Navarro-Ledesma S

IntroductionFrozen shoulder (FS) is a chronic and painful joint disorder characterized by progressive stiffness and functional limitation. Its multifactorial pathophysiology remains poorly understood, although emerging evidence suggests a r…

Adhesive capsulitis, characterized by progressive fibrosis, causes a gradual, painful loss of both active and passive articular motion, leading to the final contracture of the joint capsule. The condition commonly referred to as "frozen ank…