Evolutionary applications

Pathological processes are often conceptualized as localized phenomena anchored in a primary tumor, a focal lesion, or a single organ. However, growing evidence indicates that many diseases persist and progress as complex distributed system…

Persistent pathological structures, such as tumors, fibrotic nodules, granulomas, microbial biofilms, or protein aggregates, are traditionally viewed as age-related conditions that emerge after reproduction, when natural selection is less e…

Evolutionary and comparative approaches can yield novel insights into human adaptation and disease. Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) each affect up to 10% of women and significantly reduce the health, fertility, and qualit…