Westropp JL

Interstitial cystitis (IC) presents as a chronic pain condition with variable combinations of symptoms depending on the species and individual patient. It is diagnosed by the presence of lower urinary tract signs and symptoms in combination…

BACKGROUND: Cystourethroscopy and vaginoscopy (uroendoscopy) is often used in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate if uroendoscopy is warranted in dogs with various …