Kopanos S

BackgroundPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) are key differential diagnoses in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia. While PHPT often arises from single-gland parathyroid adenomas, …

Lithium is a key treatment for bipolar disorder but is associated with significant endocrine and metabolic side effects, particularly lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism (LIH). Characterized by hypercalcemia and inappropriately normal or el…