Screening of potato cultivars to Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir-North East of Pakistan

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Potato cultivars that are grown commercially in AJK were screened against Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) under natural field conditions. The potato cultivars Bataina, Desiree, Fleminco, Kurado, Line A, Line B, Margrata, Pomola, Rodalph and Ronaldo were screened against TRV. Out of 10, four cultivars Bataina, Line B and Pomola and Ronaldo were found sensitive whereas cultivars Kurado, Margrata, Line A and Rodalph were moderately sensitive. Two cultivars Desiree and Fleminco were rated moderately insensitive, and none of the tested germplasm was completely insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis. The effect of TRV on quantity (yield) and quality attributes of 10 potato cultivars were investigated in field experiments at district Poonch and Sudhnoti. Preliminary results revealed that plant height, number of stems per plant, numbers of tubers and weight of tubers were severely affected by soil-borne trichodorids transmitted TRV. It was concluded that both TRV and its vector were prevalent in major potato growing areas of the AJK and the existing potato germplasm has no resistance against the virus or its vector or both posing a serious threat to the potato production in the region. This is the first report of screening of potato germplasm against TRV in the region. Potato Tobacco rattle virus cultivars screening Pakistan Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a member of genus Tobravirus , family Virgaviridae , (King et al. 2012 ) is capable of infecting a variety of crops including spinach, beans, beets, and peppers beside infecting ornamental plants like lilies, tulips and marigold (Adams et al. 2012 ). It has been reported in most areas of the world where potatoes are grown, including Central and South America, New Zealand, China, and Japan (Jeffries 1998 ). It has also been reported from potato growing areas of Canada (Gieck et al.2007). Corky ring-spot (CRS) disease is omnipresent in the European continent and is considered as one of the most important viral diseases of potatoes, especially in commercial seed potato producing areas (Koenig et al. 2016). New areas of the USA including Minnesota, North Dakota, Michigan, and Wisconsin are being reported to have TRV incidence in seed potato farms, which is one of the most important sources of virus spread (Halterman et al. 2012 ). The virus has already been reported in the Asian continent (Katoch et al. 2004 ; He and Chen 2016 ). In Pakistan, the virus has recently been identified in highlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Hazara and Malakand Divisions) Pakistan, and north-east regions (AJK) (Haneef et al. 2021 ; Haneef et al., 2023 ). TRV is positive sense, ssRNA having rigid rod shape. There are two types of TRV (M type and NM type) that can be distinguished on the basis of genome structure. M type consists of two RNAs, RNA-1 and RNA-2 whereas NM type has only single genomic RNA (RNA-1) (Robinson 2003 ). The NM type lacks RNA-2 that encodes the coat protein, making serological detection impossible (Nicolaisen et al. 1999 ). The TRV RNA1, (6800 nts)) has a conserved genome organization (Nicolaisen et al. 1999 ; Xu and Nie 2006 ; MacFarlane 2010 ). The average length of short and long particles depends on the specific isolates, which is 48-114nm and 180–197 nm, respectively with diameter of 21-25nm (Hamed et al. 2012 ). Corky ring-spot (CRS) disease is caused by the Tobacco rattle virus in potatoes. The infected tubers have internal necrosis, which manifests as rust/brown arcs, concentric rings, or significant browning of tuber tissue that later dries into cork-like tissue. Externally, on tuber skin, concentric circles or arcs are produced that may resemble symptoms produced by Potato virus Y (PVY). An increase in necrotic symptoms may occur in certain cultivars during the storage of tubers. The severity of the symptoms varies depending on the cultivar, the field conditions, the location, environmental conditions and the time of the year (Yellareddygari 2018). The virus may also occur asymptomatically in the infected tissues however it can be identified only when the symptoms are evident (Charlton 2006 ).The virus spreads naturally through nematode vectors belonging to the genus Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus (stubby root nematodes) (Boutsika et al. 2004 ; Charlton et al. 2010 ) present in soils (Agrios 2005 ). (Soil-borne viruses, transmitted by trichodorid nematodes, including TRV are very important damaging the potato crops with extra losses caused through tuber necrosis symptoms (Sahi et al. 2016 ). Once infected, it is not possible to completely eliminate a virus from the field as both the virus and the vector have very wide host ranges. Treatment of the field, before or at planting, with nematicides may help in pyramiding resistance in cultivars for the management of TRV (Ingham et al. 2000 ; Ingham et al. 2007 ; Ghazala and Varrelmann 2007 ). Conventional breeding for genetic resistance is effective but it is time consuming and very laborious (Sahi et al. 2016 ). Presently, management of corky ring spot (CRS) disease is achieved by planting virus insensitive cultivars along with application of non-selective pesticides that cause reduction in nematode vector population in potato fields (Yellareddygari et al. 2018 ). Planting resistant cultivars (Ingham et al. 2000 ), and treating fields with nematicides, can effectively control the virus as well as the vector (Brown et al. 2007 ). Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) and Scotch spearmint ( Mentha cardiaca ) are non-host crops that can be used in crop rotation to prevent CRS (Mojtahedi et al. 2002 ; Boydston et al. 2004 ). The viral problems are becoming a serious issue in agricultural and horticultural crops of Pakistan due to lack of virus research facilities, abundance of vectors, non-availability of resistant germplasm and import of seeds and propagative material without adopting proper quarantine procedures. Furthermore, small land holding and continuous cultivation of the same germplasm, especially in case of potato having vegetative method of propagation, further increases the inoculum pressure. Non-availability of certified seed to farmers of AJK especially, force them to use their own contaminated seed/propagative material that adds to the problem for next crop. Recent introduction of soil-borne viruses viz: PMTV (Arif et al. 2013 ) and TRV (Haneef et al. 2021 ; Haneef et al. 2023 ) in Pakistan further complicated the issue. Proper management of the viruses in the areas under study needs proper diagnosis and screening of the available cultivars, as potato is the major source of income for the farmers in that area. In this paper we report the response of potato cultivars commercially grown in the region against TRV under naturally infested field conditions. Materials and methods Survey and collection of plant and soil samples Plant (potato tubers) and soil samples were collected randomly from different areas of three main potato growing districts (Poonch, Bagh and Sudhnoti) of AJK during April to September 2021 (Fig. 1 ). Survey and sampling was done using a model proposed by Were et al. ( 2014 ). Five locations per district were randomly selected. In each location three fields/sites were selected for the sample collection. At harvest, tubers were cleaned up, checked for superficial characteristic spraing symptoms. Rhizosphere soil samples (200 cm 3 ), at each location, were randomly collected from surveyed potato fields. Samples were placed in polyethylene bags separately, sealed tightly, labeled and transferred to Plant Pathology Laboratory for further processing and analysis. The potato tubers were stored at 8–10ºC whereas soil samples at 4ºC. Detection of TRV and nematode vector Tobacco rattle virus was detected and identified on the basis of characteristic symptoms described by Nicolaisen et al. ( 1999 ) (Table 1 ) followed by serological detection through DAS-ELISA (Clark and Adams 1977 ) and final confirmation was done by RT-PCR (Xu and Nie 2006 ). Nematode identification was done by processing the randomly collected soil sample from selected districts (Poonch, Bagh, Sudhnoti) of AJK (Fig. 1 ) following Whitehead and Hooper ( 2008 ) protocol at a depth of about 21–30 cm, respectively. Composited samples (three sub samples per field) were stored at 4˚C in polythene bags and extraction was done using Modified Bearmann technique according to Whitehead and Hemming tray method (Whitehead and Hemming 1965 ). Extracted nematodes were observed and counted under stereomicroscope and their population densities were determined according to Whitehead and Hooper protocol (2008). Decreamer (1998) morphological key was used for nematode identification. Table 1 Assessment key of Tobacco rattle virus based on the symptoms Virus Type of symptoms Description Tobacco rattle virus External symptoms of tubers Internal symptoms of tubers Corky ring spots and raised necrotic rings or both Internal browning and Necrotic flecks/multiple lines or both (Nicolaisen et al.1999) Source of potato cultivars Seed tubers of 10 potato cultivars, commercially grown in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Poonch, Sudhnoti and Bagh Districts) including Bataina, Desiree, Flamenco, Kuroda, Line A, Line B, Margrata, Pomola, Rudolph, and Ronaldo was taken from Directorate of Agricultural Research, Muzafarabad AJK (Table 2 ) Table 2 Lists of potato cultivar used for screening against TRV and its nematode vector under natural field condition S.NO Potato Cultivar Coding 1 Ronaldo V1 2 Rodalph V2 3 Pomola V3 4 Desiree V4 5 Bataina V5 6 Fleminco V6 7 Margrata V7 8 Kurado V8 9 Line A V9 10 Line B V10 Screening of potato germplasms for resistance Two known naturally infested fields, Chotagala and Trarkhel from district Poonch and Sudhnoti were selected to evaluate potato cultivars against TRV. These cultivars were examined for different parameters. Cultivars were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications (Table 3 ). The distance between two plants was kept 30 cm while the row to row distance was 60 cm. All the standard agronomic practices were followed during the cropping period. Disease assessment based on characteristic symptoms, DAS ELISA and RT-PCR was done to measure the cultivars reaction against natural infection of the virus (Arif et al. 2014 ). Potato cultivars were classified in groups on the basis of sensitivity (insensitive, moderately insensitive, moderately sensitive and sensitive) using scale as reported by Yellareddygari et al. ( 2018 ) with little modifications (Table 4 ). The impact of virus on qualitative and quantitative parameters of potato cultivars was also evaluated as described by Dale et al. ( 2000 ) and Duarte et al. ( 2011 ). Table 3 Layout of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments and five replications R1V3 R1V5 R1V1 R1V2 R1V10 R1V4 R1V9 R1V6 R1V8 R1V7 R2V5 R2V7 R2V10 R2V6 R2V3 R2V1 R2V8 R2V4 R2V2 R2V9 R3V1 R3V9 R3V4 R3V10 R3V8 R3V3 R3V6 R3V2 R3V5 R3V7 R4V2 R4V6 R4V5 R4V7 R4V4 R4V8 R4V10 R4V3 R4V9 R4V1 R5V9 R5V10 R5V8 R5V5 R5V6 R5V7 R5V4 R5V1 R5V3 R5V2 Table 4 Scale for evaluating the susceptibility of different potato cultivars to TRV induced tuber necrosis Scale Description Insensitive incidence of tuber necrosis is < 20 percent Moderately insensitive incidence of tuber necrosis is 20 to 30 percent Moderately sensitive incidence of tuber necrosis is 30 to 40 percent Sensitive incidence of tuber necrosis is incidence > 40 percent (Yellareddygari et al. 2018 ) Statistical analysis of the data Data collected during field experiments at both locations, were analyzed using Statistix 8.1 (Analytical software) package (Steel and Torrie 1980 ). Mean comparisons were done using the least significant difference (LSD) test at P = 0.05. Graphs were generated using graph-pad. Cultivar sensitivity ranking or grouping was carried out using the virus-induced tuber necrosis incidence ratings from both sites. Results Germplasm Screening against TRV and its nematode vector Response of potato cultivars, commercially grown in the region, was evaluated by exposing to natural inoculum of the virus and the vector at two locations of major potato growing areas of AJK (Chotagala in District Poonch and Trarkhel in District Sudhnoti) having known history of both the virus and the vector. The impact of the virus in terms of internal symptoms (tuber necrosis) was recorded (Fig. 2 ). In the first experiment carried out at Chotagala in the district Poonch, analysis of internal tuber symptoms revealed that both incidence (P < 0.01) and severity (P < 0.01) of TRV-induced tuber necrosis were significantly different. The incidence and severity ratios ranged from 26.0 to 52.0 and 27.0 to 48.3%, respectively (Table 5 ). Potato cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola had the highest incidence of TRV-induced tuber necrosis whereas it was recorded as the lowest for the cultivar Desiree and Fleminco (Fig. 3 ). Second trial, which was carried out at Trarkhel in district Sudhnoti, again significant differences were recorded for the incidence (P = 0.0008) and severity (P < 0.0001) of TRV-induced tuber necrosis in different cultivars. The incidence and severity scores of TRV tuber necrosis varied from 26.0 to 48.0% and 26.7 to 48.8%, respectively. Cultivar Desiree showed the lowest incidence of tuber necrosis while the cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola exhibited incidence of TRV tuber necrosis greater than 40.0% (Table 5 ). LSD test results revealed that only three cultivars (Desiree, Fleminco, and Margrata) showed the least amount of necrosis symptoms. Cultivar Ronaldo had the highest incidence of TRV tuber necrosis, followed by Line B and Bataina during the first experiment. Highest severity was recorded in cultivar Ronaldo whereas in cultivar Desiree severity was low (Fig. 4 ). Ranking of the cultivars based on their susceptibility to TRV-induced tuber necrosis was done using the results of two different sites (Table 5 ). Four cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola were rated as sensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis, while Rodalph, Kurado, Line A, and Margrata were rated as moderately sensitive, Desiree, and Fleminco were rated as moderately insensitive, and none of the cultivar was rated as insensitive. Table 5 Mean incidence and severity of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) induced tuber necrosis in 10 cultivars, under natural field conditions during 2022. Potato Cultivars Experiment 1 a Experiment 2 b % Incidence % Severity % Incidence % Severity Sensitivity c Bataina 48.0ab 39.7bc 48.0a 39.8bc S Desiree 26.0e 27.0d 26.0d 26.9e MI Fleminco 26.0e 27.1d 28.0cd 26.7e MI Kurado 32.0de 39.3bc 38.0abc 36.6cd MS LineA 38.0bcd 31.4cd 38.0abc 30.7 de MS LineB 50.0a 46.1ab 46.0a 45.9ab S Margrata 32.0de 29.7d 30.0bcd 28.1e MS Pomola 44.0abc 47.0ab 48.0a 47.9ab S Rodalph 34.0cde 39.9b 40.0ab 37.5cd MS Ronaldo 52.0a 48.3a 46.0a 48.8a S LSD value @ 0.05 10.757 8.2967 11.615 8.3346 Means with the same letters not significant; P < 0.05 a Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch b Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti c Sensitivity: incidence of tuber necrosis is < 20 percent rankings as insensitive (I), incidence of tuber necrosis is 20 to 30 percent as moderately insensitive (MI), incidence of tuber necrosis is 30 to 40 percent as moderately sensitive (MS), and incidence of tuber necrosis is > 40 percent as sensitive (S). Table 6 Assessment of growth parameters of ten potato cultivars under natural field conditions during 2022. Potato Cultivars Experiment 1 a Experiment 2 b Plant Height (cm) No. of stems plant − 1 Plant Height (cm) No. of stems plant − 1 Bataina 24.880 d 1.36cd 26.70c 1.36c Desiree 44.780 a 2.00a 45.12a 1.72ab Fleminco 43.660 ab 1.68abc 45.20a 1.72ab Kurado 38.680 bc 1.40cd 38.12b 1.44bc LineA 35.600 c 1.36cd 35.54b 1.36c LineB 25.420 d 1.28d 25.60c 1.32c Margrata 46.260 a 1.80ab 40.00ab 1.84a Pomola 23.580 d 1.36cd 25.68c 1.36c Rodalph 37.440 c 1.48bcd 38.34b 1.36c Ronaldo 24.300 d 1.56bcd 26.88c 1.32c LSD value @ 0.05 5.9302 0.3869 5.9075 0.3306 Means with the same letters not significant; P < 0.05 a Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch b Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti Growth parameters Potato plant vegetative growth data was projected to begin at 80 days following planting which included plant height (cm) and number of stems per plant etc. Representative samples of five plants from each experimental plot (a total of 25 plants for each treatment) were taken. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between different potato cultivars at 5% level of significance (P < 0.001). At Chotagala, maximum plant height (46.26 cm) was observed in Margrata while the minimum plant height (23.58 cm) was observed in Pomola. On the other hand at Trarkhel, the minimum plant height (25.60 cm) was observed in two cultivars Pomola and Line B while the maximum plant height (45.2 cm) was observed in Fleminco and Desiree (Fig. 5 ). On the basis of the LSD test, at 5% level of significance, the cultivars were categorized into four groups. Results of both experiments revealed that potato cultivar Desiree and Margrata showed best results while cultivar Pomola and Line B were severely affected by TRV and its nematode vector. Yield Parameters The effect of TRV and its associated nematodes on tuber size and yield was studied after harvesting. The data (Table 7 ) showed significant difference (P < 0.01) in potato yield of different cultivars under natural disease conditions. The yield results indicated that cultivar Kurado had the highest number of tubers per plot while the cultivar Ronaldo had lowest number of tubers per plot at both locations (Fig. 7 ). In cultivar Kurado, the number of tubers was highest but the size of tubers was small as compared to other cultivars. At chotagala yield results revealed that cultivar Kurado had significant difference with Rodalph, Bataina and Ronaldo while there was no significant difference between Kurado, Desiree, Fleminco and Line A in terms of tuber production. At Trarkhel Kurado had highest number of tubers followed by Fleminco, Rodalph, Line A, Desiree, Margrata, Bataina, Pomola, Line B and Ronaldo with significant difference (P < 0.05 except Fleminco. Table 7 Assessment of yield parameters of ten potato cultivars under natural fieldconditions during 2022. Potato Cultivars Experiment 1 a Experiment 2 b No of tubers Weight of tubers (g) No of tubers Weight of tubers (g) Bataina 17.6cd 32.72d 19.0d 37.82cd Desiree 23.0ab 52.78a 24.6c 49.60ab Fleminco 27.8ab 49.24ab 30.0ab 57.10a Kurado 28.2a 38.82cd 33.2a 35.46d LineA 24.2ab 38.18cd 25.0c 37.74d LineB 15.6d 39.22cd 17.2d 37.30d Margrata 25.8ab 43.60bc 24.4c 46.06bc Pomola 17.6cd 35.00d 19.0d 37.38d Rodalph 22.8bc 39.44cd 25.4bc 39.28cd Ronaldo 14.2d 37.06cd 16.4d 32.10d LSD value @ 0.05 5.2423 7.5505 4.9628 8.2720 Mean with the same letters not significant; P < 0.05 a Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch b Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti Representative samples of five tubers from each experimental plot (25 tubers in total for each cultivar) were taken for measuring the weight (g) with the help of electric balance. It was observed that cultivar Desiree had the maximum number of large tubers as the average weight of tubers of this cultivar was 52.7 g while the small tubers were found in Bataina cultivar whose average tuber weight was 32.7 g in the Chotagala experiment. However in experiment 2 Fleminco (57.1 g) showed the best result in case of tuber weight and lowest tuber weight (32.1 g) was found in Ronaldo (Fig. 8 ). Desiree and Fleminco had almost the same average weight of tubers, however they had significant differences with all other cultivars. It also revealed that cultivar Kurado, Line A, Line B, Ronaldo and Rodalph had small differences in tuber weight that was not significant statistically but different from Fleminco, Desiree and Margrata (Table 7 ). Field experiment at Trarkhel was observed with variation among cultivars regarding average tuber weight. The majority of cultivars (Kurado, Line A, Line B, Pomola, Ronaldo, Rodalph) were in the same group which was represented by letter d as there was no significant difference in their mean values (P < 0.01). Fleminco and Desiree have no significant difference but Margrata was significantly different from Fleminco. Potato cultivars Rodalph and Bataina were significantly different from Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata but not with one another or with the rest of cultivars (Table 7 ). The growth and yield parameters of ten potato cultivars tested against TRV and its associated nematodes under natural conditions revealed that cultivar Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata performed better as compared to other cultivars. However the response of cultivar Rodalph, Kurado, and Line A was moderate. The most affected cultivars were Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B and Pomola. Discussion North-East of Pakistan (AJK), comprising mid and high lands, remained a leading seed potato producing area in the country. Presence of both the virus and the vector (Haneef et al. 2021 ) led us to screen existing potato cultivars commercially grown in the region. We report here that none of the potato cultivars commercially grown in the region is resistant to the virus. Most of the cultivars evaluated were either sensitive or moderately sensitive to TRV-induced necrosis. Farmers have been using the same potato cultivars for a long time and TRV is believed to have a high mutation rate that must have resulted in no more resistance against the virus. Lack of proper quarantine measures, use of uncertified seed might also be the reasons for germplasm having no resistance. The presence of the virus as well as high nematode vector population are also responsible for increased incidence of virus as once the nematode becomes viruliferous it remains viruliferous for many years and transmits the virus to new crops. Environmental conditions including heavy rains, sandy soils also favor the nematode population which in turn increases the virus incidence and susceptibility of potato cultivars. Out of 10, four cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B and Pomola were ranked as sensitive whereas cultivar Rodalph, Kurado, Line A and Margrata were ranked as moderately sensitive. Two cultivars Desiree and Fleminco were classified as moderately insensitive, and none of the tested cultivars was ranked as insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis. Moderately insensitive cultivars Desiree and Fleminco had lower incidence of tuber necrosis as compared to other cultivars. Confirmation of these results with British potato varieties has been reported Xenophontos et al. 1998 ; Brown et al. 2000 ) revealing that resistant potato genotypes had a lower incidence of virus detected either in symptomatic or asymptomatic tubers than in susceptible genotypes. Only two cultivars (Ciklamen and Bintje) were rated as relatively insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis in past investigations, which stated that none of the potato cultivars from Washington based experiments were insensitive (Yellareddygari et al. 2018 ). It has been previously revealed that in some potato cultivars, a single resistance gene regulates TRV resistance (Barker and Dale 2006 ; Ghazala and Varrelmann 2007 ). Apart from tuber necrosis, effect of TRV on growth (plant height and stem/plant) and yield in the form of tubers and tuber weight were also examined. Different potato cultivars responded differently as cultivar Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata had better growth and yield under natural conditions while the cultivar Ronaldo, Pomola, Line B and Bataina were adversely affected by TRV. In cultivar Kurado, the high proportion of lower size graded tubers (reduced tuber size, coupled with increased number), suggests that this performance was its genetic potential otherwise Desiree was best in terms of agronomic traits and had least disease incidence. Similar results were reported by Duarte et al. ( 2011 ). The identification of the factors influencing the outcome of the disease, besides its own genotype, revealed that the differences amongst virus isolates are responsible for differences in susceptibility of cultivars (Mojtahedi et al. 2001 ), or not (Robinson et al. 2004 ).Different cultivars exposed to TRV isolate behaved differently like poor quality production due to a significant decrease in tuber size, increase in tuber number, variable degree of necrotic symptomless but distorted tubers, or necrotic symptomatic tubers. In the present study all the tested cultivars were affected by the above described symptoms, when exposed to TRV isolates. Similar results had previously been obtained by Dale et al. 2000 , 2004 ; Xenophontos et al. 1998 ). Crosslin et al. ( 1999 ) and Dale et al. ( 2000 ) also revealed that the presence of TRV systemic infection in some cultivars is not related with the typical tuber flesh symptoms. These infected asymptomatic seeds can act as a source of TRV to weeds and crops, if the compatible vector species is present in the soil, with profound effect on the TRV epidemiology in potato fields. Declarations Acknowledgments: This work is part of a Ph. D dissertation of the first author (NH). The authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (UAP) and University of Poonch, Rawalakot (UPR) for their extended material, technical, and financial support in carrying out this study. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this part of the Ph. D dissertation of the first author. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by NH. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NH, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: The research was partially funded by Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (UAP) and University of Poonch, Rawalakot (UPR). Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. References Adams MJ, Heinze C, Jackson AO, Kreuze JF, MacFarlane SA, Torrance L, Michael JA, Carstens EB (2012) Elsevier, San Diego, CA, U.S.A Agrios GN (2005) Plant diseases caused by viruses.pp 724–. 825.In:Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition). Elsevier Academic Press Arif M, Ali M, Rehman A, Fahim M (2014) Detection of Potato mop-topvirus in soils and potato tubers using bait-plant bioassay, ELISA and RT-PCR. 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Pathol11:1396–1405 Gieck S, David N, Hamm P (2007) Delayed emergence, stem distortion, stunting, and foliar symptoms associated with Tobacco rattle virus and Paratrichodorus allius in potatoes grown in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Prog 10:1094 Halterman D, Charkowski A, Verchot J (2012) Potato, viruses, and seed certification in the USA to provide healthy propagated tubers. Pest Technol 6:1–14 Hamed AH, Hashim OM, Banna ME, Ghanem GAM, Elnagaar H, Shafie MS (2012) Isolation and Identification of Tobacco rattle tobravirus affecting onion ( Allium cepa L. ) plants in Egypt. Inter J Virol 8:39–49 Haneef N, Arif M, Khan MT (2021) Detection of major soil-borne viruses and assessment of virus-vector association in potato growing areas of north-western Pakistan(Khyberpakhtunkhwa) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Intern J Phytopath 10:141–154 Haneef N, Arif M, Ali A, Khan MT (2023) Incidence and molecular characterization of Tobacco rattle virus in North-East of Pakistan. Euro. J. Pl. Path. (Under review) He Z, Chen C (2016) Peony ( Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) in China. Plant Dis 100:2543 Ingham RE, Hamm PB, Willams RE, Swanson WH (2000) Control of Paratrichodorus allius and corky ringspot disease of potato in the Columbia Basinof Oregon. J Nematol 32:566–575 Ingham RE, Hamm PB, Baune M, MerrifieldKJ (2007) Control of Paratrichodorus allius and corky ringspot disease in potato with shank-injected metam sodium. J Nematol 39:258–262 Jeffries CJ, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1998) Potato. Food and. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (FAO–IPGRI) Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm, No. 19. FAO, Rome, Italy Katoch M, Abdin MZ, Zadi AA (2004) First Report of Tobacco rattle virus occurring in gladiolus in India. Plant Pathol 53:236 King AMQ, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB (2012) Virus taxonomy ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier/Academic Press Koenig R, HilbrichI, Lindner K (2016) Molecular characterization of a new tobacco rattle virus (TRV) RNA2 and identification of different TRV RNA1/RNA2 pairings in various potato-growing areas in Germany. Archives Virol 161:693–697 MacFarlane SA (2010) Tobraviruses plant pathogens and tools for biotechnology. Mol Plant Pathol 11:577–583 Mojtahedi H, Santo GS, Thomas PE, Crosslin JM, Boydston RA (2002) Eliminating tobacco rattle virus from viruliferous Paratrichodorus allius and establishing a new virus-vector combination. J Nematol 34:66–69 Mojtahedi H, Crosslin JM, Santo GS, Brown CR, Thomas PE (2001) Pathogenicity of Washington and Oregon isolates of Tobacco rattle virus on potato. Am J Potato Res 78:183–190 Nicolaisen M, Bosze Z, Nielsen S (1999) Detection of Tobacco rattle virus in potato tubers using a simple RT PCR procedure. Potato Res 42:173–179 Robinson DJ( (2003) Tobacco rattle virus . Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK. Revised version of DPV NO. 346 Robinson DJ, Dale MFB, Todd D (2004) Factors affecting the development of disease symptoms in potatoes infected by Tobacco rattle virus . Eur J Plant Pathol110:921–928 Sahi G, Hedley PE, Morris J, Loake GJ, MacFarlane SA (2016) Molecular and biochemical examination of spraing disease in potato tuber in response to Tobacco rattle virus infection. Mol Plant Pathol 10:822–828 Steel RGD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd edn. MCGranHill Co., New York Were HK, Kabira JN, Kinyua ZM, Olubayo FM, Karinga JK, Aura J, Lees AK, Cowan GH, Torrance L (2014) Occurrence and Distribution of Potato Pests and Diseases in Kenya. Potato Res 56:325–342 Whitehead AG, Hemming JR (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. J Recom Serv 55:25–38 Whitehead AG, Hooper DJ (2008) Needle nematodes ( Longidorus spp.) and stubby-root nematodes ( Trichodorus spp.) harmful to sugar beet and other field crops in England. Ann Appl Biol 65:339–350 Xenophontos S, Robinson DJ, Dale MFB, Brown DJF (1998) Evidence for persistent, symptomless infection of some potato cultivars with Tobacco rattle virus . Potato Res 41:255–265 Xu H, Nie J (2006) Molecular detection and identification of potato isolates of Tobacco rattle virus. Can. J Plant Pathol 28:271–279 Yellareddygari SKR, Brown CR, Whitworth JL, Quick RA, Hamlin LL, Gudmestad NC (2018) Assessing potato cultivar sensitivity to tuber necrosis caused by Tobacco rattle virus . Plant Dis 102:1376–1385 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3337800","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":239424913,"identity":"08594374-bac0-4d5e-8cf5-b001e8f95c93","order_by":0,"name":"Nayla Haneef","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Agriculture Peshawar","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nayla","middleName":"","lastName":"Haneef","suffix":""},{"id":239424914,"identity":"a2d8c774-e22f-4603-8dbf-56d6aa7e5b94","order_by":1,"name":"Muhammad Arif","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBBsbCIMHiCWI05KWRqoWhrTDJGjRbWB+9uFBwnl5g9sNjA/etjHkSTYQ0GJ2gM14RkLCbcMNdw4wG85tYyiWJmSL2QEGY4bEH7cZN9xIYJPmbWNInEdYC/tnhoSEc/ZALey/idTCYwzUciARZAszSMtsgloO8xQDtSQnz7xzsFlyzjmJYsLeP96+mfFHgp1t3+3mgx/elNnkSRwgZA0zjCHBCDJeIoGQBiQAjUJStIyCUTAKRsEIAQAu9j82x4xDqgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Agriculture Peshawar","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Arif","suffix":""},{"id":239424915,"identity":"df228f7c-c537-4e7b-9e19-7de3389dcab7","order_by":2,"name":"Asad Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Agriculture Peshawar","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":239424916,"identity":"461b2a16-87fe-44bb-abaa-57a374715d84","order_by":3,"name":"Muhammad Tariq-Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Poonch Rawalakot","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Tariq-Khan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-09-08 13:34:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3337800/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3337800/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44703669,"identity":"265f0215-0465-41cd-b33b-ceac757e82ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:56:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir showing locations of districts surveyed. Data collected from three fields per locations. Numbers denote locations of three districts surveyed. 1 Rawalakot, 2 Khaigala, 3 Chotagala, 4 Banjonsa, 5 Photibala, 6 Trarkhel, 7 Nariansharif, 8 Kotkotli, 9 Gora, 10 Charbiar, 11 Sudhangali, 12 Panyali, 13 Thub, 14 Arja, 15 Jaglari\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/b6cf09f932196abb40e05906.jpg"},{"id":44703053,"identity":"427e3286-f225-433a-ad42-98560d45a919","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":503747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotograph showing characteristics symptoms of necrosis in potato tuber induced by \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/cefd60f8883c27959f5af92a.png"},{"id":44703057,"identity":"f9d31931-ffb1-4985-9393-acd2f4ed62e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":123395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis of incidence of TRV induced\u0026nbsp;tuber necrosis in 2022. \u003csup\u003e⃰\u003c/sup\u003eExperiment 1: conducted at Chotagala of district poonch. Experiment 2: conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/d289258444b315f8fe12fa90.png"},{"id":44703054,"identity":"889aa48a-a347-4236-a5d1-92a2fb648d6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117943,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis severity of TRV induced tuber necrosis in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/cccf8ee853afde1a871577d4.png"},{"id":44703052,"identity":"a6ac1820-4ab3-483b-9328-bc05535c3668","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis of plant height in 2022\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/34d434681439464ed1d26f0c.png"},{"id":44703056,"identity":"caba9d71-ac23-40e2-b5b9-6f4240f0616e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis of no. of stems per plant in 2022\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/1bc18a36ef9179f56c935ac8.png"},{"id":44703058,"identity":"90f33a22-7ef9-4e8b-8810-6c325340f69f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis of no. of tubers per plot in 2022\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/f63b2f84b70e7867d7d594b3.png"},{"id":44703668,"identity":"f577304e-a316-48b6-b028-405c11f0f652","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 15:56:34","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118183,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of potato cultivars at two locations on the basis of weight of tubers per plot in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/9aef51a83b9cc3210e95876c.png"},{"id":48722940,"identity":"35ae864b-7edc-4635-9c2c-4858e07c0250","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-23 14:39:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1641721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3337800/v1/cac14f02-2b2b-4a7c-a492-14ea110885c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Screening of potato cultivars to Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir-North East of Pakistan","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e (TRV), a member of genus \u003cem\u003eTobravirus\u003c/em\u003e, family \u003cem\u003eVirgaviridae\u003c/em\u003e, (King et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) is capable of infecting a variety of crops including spinach, beans, beets, and peppers beside infecting ornamental plants like lilies, tulips and marigold (Adams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It has been reported in most areas of the world where potatoes are grown, including Central and South America, New Zealand, China, and Japan (Jeffries \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). It has also been reported from potato growing areas of Canada (Gieck et al.2007). Corky ring-spot (CRS) disease is omnipresent in the European continent and is considered as one of the most important viral diseases of potatoes, especially in commercial seed potato producing areas (Koenig et al. 2016). New areas of the USA including Minnesota, North Dakota, Michigan, and Wisconsin are being reported to have TRV incidence in seed potato farms, which is one of the most important sources of virus spread (Halterman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The virus has already been reported in the Asian continent (Katoch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; He and Chen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In Pakistan, the virus has recently been identified in highlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Hazara and Malakand Divisions) Pakistan, and north-east regions (AJK) (Haneef et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Haneef et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). TRV is positive sense, ssRNA having rigid rod shape. There are two types of TRV (M type and NM type) that can be distinguished on the basis of genome structure. M type consists of two RNAs, RNA-1 and RNA-2 whereas NM type has only single genomic RNA (RNA-1) (Robinson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The NM type lacks RNA-2 that encodes the coat protein, making serological detection impossible (Nicolaisen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). The TRV RNA1, (6800 nts)) has a conserved genome organization (Nicolaisen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Xu and Nie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; MacFarlane \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The average length of short and long particles depends on the specific isolates, which is 48-114nm and 180\u0026ndash;197 nm, respectively with diameter of 21-25nm (Hamed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Corky ring-spot (CRS) disease is caused by the \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e in potatoes. The infected tubers have internal necrosis, which manifests as rust/brown arcs, concentric rings, or significant browning of tuber tissue that later dries into cork-like tissue. Externally, on tuber skin, concentric circles or arcs are produced that may resemble symptoms produced by \u003cem\u003ePotato virus\u003c/em\u003e Y (PVY). An increase in necrotic symptoms may occur in certain cultivars during the storage of tubers. The severity of the symptoms varies depending on the cultivar, the field conditions, the location, environmental conditions and the time of the year (Yellareddygari 2018). The virus may also occur asymptomatically in the infected tissues however it can be identified only when the symptoms are evident (Charlton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).The virus spreads naturally through nematode vectors belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eTrichodorus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eParatrichodorus\u003c/em\u003e (stubby root nematodes) (Boutsika et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Charlton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) present in soils (Agrios \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). (Soil-borne viruses, transmitted by trichodorid nematodes, including TRV are very important damaging the potato crops with extra losses caused through tuber necrosis symptoms (Sahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Once infected, it is not possible to completely eliminate a virus from the field as both the virus and the vector have very wide host ranges. Treatment of the field, before or at planting, with nematicides may help in pyramiding resistance in cultivars for the management of TRV (Ingham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Ingham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ghazala and Varrelmann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Conventional breeding for genetic resistance is effective but it is time consuming and very laborious (Sahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Presently, management of corky ring spot (CRS) disease is achieved by planting virus insensitive cultivars along with application of non-selective pesticides that cause reduction in nematode vector population in potato fields (Yellareddygari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Planting resistant cultivars (Ingham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), and treating fields with nematicides, can effectively control the virus as well as the vector (Brown et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Alfalfa (\u003cem\u003eMedicago sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) and Scotch spearmint (\u003cem\u003eMentha cardiaca\u003c/em\u003e) are non-host crops that can be used in crop rotation to prevent CRS (Mojtahedi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Boydston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe viral problems are becoming a serious issue in agricultural and horticultural crops of Pakistan due to lack of virus research facilities, abundance of vectors, non-availability of resistant germplasm and import of seeds and propagative material without adopting proper quarantine procedures. Furthermore, small land holding and continuous cultivation of the same germplasm, especially in case of potato having vegetative method of propagation, further increases the inoculum pressure. Non-availability of certified seed to farmers of AJK especially, force them to use their own contaminated seed/propagative material that adds to the problem for next crop. Recent introduction of soil-borne viruses viz: PMTV (Arif et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and TRV (Haneef et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Haneef et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) in Pakistan further complicated the issue. Proper management of the viruses in the areas under study needs proper diagnosis and screening of the available cultivars, as potato is the major source of income for the farmers in that area. In this paper we report the response of potato cultivars commercially grown in the region against TRV under naturally infested field conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvey and collection of plant and soil samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant (potato tubers) and soil samples were collected randomly from different areas of three main potato growing districts (Poonch, Bagh and Sudhnoti) of AJK during April to September 2021 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Survey and sampling was done using a model proposed by Were et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Five locations per district were randomly selected. In each location three fields/sites were selected for the sample collection. At harvest, tubers were cleaned up, checked for superficial characteristic spraing symptoms. Rhizosphere soil samples (200 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e), at each location, were randomly collected from surveyed potato fields. Samples were placed in polyethylene bags separately, sealed tightly, labeled and transferred to Plant Pathology Laboratory for further processing and analysis. The potato tubers were stored at 8\u0026ndash;10\u0026ordm;C whereas soil samples at 4\u0026ordm;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetection of TRV and nematode vector\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e was detected and identified on the basis of characteristic symptoms described by Nicolaisen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) followed by serological detection through DAS-ELISA (Clark and Adams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and final confirmation was done by RT-PCR (Xu and Nie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Nematode identification was done by processing the randomly collected soil sample from selected districts (Poonch, Bagh, Sudhnoti) of AJK (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) following Whitehead and Hooper (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) protocol at a depth of about 21\u0026ndash;30 cm, respectively. Composited samples (three sub samples per field) were stored at 4˚C in polythene bags and extraction was done using Modified Bearmann technique according to Whitehead and Hemming tray method (Whitehead and Hemming \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e). Extracted nematodes were observed and counted under stereomicroscope and their population densities were determined according to Whitehead and Hooper protocol (2008). Decreamer (1998) morphological key was used for nematode identification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment key of \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e based on the symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal symptoms of tubers\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal symptoms of tubers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorky ring spots and raised necrotic rings or both\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal browning and Necrotic flecks/multiple lines or both\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e(Nicolaisen et al.1999)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSource of potato cultivars\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeed tubers of 10 potato cultivars, commercially grown in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Poonch, Sudhnoti and Bagh Districts) including Bataina, Desiree, Flamenco, Kuroda, Line A, Line B, Margrata, Pomola, Rudolph, and Ronaldo was taken from Directorate of Agricultural Research, Muzafarabad AJK (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLists of potato cultivar used for screening against TRV and its nematode vector under natural field condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.NO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato Cultivar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRonaldo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodalph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePomola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesiree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBataina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFleminco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMargrata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurado\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScreening of potato germplasms for resistance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo known naturally infested fields, Chotagala and Trarkhel from district Poonch and Sudhnoti were selected to evaluate potato cultivars against TRV. These cultivars were examined for different parameters. Cultivars were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The distance between two plants was kept 30 cm while the row to row distance was 60 cm. All the standard agronomic practices were followed during the cropping period. Disease assessment based on characteristic symptoms, DAS ELISA and RT-PCR was done to measure the cultivars reaction against natural infection of the virus (Arif et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Potato cultivars were classified in groups on the basis of sensitivity (insensitive, moderately insensitive, moderately sensitive and sensitive) using scale as reported by Yellareddygari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) with little modifications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of virus on qualitative and quantitative parameters of potato cultivars was also evaluated as described by Dale et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and Duarte et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayout of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments and five replications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1V7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2V9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3V7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale for evaluating the susceptibility of different potato cultivars to TRV induced tuber necrosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsensitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincidence of tuber necrosis is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 percent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately insensitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincidence of tuber necrosis is 20 to 30 percent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sensitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincidence of tuber necrosis is 30 to 40 percent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincidence of tuber necrosis is incidence\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40 percent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e(Yellareddygari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis of the data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collected during field experiments at both locations, were analyzed using Statistix 8.1 (Analytical software) package (Steel and Torrie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Mean comparisons were done using the least significant difference (LSD) test at P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. Graphs were generated using graph-pad. Cultivar sensitivity ranking or grouping was carried out using the virus-induced tuber necrosis incidence ratings from both sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGermplasm Screening against TRV and its nematode vector\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse of potato cultivars, commercially grown in the region, was evaluated by exposing to natural inoculum of the virus and the vector at two locations of major potato growing areas of AJK (Chotagala in District Poonch and Trarkhel in District Sudhnoti) having known history of both the virus and the vector. The impact of the virus in terms of internal symptoms (tuber necrosis) was recorded (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the first experiment carried out at Chotagala in the district Poonch, analysis of internal tuber symptoms revealed that both incidence (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and severity (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) of TRV-induced tuber necrosis were significantly different. The incidence and severity ratios ranged from 26.0 to 52.0 and 27.0 to 48.3%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Potato cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola had the highest incidence of TRV-induced tuber necrosis whereas it was recorded as the lowest for the cultivar Desiree and Fleminco (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Second trial, which was carried out at Trarkhel in district Sudhnoti, again significant differences were recorded for the incidence (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0008) and severity (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) of TRV-induced tuber necrosis in different cultivars. The incidence and severity scores of TRV tuber necrosis varied from 26.0 to 48.0% and 26.7 to 48.8%, respectively. Cultivar Desiree showed the lowest incidence of tuber necrosis while the cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola exhibited incidence of TRV tuber necrosis greater than 40.0% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). LSD test results revealed that only three cultivars (Desiree, Fleminco, and Margrata) showed the least amount of necrosis symptoms. Cultivar Ronaldo had the highest incidence of TRV tuber necrosis, followed by Line B and Bataina during the first experiment. Highest severity was recorded in cultivar Ronaldo whereas in cultivar Desiree severity was low (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Ranking of the cultivars based on their susceptibility to TRV-induced tuber necrosis was done using the results of two different sites (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Four cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B, and Pomola were rated as sensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis, while Rodalph, Kurado, Line A, and Margrata were rated as moderately sensitive, Desiree, and Fleminco were rated as moderately insensitive, and none of the cultivar was rated as insensitive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean incidence and severity of \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e (TRV) induced tuber necrosis in 10 cultivars, under natural field conditions during 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato Cultivars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Incidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Severity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Incidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Severity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBataina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesiree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFleminco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurado\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMargrata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePomola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodalph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRonaldo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD value \u003cb\u003e@ 0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eMeans with the same letters not significant; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eSensitivity: incidence of tuber necrosis is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 percent rankings as insensitive (I), incidence of tuber necrosis is 20 to 30 percent as moderately insensitive (MI), incidence of tuber necrosis is 30 to 40 percent as moderately sensitive (MS), and incidence of tuber necrosis is \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40 percent as sensitive (S).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of growth parameters of ten potato cultivars under natural field conditions during 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato Cultivars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of stems plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of stems plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBataina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.880 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.70c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesiree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.780 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.12a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFleminco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.660 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.20a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurado\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.680 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.600 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.54b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.420 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMargrata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.260 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePomola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.580 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.68c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodalph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.440 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.34b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRonaldo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.300 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.88c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD value \u003cb\u003e@ 0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eMeans with the same letters not significant; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato plant vegetative growth data was projected to begin at 80 days following planting which included plant height (cm) and number of stems per plant etc. Representative samples of five plants from each experimental plot (a total of 25 plants for each treatment) were taken. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between different potato cultivars at 5% level of significance (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). At Chotagala, maximum plant height (46.26 cm) was observed in Margrata while the minimum plant height (23.58 cm) was observed in Pomola. On the other hand at Trarkhel, the minimum plant height (25.60 cm) was observed in two cultivars Pomola and Line B while the maximum plant height (45.2 cm) was observed in Fleminco and Desiree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). On the basis of the LSD test, at 5% level of significance, the cultivars were categorized into four groups. Results of both experiments revealed that potato cultivar Desiree and Margrata showed best results while cultivar Pomola and Line B were severely affected by TRV and its nematode vector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYield Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of TRV and its associated nematodes on tuber size and yield was studied after harvesting. The data (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) showed significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) in potato yield of different cultivars under natural disease conditions. The yield results indicated that cultivar Kurado had the highest number of tubers per plot while the cultivar Ronaldo had lowest number of tubers per plot at both locations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). In cultivar Kurado, the number of tubers was highest but the size of tubers was small as compared to other cultivars. At chotagala yield results revealed that cultivar Kurado had significant difference with Rodalph, Bataina and Ronaldo while there was no significant difference between Kurado, Desiree, Fleminco and Line A in terms of tuber production. At Trarkhel Kurado had highest number of tubers followed by Fleminco, Rodalph, Line A, Desiree, Margrata, Bataina, Pomola, Line B and Ronaldo with significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 except Fleminco.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of yield parameters of ten potato cultivars under natural fieldconditions during 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato Cultivars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of tubers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of tubers (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of tubers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of tubers (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBataina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.72d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.82cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesiree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.78a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.60ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFleminco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.24ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.10a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurado\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.82cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.46d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.18cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.74d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.22cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.30d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMargrata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.60bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.06bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePomola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.00d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.38d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodalph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.44cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.28cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRonaldo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.06cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.10d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD value \u003cb\u003e@ 0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eMean with the same letters not significant; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Chotagala of district Poonch\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Experiment conducted at Trarkhel of district Sudhnoti\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentative samples of five tubers from each experimental plot (25 tubers in total for each cultivar) were taken for measuring the weight (g) with the help of electric balance. It was observed that cultivar Desiree had the maximum number of large tubers as the average weight of tubers of this cultivar was 52.7 g while the small tubers were found in Bataina cultivar whose average tuber weight was 32.7 g in the Chotagala experiment. However in experiment 2 Fleminco (57.1 g) showed the best result in case of tuber weight and lowest tuber weight (32.1 g) was found in Ronaldo (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Desiree and Fleminco had almost the same average weight of tubers, however they had significant differences with all other cultivars. It also revealed that cultivar Kurado, Line A, Line B, Ronaldo and Rodalph had small differences in tuber weight that was not significant statistically but different from Fleminco, Desiree and Margrata (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Field experiment at Trarkhel was observed with variation among cultivars regarding average tuber weight. The majority of cultivars (Kurado, Line A, Line B, Pomola, Ronaldo, Rodalph) were in the same group which was represented by letter d as there was no significant difference in their mean values (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Fleminco and Desiree have no significant difference but Margrata was significantly different from Fleminco. Potato cultivars Rodalph and Bataina were significantly different from Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata but not with one another or with the rest of cultivars (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The growth and yield parameters of ten potato cultivars tested against TRV and its associated nematodes under natural conditions revealed that cultivar Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata performed better as compared to other cultivars. However the response of cultivar Rodalph, Kurado, and Line A was moderate. The most affected cultivars were Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B and Pomola.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNorth-East of Pakistan (AJK), comprising mid and high lands, remained a leading seed potato producing area in the country. Presence of both the virus and the vector (Haneef et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) led us to screen existing potato cultivars commercially grown in the region. We report here that none of the potato cultivars commercially grown in the region is resistant to the virus. Most of the cultivars evaluated were either sensitive or moderately sensitive to TRV-induced necrosis. Farmers have been using the same potato cultivars for a long time and TRV is believed to have a high mutation rate that must have resulted in no more resistance against the virus. Lack of proper quarantine measures, use of uncertified seed might also be the reasons for germplasm having no resistance. The presence of the virus as well as high nematode vector population are also responsible for increased incidence of virus as once the nematode becomes viruliferous it remains viruliferous for many years and transmits the virus to new crops. Environmental conditions including heavy rains, sandy soils also favor the nematode population which in turn increases the virus incidence and susceptibility of potato cultivars. Out of 10, four cultivars Ronaldo, Bataina, Line B and Pomola were ranked as sensitive whereas cultivar Rodalph, Kurado, Line A and Margrata were ranked as moderately sensitive. Two cultivars Desiree and Fleminco were classified as moderately insensitive, and none of the tested cultivars was ranked as insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis. Moderately insensitive cultivars Desiree and Fleminco had lower incidence of tuber necrosis as compared to other cultivars. Confirmation of these results with British potato varieties has been reported Xenophontos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Brown et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) revealing that resistant potato genotypes had a lower incidence of virus detected either in symptomatic or asymptomatic tubers than in susceptible genotypes. Only two cultivars (Ciklamen and Bintje) were rated as relatively insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis in past investigations, which stated that none of the potato cultivars from Washington based experiments were insensitive (Yellareddygari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). It has been previously revealed that in some potato cultivars, a single resistance gene regulates TRV resistance (Barker and Dale \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ghazala and Varrelmann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from tuber necrosis, effect of TRV on growth (plant height and stem/plant) and yield in the form of tubers and tuber weight were also examined. Different potato cultivars responded differently as cultivar Desiree, Fleminco and Margrata had better growth and yield under natural conditions while the cultivar Ronaldo, Pomola, Line B and Bataina were adversely affected by TRV. In cultivar Kurado, the high proportion of lower size graded tubers (reduced tuber size, coupled with increased number), suggests that this performance was its genetic potential otherwise Desiree was best in terms of agronomic traits and had least disease incidence. Similar results were reported by Duarte et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The identification of the factors influencing the outcome of the disease, besides its own genotype, revealed that the differences amongst virus isolates are responsible for differences in susceptibility of cultivars (Mojtahedi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), or not (Robinson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).Different cultivars exposed to TRV isolate behaved differently like poor quality production due to a significant decrease in tuber size, increase in tuber number, variable degree of necrotic symptomless but distorted tubers, or necrotic symptomatic tubers. In the present study all the tested cultivars were affected by the above described symptoms, when exposed to TRV isolates. Similar results had previously been obtained by Dale et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Xenophontos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Crosslin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and Dale et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) also revealed that the presence of TRV systemic infection in some cultivars is not related with the typical tuber flesh symptoms. These infected asymptomatic seeds can act as a source of TRV to weeds and crops, if the compatible vector species is present in the soil, with profound effect on the TRV epidemiology in potato fields.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work is part of a Ph. D dissertation of the first author (NH). The authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (UAP) and University of Poonch, Rawalakot (UPR) for their extended material, technical, and financial support in carrying out this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to this part of the Ph. D dissertation of the first author. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by NH. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NH, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was partially funded by Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (UAP) and University of Poonch, Rawalakot (UPR). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams MJ, Heinze C, Jackson AO, Kreuze JF, MacFarlane SA, Torrance L, Michael JA, Carstens EB (2012) Elsevier, San Diego, CA, U.S.A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgrios GN (2005) Plant diseases caused by viruses.pp\u0026nbsp;724\u0026ndash;. 825.In:Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition). Elsevier Academic Press\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArif M, Ali M, Rehman A, Fahim M (2014) Detection of \u003cem\u003ePotato mop-topvirus\u003c/em\u003e in soils and potato tubers using bait-plant bioassay, ELISA and RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 195:221\u0026ndash;227\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArif M, Ali M, Rehman A, Fahim M (2013) Occurrence of \u003cem\u003ePotato mop-top virus\u003c/em\u003e in Northwest of Pakistan. Eur JPlant Pathol 137:787\u0026ndash;796\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarker H, Dale MFB (2006) Resistance to viruses in potato. In: Lobenstein G, Carr JP (eds) Natural Resistance Mechanisms of Plants to Viruses. 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Plant Health Prog 10:1094\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHalterman D, Charkowski A, Verchot J (2012) Potato, viruses, and seed certification in the USA to provide healthy propagated tubers. Pest Technol 6:1\u0026ndash;14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamed AH, Hashim OM, Banna ME, Ghanem GAM, Elnagaar H, Shafie MS (2012) Isolation and Identification of \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle\u003c/em\u003e tobravirus affecting onion (\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa L.\u003c/em\u003e) plants in Egypt. Inter J Virol 8:39\u0026ndash;49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaneef N, Arif M, Khan MT (2021) Detection of major soil-borne viruses and assessment of virus-vector association in potato growing areas of north-western Pakistan(Khyberpakhtunkhwa) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Intern J Phytopath 10:141\u0026ndash;154\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaneef N, Arif M, Ali A, Khan MT (2023) Incidence and molecular characterization of \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e in North-East of Pakistan. Euro. J. Pl. Path. (Under review)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe Z, Chen C (2016) Peony (\u003cem\u003ePaeonia lactiflora\u003c/em\u003e Pall.) in China. Plant Dis 100:2543\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIngham RE, Hamm PB, Willams RE, Swanson WH (2000) Control of \u003cem\u003eParatrichodorus allius\u003c/em\u003e and corky ringspot disease of potato in the Columbia Basinof Oregon. J Nematol 32:566\u0026ndash;575\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIngham RE, Hamm PB, Baune M, MerrifieldKJ (2007) Control of \u003cem\u003eParatrichodorus allius\u003c/em\u003e and corky ringspot disease in potato with shank-injected metam sodium. 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Plant Dis 102:1376\u0026ndash;1385\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Potato, Tobacco rattle virus, cultivars, screening, Pakistan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3337800/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3337800/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAzad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) in the North-East of Pakistan is a leading seed potato producing area of the country. Potato cultivars that are grown commercially in AJK were screened against \u003cem\u003eTobacco rattle virus\u003c/em\u003e (TRV) under natural field conditions. The potato cultivars Bataina, Desiree, Fleminco, Kurado, Line A, Line B, Margrata, Pomola, Rodalph and Ronaldo were screened against TRV. Out of 10, four cultivars Bataina, Line B and Pomola and Ronaldo were found sensitive whereas cultivars Kurado, Margrata, Line A and Rodalph were moderately sensitive. Two cultivars Desiree and Fleminco were rated moderately insensitive, and none of the tested germplasm was completely insensitive to TRV-induced tuber necrosis. The effect of TRV on quantity (yield) and quality attributes of 10 potato cultivars were investigated in field experiments at district Poonch and Sudhnoti. Preliminary results revealed that plant height, number of stems per plant, numbers of tubers and weight of tubers were severely affected by soil-borne trichodorids transmitted TRV. It was concluded that both TRV and its vector were prevalent in major potato growing areas of the AJK and the existing potato germplasm has no resistance against the virus or its vector or both posing a serious threat to the potato production in the region. This is the first report of screening of potato germplasm against TRV in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Screening of potato cultivars to Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir-North East of Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-16 15:48:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3337800/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c09b541c-a334-448f-8497-9ad39c3b3f68","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 16th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-23T14:31:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-16 15:48:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3337800","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3337800","identity":"rs-3337800","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}