants in the tropics. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University. 2004. Azage Tegegne AE, Tera A. and Dirk Hoekstra., Technological options and Approaches to improve smallholder access to desirable animal genetic martial for Dairy development: for dairy development: IPMS experience with synchronization and mass insemination. Tropentag, September, 19–21 , 2012, Göttingen. WWW.ipms-ethiopia.org. 2012. Worku. B. Assessment of Breeding Practices and Evaluation of Estrus Synchronization and Mass Insemination Technique in Dairy Cattle in West Shoa Zone.M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University. 2015. Legesse. D. Assessment of breeding practice and evaluation of estrus synchronization of dairy cattle in Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia, MSc. Thesis. 2016. Admasu. TFaZ. Evaluation of oestrus synchronization and mass artificial insemination service of dairy cattle in Mizan Aman area, Bench Maji zone, South West Ethiopia. Article Number - BAB187562441 Volume.8(1), pp. 1–4. 2017. Tewodros Alemneh WM, Marew G, Adera Z. Study on the Conception Rate of Dairy Cows Artificially Inseminated During Natural Heat and by Synchronization in Fogera Woreda, North-West of Ethiopia. African Journal of Basic and Applied Science 7(5).291–297. 2015. C., A.L.a.K.G., Effect of breed, season, year, and parity on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system in Bukoba district, Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19: (10). 2007. Woldu S. Study on semen quality and field efficiency of AI bulls kept at the National Artificial Insemination Center. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit. Ethiopia, pp. 13–17. 2005. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3442060","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":242813607,"identity":"2bfc291f-e52d-4033-8dc3-15084c6b4108","order_by":0,"name":"Desalegn Amanuel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA1Can5mx4cAHIIONnVgtku3NjQdngLQwE6vF4Mzx5sM8IBYhLXzH2x8++Jljl8dwI7HhsM2vbfJ8zAyMHz7m4NYieeaMsWHvtuRixhlALbl9tw3bmBmYJWduw63F4EYOmwTvNubEZgmQlp7bjEAtbMy8+LTcf/78599t9YltIC2WPbftCWu5wWAGVHA4sYfnYMNhhh+3EwlqkTyTYywtu+144gz2xoaDvQ23k9uYGZvx+oXv+PGHH99uq07cf5j98Ycff27bzm9vPvjhIx4tqICxDUw2EKseBP6QongUjIJRMApGCgAAEl5cjGlJixYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Wachemo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Desalegn","middleName":"","lastName":"Amanuel","suffix":""},{"id":242813608,"identity":"94f061c5-92ed-4596-a71b-c53e509b4280","order_by":1,"name":"Eskindir Amanuel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wachemo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eskindir","middleName":"","lastName":"Amanuel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-13 12:29:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":45386812,"identity":"3f9a3480-1f56-4989-a942-e306743603e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:14:59","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":216202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3442060/v1/de0e2112c823fa39d1c0264d.jpeg"},{"id":65862569,"identity":"8cb389c6-e7a2-421d-8b92-5b66b9c89524","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-03 16:31:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1678612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3442060/v1/638e22ce-4423-4923-90fd-5422f0eba135.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, agriculture is the main economic activity and more than 80% of the Ethiopian population is dependent on agriculture in which livestock plays a very important role centeral statistics agency. In Ethiopia, agriculture contributes about 40% to the overall GDP, generates 90% of export earnings, and provides employment for 80% of the population. Livestock is an integral part of agriculture and the contribution of live animals and their products to the agricultural economy accounts for 47% Inter-Governmental Authority on Development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Among livestock species, cattle contribute significantly to the livelihoods of farmers. They serve as a source of draught power for the rural farming population, supply farm families with milk, meat, manure, serve as a source of cash income, and play a significant role in the social and cultural values of the society. Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock resources in Africa with a national herd estimated at 70\u0026nbsp;million cattle, 42.9\u0026nbsp;million sheep, 52.5\u0026nbsp;million goats, and 12.74\u0026nbsp;million pack animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Livestock support and sustain livelihoods for 80% of the rural community and 35\u0026ndash;40% of all livestock are located in the pastoral areas and female cattle constitute about 55.5% of the national herd Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy farming is seen as one of the few agricultural activities that can provide enough income to maintain the economic viability of smallholder farms and it has the potential to generate income and employment to improve the welfare of smallholders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], In dairy cattle breeding, most of the dairy farmers in the highland, midland and the lowland areas of Ethiopia used natural mating by using indigenous breeding bull [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Along with natural mating, some farmers used artificial insemination in highland and midland areas. Some of the farmers also preferred seasons for mating for their dairy cattle. One of the most effective ways to improve both reproductive performances as well as genetic performance is utilizing superior sires through artificial insemination combined with estrous synchronization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial insemination technology maximizes the use of outstanding males, dissemination of superior genetic material, improves the rate and efficiency of genetic selection, the introduction of new genetic material by importing semen rather than live animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is widely believed that the AI service in Ethiopia has not been successful in improving the reproductive performance of the dairy industry. Artificial insemination service is getting weak and even declining due to inconsistent service in the smallholder livestock production systems of the Ethiopian highlands[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This is because of technical inefficiency, system-related, financial, and managerial problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be also related to the monitoring of heat in the small holder is quite difficult for the farmers as they are engaged in various farm activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchronization of estrus is a reproductive management tool that involves manipulating the estrous cycle of females, so that they can be bred at approximately the same time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Estrus synchronization programs improve reproduction efficiency by reducing the length of breeding and calving interval and increasing calf weaning weights [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Estrus detection has been stated as the most important factor affecting the reproductive success of artificial insemination programs. The primary goal of any estrus synchronization protocol is to induce a compact estrus response so that cows can be inseminated at a predetermined period with acceptable fertility[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstaglandin is the first method of heat synchronization that depends on the presence of a functional Corpus luteum particularly in the diestrus stage of the estrous cycle (day 7 to 17 of the cycle) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. PGF2α is not effective on newly established CL, and cows injected on days 1\u0026ndash;5 of the estrous cycle are non-responsive. There are several waves of follicular development in each estrous cycle, and cows injected on days 7 or 15 of the estrous cycle have a highly developed follicle ready to ovulate after CL regression. A practical approach to overcome this problem is the injection of PGF2α twice, 11\u0026ndash;14 days apart, so that the cows will be responsive to PGF2α at least at the second injection and come into estrus shortly thereafter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though mass synchronization was started five to ten years ago in the Hadiya zone, there was a lack of documented information on the benefit of mass synchronization and efficiency of AI attributed to synchronization interventions that correction and improvement activities will be taken for future planning in Misrak and Mirab Badawacho districts. Therefore, this study was designed with the following objectives:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess dairy cattle breeding practices of the communities in the study areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the efficiency of artificial insemination after synchronization of dairy cattle and assess the perception of the communities about AI and synchronization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Description of the Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Misrak and Mirab Badawacho districts in the Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. Misrak Badawacho district is located 345 km from Addis Ababa and borders Kembata Tembaro zone in the north, Wolayta zone in the south, Halaba Zone and Oromia Region in the east, and Mirab Badawacho district in the west. The district has an annual rainfall range of 800-1300mm and a mean annual temperature range of 17.6\u0026ndash;33.6\u0026deg;C. It is densely populated and has a large number of livestock. Mirab Badawacho district is located 357 km from Addis Ababa and has a cool sub-humid climate with a mean annual rainfall between 900 and 1400 mm and mean annual temperature of 11-270C. The total population of the district is estimated to be 137,000. The highest rainfall is encountered during summer (rainy) (from June to September and the dry season occurs from October to May)misrek badewacho forest and environment office (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho district is located 357 km from Addis Ababa and 132 km from Hawassa, bordering Kembata Tembaro zone in the north, Misrak Badawacho district in the east, and Wolayta zone in the south and west. The district has a cool sub-humid climate with an altitude ranging between 1750 and 2100m.a.s.l., a mean annual rainfall of 900\u0026ndash;1400 mm, and a mean annual temperature of 11-270C. The population of the district is estimated to be 137,000, with the highest rainfall occurring during summer (June-September) and a dry season from October to May (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Sampling techniques and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo districts were chosen purposefully: Misrak Badawacho from mid-land and Mirab Badawacho from highland agro-ecologies. Three rural kebeles were randomly selected from each district, and 15 dairy cattle owning households were interviewed from each kebele, totaling 90 households. Focal group discussions were held in each district with men, women, village leaders, key informants, and socially respected individuals to discuss breeding practices, AI services, and major reproductive problems of dairy cows. Both primary and secondary data were collected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Data type and its sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary and secondary data were collected, including previous secondary data on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination. The main data collected during the study period included cattle breed types, body condition score, parity of the cow, and dates of PGF2α hormone administration, heat detection, insemination, and conception. The materials used in the study included animal handling equipment, hormone/prostaglandin, gloves, needles, drenching/inseminating guns, cotton, syringes, sheaths, ear tag applicators and tags, marker, alcohol, savlon, and animals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study collected primary and secondary data on cattle breed types, body condition score, parity of the cow, and dates of hormone administration, heat detection, insemination, and conception. To evaluate the effect of synchronization using PGF2α, 45 dairy cows were randomly selected from each district and treated with a single injection of PGF2α. Farmers were trained on how to detect estrus in cattle before starting estrus synchronization. The cows were inseminated according to AM/PM method and confirmed by rectal palpation. The cows were inseminated using semen from 100% Holstein Friesian bulls. The conception status was assessed using rectal palpation at days 60 of post insemination, and the CR and NSPC were determined at the end of the study period. The source of mass synchronization efficiency was obtained from the record book of AI centers of districts.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}=\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{p}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{m}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}}\\text{x}100\\text{%}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{v}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{e} \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}=\\frac{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{m}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}}{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{d}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnancy diagnosis (PD) through rectal palpation was carried out two months after AI and the diagnosis results were recorded. Early embryonic mortality was indicated those losses which occur in the period between fertilization and the completion of the stage of differentiation and it was identified and registered when the gradual decline in pregnancy was observed and the procedure used to identify embryonic mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Data Collection and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using SPSS, version 24, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. A Chi-square test was carried out to assess the statistical significance among categorical variables. The list signfecence difference(LSD) test was used to identify a significant difference between districts' mean. The variation between groups was considered significant when the P-value was \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. For evaluation of the effect of single-shot prostaglandin injection, the response variable is conception and estrous while the class variable used was body condition, breed of the dam, age of dam, parity of cow, and time of insemination. Conception rate and service per conception were estimated from the proportion of pregnancies confirmed by the rectal palpation of the genital tract at day 60 of post insemination among the total number of cows/heifer inseminated artificially with frozen semen in a specified period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConception rate, number of services per conception, and estrus rate were calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conception rate was calculated using a total number of pregnant cows per a total number of cows inseminated multiplied by 100% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}=\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{p}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{m}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}}\\text{x}100\\text{%}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of services per conception was calculated using the total number of service/ inseminated per total number of cows conceived\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{E}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s} \\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}=\\frac{ \\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{s}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{u}\\text{s}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{s} \\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{P}\\text{G}\\text{F}2{\\alpha } } x 100\\%$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndices were calculated to analyze the ranking of the purpose of keeping cattle population, trait preference, and selection criteria. The ranking was expressed as an Index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sum of (4 for rank 1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 for rank 3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 for rank 2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 for rank 4) given for an individual reason divided by the sum of (4 for rank 1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 for rank 3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 for rank 2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 for rank 4) for overall reasons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAhoAAABACAIAAADTUUnJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAASdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAEdyZWVuc2hvdF5VCAUAABMzSURBVHhe7Z3NldxGDAadi4NxLA5FR0ehQByHY7FrWNxPULM5w+FQkncXdeBDo9H4bQ6tg9/+9m/TNE3TvEx/TpqmaZoL6M9J0zRNcwH9OWmapmkuoD8nTdM0zQX056Rpmqa5gP6cNE3TNBfQn5OmaZrmAvpz0jRN01xAf06apmmaC+jPSdM0TXMB/Tn51Hz9+vW3337jua4/On/++Sf1/vPPP+v6I/Llyxdq/Pvvv9f1h+azXeD/Of05+Qa/MryK6+LTwC/sp3obf//994/6OeET4ij/+OOPD/85SbGf7QL/n5l/TvwPHOH1W7WPYMDY/8x77H9sypG4Zrh3+aj6qs8J7zOsi+s4WGbaciSHq97Ga6dPSpYAq+oux+2v+pzQt+OvxkPyxj3rE/uML6Nk7lcNQkxvXVzB/Tdxy/ZNT7FXXeDwYrHPXoxqf/AlWn5dJq/2nv4hNJC4r78X97pGgONzshHwsBdX8ew/JnIja1Eq8fPXX3+5i2bdOwsTxc+5uZLJXgNN9WF78WCB9Cdp+IZ4aXJ3kQG3x6e8xyvTJ8+h5ziJ5vZ+POrk1D7l86RAM2RJ+a+/Ns7iqV+NQDJDw1nmJj/lNmONDAiUiRLZVrxIPK/rZ7iVurlddg+2W1O2b3otFm/4QT43joFXij3BKxdpwKt+YuJ2D15/Ly77nIBv7IkflHPkF+Q4/sTUonTiZeWp8DoM9cRcgQSmDUTJ1pH21uo8okw+3lqe9IGlrp6d8h54Ozd9khlGWa81uT182fbsq2wfTLLan4acHyY2haxgXSzUJfLBDLFxvjlOSsrDrJfNl6gX6SnIJ+lVyKpmfp/pm55iEcwtV/pFThd7jtMXaQsdgHXxDHSSkl+/Kve6dnzecvoH5QReR3iqfdtL7F3UCdcI1L/IMtYrPyfkafJPtddbokw+nvUnJvq8li9yevokQw7rYgMNeSq9ao+gZ7LKOK76hcXzuV8BskqGW2zjkQwtDeN4yyiHWS+bL0FXc2GeYql1Uqw3cLo1oCUML1SK3Vb9IqeLPcfpi7SFDgxdOggNpOTXr8rRz4nxVEJN2i1wDJmoS7BZWXLWd0ZZY4mrLUOpWeKcXYPmuG9RZC1BZYoKaIAMYVUV4gpioJKlepUmcxvpgkrQBhKaXa9RVQIOt68EloQzoruJi5+9ZgKeo9QSwebwzLImELDXLQarapY2T81MKcknwxw3T/XVJ8ngc118D86xV7Z8Mf/IGkC1B5Z69myEekTUyxAxhai0LUS3Dyoh+eQ4BhhrP2QF62IDXdItNjpkmfQSEYe2GmW8EVGZoBnutljQG9TOs0yxnmLXpXrNwKIgxzEglvbV563UWbFWlC2Exd+k2OTPEmUuGFE8HiFVD3gQMFhVizLFesrk4XSxgn0CIZieHlIvsIVGPzxVaknJOQJuKevBU+qBJVtL2BtoNCZPZDTuLrbfyoTkk7guT/Ota1sSb6iN7iM4A7du1m95q6cSi1FvMR5E743R8nXqPPRsrxHSL3G3KllKRljnBB7hiTzkD9Yl5GDJmmULWUE9T7Zuh9/c1vYOYIC9CRuU5eLsUDMJZAjMbu6W6niSqsfBZLQPKK0FMAaVHtEnmLmyu6bB2RxHDwmX9rrcUg+qQVADNZlhUoO9bQG7h1tkj1eHoKVFDV2Fapyg7poJIHhcPRHtM9iQlL9Fg8DBaPRmRAQLUZ8uVb01BnNIkgGlIQb/UI3Rp3Z3lVEmQ5QETVwzOVJsGuUS9oqtsJsMDcqSJ1gsuBswiCt2rSin1MPpYgewZ0tXymBRNXm2VFq1ehxqj3KxuuVZO6be5D3ukpQQbLuhqx5SnTb6qfkYWv0rjN2vECAtM54yUZGtk4RiY67RI1e02bbsEqpD0wAzqZh5Ej4CTYd18XaJEWoTAJ+ZDTA855d6gzNmt7oN7A5px2yICPebyW7u01PYwHXxfdOGtJ+avgbbVNFMWyG6qlUv/r59dQa29g8hek1gb8TmrwwcceLqK3rj6R0YoGNp2gCuaiYQ50kDqg1be96mUF3NirN4cCjVlbVnWENPKnrDwG4M3EqdpaefYWta7AC7yeoh+K9Z6V/n6HOFripWsNFMOcPKKdNQCRjEGwmzVTMB5dor7HU7FFhDo89ZjKMXlgTai3uab1VtIUBqMJ6yXXYq1aZOC2EvOSvJqYpRptwvFZ/VgPZxJN0MZj4NvQeecyHADPGjK4sFYk3nir4eD4PbgH18gi0d0LMgo9lWRHpT/0ewxnWxwNJmDmnX0A+nr8FW/zDVuBXTq00YGOwfMhS1N+KhLRxx4uinyWAw1WMP6+J79vwQN5fZrAbq3bvPkJVDsUaEJKaeWC6JzlL9NBYGU/1esVax3RqK3ULyyeohQ1Y1KPpEuapYIcN0GIGKlHOKBPQvGMSbW8nEhJWTLWCv2yGTGhp9jtShI+CT0urZIe5pvlW1hQCZd22BRZIQMkKSdirqSTRnKxiD3rS8hNpTnNM+kxlyMPNpYnvQ/cE5HhBqE4Ci1Mttqsv8sK/HA7u5ZxX87LVliAhLL+fNnAY9yNYhS5s2pI2eBJSxz6np9DXYXlk001YEvOUUgqXhau9UtT8CRdV2WT4CTlJR9PFMdE9Zl8oKBt6BAfzAuijUHAKW+DHE9NSefg+81WzrUKor9amdKXvKnmzbi8Fe/tP09DNssbxfLEyj7GHaydagFoWf6dWF08UKQ8/cEahIOacorbrFIN6GLcADB9FXJfa6TaqyRL73OamZV3kb9xyT1yAQIEM1njJRke0+iSYPZbesM/lZPE5SoQYZ4SvQqfhBMBaYc0oAM6+ah+CQI/FJLEuoTchSM2VwhNG75XG2oqywu9eTIeKdZiIrAKemge7DPYsTAuXaDWkjY0aIyEAa5qPeLZ7oqzLczxBXdTeZcApv24OD/RFMLKf2RgwsnakymA/P6EFXPKsy0E9YF2/goXbGg4ROVhwh3PbgVHkHi0pi+E+IwRUpQWR2AZmz0YPH6VhVBhxO0zONunWkWELXcRwBP0mMJFM4SqcsLGOGcCv1+WKFI4mCkKLqKZzHxlhuWXi9CWjYihOJxjZWGfQ82KgnBwSUwDL5bOOe49vvTsWoQsi6NLA4b9JySfY8M2+XgmUOknQqBJ08S3WeiAhVowzkz7JWkVkeIW5BV1WT/KOkY/hPiFqs8+Pp8qk09GNpe83M/4xZwUAPT5EkzblqatrIKg9OH2KzRz1rw6VqEhdhz/44daB3RlxbTdB0BlbtAsukV2320LJC9CSAUG2GAtEkvYMMVQyabcPBDq/achOAs7X/q8VdCLFav92lO8VW5+4+y3q43Nt1/Va+rKrXiq3Xsr4vw6npRarvCAaLvxss64jj1uTTOvQEAs3iDT2W0auEpLQX9wSHxt80TdM09+nPSdM0TXMB7/Jzsv7DrGmaprmO9Rf2LP2vk6ZpmuYC+nPSNE3TXEB/TpqmaZoL6M9J0zRNcwH9OWmapmkuoD8nTdM0zQX056Rpmqa5gP6cNE3TNBfQn5OmaZrmAvpz0jRN01xAf06apmmaC+jPSdM0TXMB/TlpmqZpLqA/J03TNM0F9Ofk8/LH8pfj1sVHx79/5x+w+8D8vrAuPjqfqth3QX9OVj78D82Uz/M5ga9fv37gKVsaX83P8Av7qYp9R7zXXxP/Y1PyZ5Dvg9mdy4efVXoNE6t/2/kSvnz5cqTM2pYjf1gbs1V6DXI7kt5BcGUJB3/9D9pf9Tm5fMQmD0/5xDj3OT+sES6ExIY/UP8iTAGf6+IAS29upDRknj+iWBxeckl+NMsLt75x/rn4c39I/1re6+fkqZHnR7ZePpW8J7hCrwHKdfsUCXTutyb3Y0C3e7uVFOgb6w3zrBoT44msZjF/CZwbYl0/A/0fXgOyUmPVDzs5tcetKVmgApZwO/MCl484IzPn424xztkloxukh/JZV3fQLQ7X9TNMr4QOYV0/gtAUtS4W8rYy92uL1fPrl+RH4322vTTh1ov+nJyG63XifnNL8voB948BxA/zUHiR+qP2LNPXD5afwT/3dsMQlDSszgvHLuDHXxz0LK+qmtwepjeFDIfXoP524PPhoPfsI/NUQEP5y+ZLXDhiaq/5M5eDGWJGUbnPmam5sYXnIdZpcpGeZS8BvB2/eNOGePxHFHt8BL8W6k3JvuDDe/RLeJefE+ZN+57tIKfy+oF3MU4Q1L+Ibi/5rRFckSHJT3fvQLH+CnDcs35OfC4ml1V9u9qn3md/C9bFhjqvI1R78tFzhFr4K1w+4sDukQwph+i0LvWSknKEDP11KNaL9Cx7CeDt4MXTEoZue/xHFIvDSy7Jj4Z6UzLl0xAv+a/lXX5OuEY8uWE0MT3lHtzu3XLzuBCR3QWUXr4BPWDsciCuYFUtymWat39y+qY5UZc8E9ckRY2Wmg35mEmFSr3cRlS5OLvhWxTZ3YBzlZoh2BmWxkXg4M30ewiqT7C6KPN6q7TnOBeVoA2kD+wSWvs6FBxuMxeOOGhIXJSmreyuVHvQEoG4VoEAy+Z3xDnUiGSLPUpPJa72d0Y87ZUMOQ+wq1sbBSzNQTlmPM1QDRGVI5DtNNbBYi0BtOepZZoAOY4ct1HCXrEar4vFzLPo4weBLb0ZNMUCS57s3i+2jgabqjRQTi0mt9rtg8o0AXIcgyQZZciwQE2q021Smu4CzodZsNQG0l4OgrL92Sbz8/nurr87nHdeM2eA0pGoDOxWZe5EnVmmJWy5Cw5e5XLu2/wcp2fdNSWeOY5ACC0h+npXKhrU47k9UJOp+kCgnI1DBbNC0EnMxJZai9nSKJVQY5E5WwiaZQtZQT1PA4Fu80Zt0SDhIMMdkmGpHrb2Ga4GyqZRDwKWydy24C3Hh+imp5lbPNNABHqSZOI25Q/EQDhYNTUZ3K7aRa8w6PXpdfIsYLNuLxws1hJslLv6QZPj6hFuJ8tvfUIP1FRzNqjBPzkMWwG9aYBlyl6xuErQwf9gzNLa3bXDNCHH1au5Hd7JkIOeBYeuTNxavo0FbCJjTErmCeYDaHIWofoHZZxwJK5+IfO+vCNod1oMtJjOptEVzOpQH+JLxXNdlwuNqxoCWT14yttgMhV2nX11G4a0cZIrMkQEb3atvfJUpRUcVp/ebwTrSj7kVkOQm+n54lXsDLvTVNndew1sVI0S59Pube2PwJGaAMfNk8SGAo+PWINpXXZpClscXBcLOq9H8GlcGDI8wpDVXrG3G1CGxSlrR4lc0RtCsqrsFYs3jqyLN3R+pyJC3OneFlzVrDjrcZQ1OslUt7UnmFX0hoHdGHDodYIsY8mpbOlH+4ppcGTaBG0yl6WaNW2mwNb0vv1k3v3nhCbWq58hresCZtM57eGQ6v3IVeOZWUK9YSaQm7ed8dZtqD6B5a2S74lD/UwrIr2p/yMQtPbTdw9vUKMPl55TgIC+Hg+D24D9tkWB6EOB+CEN27tla3+foShY6pi81cjHR7x1G3S+ZdoH/cC6nv2gw143Bo4Xi7IOi1PWjn4aay8HnW/BG0fWRQElkOe6/h70ew6n4KpmRUXWiJItlYC+usXG2nlm4pV6Eyo0dkg+roAjykTXBvva84DloL81ZUm4zgU5aRt6e39+PpOhvi/ofr00TMJrtx0Vk5jObw+HNDj3JuEqswT0GTPRcwqb7c3bXrtQfQ4MEcEbRuhBPzTkWfBWu4QrA1lXrixR1AunTAP7aZPZTYsq+LnzGrClW8EYTGl6arB/iEXhc12XPFHWQp4a8dCryjQ9XG2dAEFxxZFpS4cMH3K8WPSwLpab5imM04RKujFQnVTwxpF18QbGdAz/2y3Z69Ie+KnZIpuP90cloK+1I3uKWNP8MZimQfJDH6qlzee51bgMGAyzSBWDDMqGnt63n8x8cu8FOpieAnLGw0jqVGC4N0fAYUbuzNTjqsblBmScysDF8uJmzGzhSj/bawTV58AQsRaCt2wRApSBU9NAdzC9emt1iJ9ai0vNlME0onfL42xFWWE3PrdQZnZpZkpDIMr2YLU/CFnFlYXwRCZEbXKNqAx7I9bPNJM6RMFD7QwePIilmQCZ1GRkyPAIB4u1KJ6RwcSid0tXVVnZFiu44si6WCCxtItTwy6Q57PFGiWJIRvCilSCRWEcGcjH/qh3S1ekEeWAmdtSXakXdqE2imUtymuA86r0lLKJKVe9sXi6/IWMY/v/45glDQXkaLxJ4u66WHiq77qVQTNcBZUKuTQ1E2SvsjyVBm5TLHE57sVKXJSRgzbP4u0U35yqSWlREprckl4dkC0yYYjNHbQU30xI39BU/7WfEPunqH3TQ9VoA1Eq7I142qs96lmxRTwjV5vl0Ap62/sUB4tNUHdZqq8NZ6vOIjb3yWUA+2MIa6n+q/MTlUJtna9b1eS2JCgNJxD5qK+jdBbrYv/NcnCyqt4wyrp4o3aDfGyFaFBzcJcQiYJQDZBdHpzF5YzlNU3TNM0J+nPSNE3TXEB/TpqmaZoL6M9J0zRNcwH9OWmapmkuoD8nTdM0zQX056Rpmqa5gP6cNE3TNBfQn5OmaZrmAvpz0jRN07zMv//+B7hUjTom/g0sAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Livestock Composition and Herd Size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe numbers of cattle being reared by the respondents are higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the midland of the study area. The result of this study showed that the population of cows, oxen, bulls, heifers, and calves was higher in the Misrak Badawacho district (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This may be due to the dominance of crop cultivation in Mirab Badawacho district resulting in the low level of grazing land in the area. The findings also indicated that the population of the sheep was higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the Mirab Badawacho district, while the reverse was true for goats. The result also indicates that the population of chicken was higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the Misrak Badawacho district.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLivestock composition and herd size of the sampled households (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLivestock type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.38\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.097\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeifers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.44\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChicken\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of respondents\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Purpose of keeping Livestock\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanking for purpose of rearing cattle by the respondents in the study area is indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The respondents were keeping their cattle for multiple uses and the findings from the Mirab and Misrak Badawacho districts indicated that the primary reason for rearing cattle in the area is milk followed by the source of income, meat, traction, and manures. Respondents were given higher priority to milk production in both districts because of feeding their family and to some extent for cash income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of keeping cattle by the respondents in the study area (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eIndex\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the sum of (5 times first order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4 times second-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 times third-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 times fourth-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 times fifth order) for individualvariables divided by the sum of (5 times first order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4 times secondorder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 times third order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 times fourth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 times fifth-order) for all variables.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Cattle Breeding Practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Mating system and source of bull\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the findings on the mating systems and bull sources of respondents in highland and midland agro-ecology. Natural mating was the most common method, with 33.3% using AI and 28.9% using both. This is due to the availability and proximity of AI stations, as well as access to good-performing mating bulls for farmers. Most respondents were dependent on bulls reared by their neighbors in both agro-ecologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMating system and source of bull in the study area (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMating system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.523\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural mating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth natural\u0026amp;AI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of bull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.00\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom neighbors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of respondents, AI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;artificial insemination, X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi-square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Trait preference for selection of dairy cattle\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) reveals that the preferred traits for selecting dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts are milk yield, breeding ability, high growth rate, feeding behavior, good temperament, coat color, and disease resistance. This aligns with a 2014 study by Godadaw et al., which found that milk yield, growth rate, adaptation, and breeding ability were the most preferred traits in the North Amhara region. However, coat color and disease resistance were ranked 6th and 7th in Mirab Badawacho and 7th in Misrak Badawacho respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrait preferences for selection of dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreeding ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh growth rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding behavior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood temperament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoat color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease resistance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrait preferences for selection of dairy cattle in Misrak Badawacho (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreeding ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh growth rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding behavior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood temperament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoat color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease resistance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eIndex\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the sum of (7 times first order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 times second-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5 times third-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4 times fourth-order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 times fifth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 times sixth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 times seven order) for individualvariables divided by the sum of (7 times first order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 times second order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5 times third order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4 times fourth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 times fifth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 times sixth order\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 times seven order) for allvariables.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Major constraints of dairy cattle in the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study reveals major constraints of dairy production in the study area(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), including feed and water shortages, disease challenges, poor veterinary service, and limited extension services. The first constraint was water in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts, with 40 and 42.2% respectively. Diseases were more prevalent in Misrak Badawacho, with 33.3% respondents facing more challenges. Poor veterinary service and weak extension service also hindered dairy development. Other factors include feed shortages and disease and parasites in Southern Ethiopia, western Oromia, and Bahir Dar Zuria and Mecha districts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor constraints of dairy production in the study areas (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA major problem of dairy cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.862\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eshortage of feed and water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edisease challenge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoor veterinary service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweak extension service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of respondents, X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Major Reproductive problems of dairy cattle in Study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found significant reproductive constraints in dairy cattle across districts(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Non-cycling cows had a failure rate of 48.9% and poor conception rate of 55.5%. Abortion and calving problems/dystocia were the main issues in Mirab Badawacho and Misrak Badawacho districts. These issues may be due to incorrect insemination timing, feeding system issues, disease, or calves' size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dairy cattle major reproductive problems in study areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgro-ecology/Districts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor reproductive problems in dairy cows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure to cycling\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Non-cycling cows)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor conception rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbortion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalving problem/dystocia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi-square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1. Farmers\u0026rsquo; Perception and cause of artificial insemination ineffectiveness on estrus synchronization and mass insemination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study reveals that artificial insemination (AI) insemination in dairy cattle in Mirab Badawacho district(Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) is primarily due to heat detection issues, delayed AI service availability, distance from AI stations, technician shortages, and repeat breeders. In Misrak Badawacho district, AI insemination is similar to Mirab Badawacho, except for technician shortages and distance from AI stations. This aligns with a study conducted in Mizan Aman, SNNP region, which found lower conception rates due to heat detection issues, distance from AI service centers, and poor husbandry practices. In both districts, 55.6% and 64.4% of respondents were not satisfied with mass synchronization, while 44.4% and 35.6% were satisfied with positive estrus response and conception. Overall, respondents were satisfied with AI service, but some were dissatisfied with input, long-distance stations, technician shortages, efficiency issues, and repeat breeders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerception and Cause of AI ineffectiveness on (OSMI) in the study areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAI service not available on time\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Shortage of input for AI service)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edetection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance of \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAI station\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eshortage of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e AI technicians\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erepeat \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebreeder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerception and Cause of AI ineffectiveness on (OSMI) in the study areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerception of farmers\u0026rsquo; on mass synchronation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfaction with the mass synchronization (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.26\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot satisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfied with the overall AI service (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.67\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, to some extent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Evaluation of the Reproductive Performance of Synchronized and Inseminated Dairy Cattle\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2. Estrus rate/Response rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows no significant difference in estrus response rate between local and crossbred cows. However, the estrus response interval after PGF2α injection was significantly different between local and crossbred cows, with a longer time interval observed in local cows. The present study found that 100% of cows treated with PGF2α showed signs of estrus and were inseminated, similar to a previous study by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] in Adigrat-Mekelle Milkshed. The overall oestrus response was higher than [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] in West Shewa milk shed areas, suggesting proper animal management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.3. Conception rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the result shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, there was a significant difference in the conception rate between local and crossbred cows. A higher conception rate was detected in crossbred than local breed. From those inseminated cows 52 (57.8%) became pregnant when checked by rectal palpation after 60\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e days of insemination. This current result was similar to reported by Azage \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2012) with 57.7% in Awassa-Dale in the Sidama zone. This result of conception rate was slightly low due to genetic and non-genetic factors, season (availability of feed), the accuracy of heat detection, appropriate timing of insemination, BCS of cow, and handling of semen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.4. Number of services per conception\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, the results of the finding indicated that the number of services per conception (NSC) in natives was higher than a crossbred cow. There was a significant difference in NSC between local and crossbred. The average current result of NSC in the study area was 1.7. This result was similar to that reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] in the Sidama zone of Southern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstru rate, response interval, NSPC and conception rate in dairy cattle (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstrus response\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse interval after PGF2α injecting (hrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsemin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR%(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24-48hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48-72hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72-96hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96-120hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(46)100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7(21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(44)100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5(31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(90)100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.8(52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.073\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.005\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of Estrus response, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of sample synchronized dairy cattle, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conception rate, NSPC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of services per conception\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation of Estrus synchronization and Mass Artificial Insemination Efficiency(OSMI)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.5. Estrus rate/Response rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis finding indicated that the estrus response rate, interval to oestrus after PGF2α, NSC and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conception rate is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. Most of the cattle responded to PGF2α, with significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) observed between the native and crossbred cattle. This might be due to genetic effect. Estrus/heat/ from injecting PGF2α was longer (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for native cattle, when compared to the crossbred cattle. In the study area, 448 PGF2α treated cows (423) or 94.4% cows showed signs of estrus and were inseminated. This finding was higher than the study by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] with 63.64% in Mizan Aman southern Ethiopia but lower than the study by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] with 98.9%in Fogera district Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.6. Conception rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, there was a significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in conception rate across the genotypes. From those inseminated cows 423 (50.8%) became pregnant when checked by rectal palpation after 60\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e days of insemination. However, the conception rate was lower in local cows. The result of conception rate was low due to genetic factors, heat detection problem, distance of AI station, inappropriate selection of cows, body condition of the cows and season. This current result was slightly similar to the reported (52.29%) by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] in West Shoa Zone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.7. Number of services per conception\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present result of OSMI NSPC was a significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) across the genotypes. NSPC in the local cows was higher than the crossbred in the study area (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The current average result of NSPC (1.96) was lower than 2.36 that reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] in Sidama zone Southern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstrusrate, response interval, NSPC and conception in dairy cattle (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;448)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstrus response\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse interval after PGF2α injecting (hrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsemin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR%(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSPC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24-48hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48-72hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72-96hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96-120hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(222)91.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3(94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(201)97.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2(121)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(423)94.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.8(215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.0439\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of Estrus response, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total Number of synchronized dairy cattle in the study area, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conception rate, NSPC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of services per conception\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors affecting Conception rate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study indicated in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, that the rate of pregnancy was highest in Mirab Badawacho (62.2%) and Misrak Badawacho (53.3%) districts, with no significant difference across districts. The conception rate was significantly higher in crossbred cattle (70.5%) than local cattle (45.6%), possibly due to heat detection accuracy and farmers' preference for better management. This is consistent with previous studies by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Conception rates were better among cows with higher Body Condition Score (BCS) but no significant difference among BCS. However, cows with BCS of 4 and 5 had a higher conception rate compared to those with 2 and 3. This suggests that cows with a good BCS at calving help in returning to estrus sooner than those with lower BCS. Age did not significantly affect conception rates in the study area, but higher conception rates were observed among cows aged 5 to 7 years and started to decline after 8 and 9 years due to inefficient utilization of nutrients and inadequacy of hormonal secretion. Young animals also require sufficient nutrients for growth and lactation, which may influence conception. Parity had a significant effect on conception rates, with higher conception rates in primiparous cows and decreased as parity increased. This could be due to factors such as lactation, milk yield, parturition stress, feeding practice, and management. The time of insemination also affected conception rates. The highest conception rate was observed when insemination was done between 11 to 16 hours after the onset of estrus, while lower rates were observed when insemination was done between 17 to 22 hours and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;22 hours. This finding supports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] recommendation to inseminate animals between 24 hours after the onset of heat to avoid influencing conception rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors affecting conception of dairy cattle (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e of inseminated \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoreda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirab Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisrak Badawacho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 to 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 to 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime of insemination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;10 hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;16 hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;22 hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;22 hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003ePP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pregnancy positive, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conception rate, NS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;non significance, SL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;significant level\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study examines the use of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle farming, focusing on cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens. The study found significant differences in age at first calving local, lactation length crossbred, and age at first service male crossbred. Major constraints faced by dairy cattle included a shortage of feed and water, disease challenges, poor veterinary service, and weak extension. Reproductive problems in the study area included failure to cycle, poor conception, calving problems/dystocia, and abortion. Inappropriate animal selection, inappropriate breeding season, incorrect timing of insemination, estrus detection issues, late reporting to AI stations for insemination, and poor semen handling contributed to poor efficiency of synchronization and insemination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that the status of synchronization and mass artificial insemination and farmers' perception towards the technology were low. Factors affecting conception in synchronized dairy cattle included age, parity, BSC, genotype, and time of insemination. Conception rate was significantly different between crossbred and local dairy cattle due to heat accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecommendations include improving the availability of AI technicians, creating awareness on the impact of time interval on CR, improving estrus detection methods, proper time of insemination, and appropriate animal selection. A good management system in reproductive health management, feeding, and housing should be considered before implementing effective estrous synchronization and AI programs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesalegn Amanuel\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEskindir Amanuel\u003c/strong\u003e: Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by Wachemo University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData will be made available on request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest\u0026rsquo;s statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo additional information is available for this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe whole were ethical approved by Wachemo university ethical board. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe gratefully acknowledge Wachemo university.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information (optional)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesalegn Amanuel: Performed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEskindir Amanuel: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Wachemo University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest\u0026rsquo;s statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo additional information is available for this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe necessary consent for the study involving dairy cattle was obtained in accordance with \u0026nbsp;ethical guidelines. The informed consent of the dairy cattle owner was obtained as part of the Ethics approval and Consent to participate process, which was approved by Wachemo University Ethical board members. The owner of the dairy cattle provided written informed consent for their dairy cattle to be included in the study. All procedures involving the dairy \u0026nbsp;cattle were carried out in accordance with ethical guidelines and regulations. The welfare of the \u0026nbsp;dairy cattle was a top priority throughout the study. The study was approved by Wachemo University Ethical board members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe publisher has the author\u0026apos;s permission to publish research findings. With the consent, the author gives the publisher license of the copyright which provides the publisher with the exclusive right to publish and sell the research findings in all languages, in whole or in part.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe gratefully acknowledge Wachemo university.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEthiopia., C.S.A.F.D.R.o.. \u003cem\u003eAgricultural sample survey 2021, Report on Livestock and Livestock characteristics. Volume\u0026nbsp;II, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevelopment).. M.M.o.A.a.R., Agricultural Input and Products marketing strategy and implementation mechanism. 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University of Nebraska\u0026ndash;Lincoln | Lincoln, NE 68588 | 402-472-7211.\u003c/em\u003e 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta J, Vir Singh LA O, and, Ashutosh. \u003cem\u003eA comparative study on evaluation of three synchronization protocols at field level in both cattle and buffaloes Extension Division Veterinary Office Dairy Cattle Physiology Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.\u003c/em\u003e 2008.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNoseir, Wael MB. \u003cem\u003eOvarian follicular activity and hormonal profile during the estrous cycle in cows: the development of 2 versus 3 waves. National Center for Biotechnology.Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA.\u003c/em\u003e 2003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCordova-Izquierdo AC, A C-JMS, Cordova-Jimenez CG, Ruiz LJ. \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Estrus synchronization and percentage of pregnancy in dairy calves using prostaglandins by two via of administration.\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;Australian Journal of basic applied sciences, Vol.\u0026nbsp;3, (3), 2834\u0026ndash;2837.\u003c/em\u003e 2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eE., J.S., \u003cem\u003eApplied Animal Endocrinology, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada CABI.\u003c/em\u003e 2003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWBADO Wa. \u003cem\u003eWest Badawacho Woreda Finance Economic Development Office and West Badawacho Woreda Agriculture Development Office, 2017.\u003c/em\u003e 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEBWADO Ea. \u003cem\u003eEast Badawacho Woreda Finance Economic Development Office and East Badawacho Woreda Agriculture Development Office, 2017.\u003c/em\u003e 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharifuzzaman. JA, Barman SC, Matin MA. Rokonuzzaman Md \u0026amp; Ashadul Haque Md., \u003cem\u003eComparative study on conception rate in indigenous and crossbred cows after artificial insemination.Bangladesh International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 2. pp\u0026nbsp;9\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/em\u003e 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhatun MA, Bari1 FY, Alam M, Ali MR, Sarkar PK. \u003cem\u003eThe post AI Conception Rate in Cattle at Rajarhat, Kurigram, Bangladesh. Wayamba Journal of Animal Science Pp845-854.\u003c/em\u003e 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eI.S., K., \u003cem\u003eBreeding objectives and breeding strategies for small ruminants in the tropics. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University.\u003c/em\u003e 2004.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzage Tegegne AE, Tera A. and Dirk Hoekstra., \u003cem\u003eTechnological options and Approaches to improve smallholder access to desirable animal genetic martial for Dairy development: for dairy development: IPMS experience with synchronization and mass insemination. Tropentag, September, 19\u0026ndash;21\u003c/em\u003e, 2012, G\u0026ouml;ttingen. WWW.ipms-ethiopia.org. 2012.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorku. B. \u003cem\u003eAssessment of Breeding Practices and Evaluation of Estrus Synchronization and Mass Insemination Technique in Dairy Cattle in West Shoa Zone.M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University.\u003c/em\u003e 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLegesse. D. \u003cem\u003eAssessment of breeding practice and evaluation of estrus synchronization of dairy cattle in Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia, MSc. Thesis.\u003c/em\u003e 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdmasu. TFaZ. \u003cem\u003eEvaluation of oestrus synchronization and mass artificial insemination service of dairy cattle in Mizan Aman area, Bench Maji zone, South West Ethiopia. Article Number - BAB187562441 Volume.8(1), pp.\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/em\u003e 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTewodros Alemneh WM, Marew G, Adera Z. \u003cem\u003eStudy on the Conception Rate of Dairy Cows Artificially Inseminated During Natural Heat and by Synchronization in Fogera Woreda, North-West of Ethiopia. African Journal of Basic and Applied Science 7(5).291\u0026ndash;297.\u003c/em\u003e 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC., A.L.a.K.G., \u003cem\u003eEffect of breed, season, year, and parity on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system in Bukoba district, Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19: (10).\u003c/em\u003e 2007.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWoldu S. \u003cem\u003eStudy on semen quality and field efficiency of AI bulls kept at the National Artificial Insemination Center. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit. Ethiopia, pp.\u0026nbsp;13\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/em\u003e 2005.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Artificial insemination, Conception rate, Dairy cattle, Estrus synchronization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to investigate Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Mirab and Misrak Badawacho districts. Ninety respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from two districts and six kebeles. Also, 90 cows were selected for evaluation of prostaglandin-based estrus synchronization's effectiveness. Descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests used to analyze the data. The average age at first service for female native and crossbred cows were 41.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3 and 30.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1 months, average daily milk yield (1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 and 6.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 liters), average lactation length (8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 and 9.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 months), average age at first calving (50.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.95 and 39.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1 months), average calving interval (23.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2 and 21.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85 months), average days open (208.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.2 and 148.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.8) for local and crossbred, respectively. Natural pasture and crop residue were dominant feed sources, and cattle were typically housed with household members. The purpose of rearing cattle in the contemplate area is milk followed by the source of income, meat, traction, and manures. Most of the respondents (85.6%) used the pond as a source of water for their cattle in both districts. The respondents showed a preference for female cattle with high milk yield, reproduction ability, good temperament, and coat color and natural coupling was the greenest method acting of reproduction. Major procreative problems in dairy were failure to cycle and poor conception rate in the study areas. The potency of artificial insemination after estrus synchronization has an overall conception rate (57.8%) after 60\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;days of pregnancy diagnoses. Conception rate has not shown a significant difference at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 between the district, age, and Body condition Score, but there is no a significant difference between breed, parity, and time of insemination. This low pregnancy rate is due to several factors related to management, heat detection problem, seminal fluid quality, and artificial insemination time. The study suggested using appropriate animal selection for artificial insemination, trained AI (Artificial Insemination) technicians, and farmer awareness to improve the effectiveness of synchronization and efficiency of artificial insemination.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination after Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Breeding in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-29 01:14:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3442060/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"acb1794a-0c92-4c91-98ba-ff7d1a9e7ccc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-03T16:23:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-29 01:14:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3442060","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3442060","identity":"rs-3442060","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"wLkW0s4AflPzk-lpfg-fK","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}