Signal transduction and targeted therapy

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key cellular mechanism that is important in the development of many diseases, including cancer. Since the discovery of the unfolded protein response (UPR), research has greatly improved our understandi…

Precancers, defined as normal-appearing or morphologically altered tissues with a risk of oncogenesis, exhibit various detectable manifestations across anatomical sites, including epithelial dysplasia, metaplasia, hyperplasia, and stromal f…

Nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (AG) is the standard first-line chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and has limited efficacy. This phase 1b/2 study aimed to evaluate SHR-1701 (an anti-PD-L1/TGF-βRII fusi…

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the expression of a wide range of target genes in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands, including steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are sensors in the immune system, detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). They serve as essential links between the innate and adaptive …

Adenomyosis is a complex gynecological disease characterized by endometrial tissue invasion into the myometrium. Current interventions, such as hormonal therapy or hysterectomy, are associated with significant side effects and compromise fe…

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is a critical regulator of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, processes that are vital for the development of vascular and lymphatic systems, tissue repair, and the maint…

Lymphatic vessels, comprising the secondary circulatory system in human body, play a multifaceted role in maintaining homeostasis among various tissues and organs. They are tasked with a serious of responsibilities, including the regulation…

Pain is estimated to affect more than 20% of the global population, imposing incalculable health and economic burdens. Effective pain management is crucial for individuals suffering from pain. However, the current methods for pain assessmen…

Cellular metabolism is an intricate network satisfying bioenergetic and biosynthesis requirements of cells. Relevant studies have been constantly making inroads in our understanding of pathophysiology, and inspiring development of therapeut…

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development…

Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that play a major role in sensing inflammatory signals and triggering the innate immune response. Each inflammasome complex has three major components: an upstream sensor molecule that is connected …

Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognos…

The combination of spatial transcriptomics (ST) and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) acts as a pivotal component to bridge the pathological phenomes of human tissues with molecular alterations, defining in situ intercellular molecular…

Natural killer (NK) cells, a subgroup of innate lymphoid cells, act as the first line of defense against cancer. Although some evidence shows that NK cells can develop in secondary lymphoid tissues, NK cells develop mainly in the bone marro…

Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel …

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent histone deacetylases regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in numerous biological processes. Currently, seven mammalian homolog…

As one of the most successful therapeutic target families, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have experienced a transformation from random ligand screening to knowledge-driven drug design. We are eye-witnessing tremendous progresses made …

Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the mar…