Aya Watanabe

BackgroundCloacal exstrophy (CE) is a rare congenital disease that requires multiple surgeries for complex gastrointestinal and genitourinary anomalies. Long-term complications are not uncommon; however, they are poorly reported. Pyosalpinx…

Estradiol is a therapeutic agent for treatment of perimenopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. Conventional oral or intravenous administration of estradiol has many problems, such as, metabolization in gastrointestinal tract and liver, pain by…