Frontiers in integrative neuroscience

INTRODUCTION: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT; ≤ 0.5 W) is guideline-recommended in the United States for shallow-tissue oral mucositis and other superficial pathologies but has generally failed in trials for deeper tissue conditions due to l…

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is associated with pain in the joint (temporomandibular joint, TMJ) and muscles involved in mastication. TMD pain dissipates following menopause but returns in some women undergoing estrogen replacemen…

The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the current literature describing the neural-immune interactions, with emphasis on the most recent findings of the effects of neurohormones on immune system. Particularly, …