Menopause international

Gonadotrophin receptor hormone analogues (GnRHa) have been used in a range of sex hormone-dependent disorders. In the management of premenstrual syndrome, they can completely abolish symptoms. The success of GnRHa in the treatment of endome…

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal bleeding using estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens and to assess if the duration of HRT use has an effect on t…

Non-hormonal approaches to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) treatment such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are by no means effective for all women and frequently we must resort to endocrine therapy. During many of the hormonal approac…

Premature ovarian failure is a relatively common clinical condition, and carries important long-term health consequences. Estrogen replacement is recommended to alleviate unpleasant hypo-estrogenic symptoms and reduce long-term health risks…

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent condition and is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. The pathogenesis of this condition remains an enigma. Endometriosis has well known associations with menopause both in term…

Hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy continues to receive a bad press in lay magazines as well as professional journals when the facts belie such a judgement. Hardly an article fails to inform the public that the operation commonly res…

Abnormal bleeding is a common reason for discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy. There is little consensus regarding when to investigate abnormal bleeding, what to do about persistent bleeding or when reinvestigation is indicated. T…

There has been some confusion among women and health professionals since the publication of the Women's Health Initiative and Million Women studies about the management of premature ovarian failure (POF). Both studies were undertaken in wom…

About one-third of women report heavy menstrual bleeding at some time in their lives. Menstrual blood loss increases with age. Menorrhagia is usually defined as heavy but regular menstrual bleeding of over 80 ml/cycle. Complaints of menorrh…