M. Billow

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly used by patients to guide health decisions and self-direct specialty care. Although health systems employ referral guardrails, patients’ initial reliance on AI can shape care…

Endometriomas affect up to 44% of women with endometriosis and are associated with chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and reduced ovarian reserve. Diagnosis and management are clinically challenging, requiring a nuanced understanding of imag…

INTRODUCTION: Endometrioma management balances age, fertility, symptoms, and ovarian reserve with recurrence and surgical complexity. When indicated, surgery improves pain, decreases recurrence, and improves spontaneous pregnancy. Although …

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hysterectomy remains one of the most performed gynecologic procedures, yet its application in young and nulliparous individuals raises complex ethical, medical, and psychosocial considerations. As early detection of gynec…

A 28-year-old nulligravid woman presents reporting severe dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, and dyschezia that worsens with menses. She states she has always had painful periods, but they have worsened over the past year. She describes it as …

The broad ligament of the uterus is a double-layer fold of peritoneum that attaches the lateral portions of the uterus to the lateral pelvic sidewalls. The broad ligament is divided into the mesometrium (largest portion), the mesosalpinx (m…