Comprehensive Physiology

Exposure to harmful environments during pregnancy and maternal nutritional status are key factors that affect offspring development; however, the underlying mechanisms of maternal-fetal interaction remain to be elucidated. In recent years, …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by every organ, serving as vehicles for communication. By circulating throughout the body and targeting both neighboring and distant cells and organs, they can drive downstream signaling. EVs play a…

Rnd3, also known as RhoE, belongs to the Rnd subclass of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. Rnd proteins are unique due to their inability to switch from a GTP-bound to GDP-bound conformation. Even though…