{"paper_id":"fc03c58c-0558-4998-b46a-4b84fc426ee3","body_text":"Abstract\nGlyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used herbicides in the United States, accounting for 19% of estimated global use. Although the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reaffirmed that the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) is safe for humans, recent studies on exposure have suggested association with cancer, metabolic disorders, endocrine disruption and infertility, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and psychological disorders. Current literature on the effects of GLY exposure on reproductive function suggests potential clinical implications on women's reproductive health, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The continued debate surrounding GLY exposure increasingly exemplifies the public health issue surrounding its consequences on female reproductive health, human fertility, and the potential epigenetic effects. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of toxicity and endocrine disruption of GLY on the female reproductive tract and highlight possible implications of GLY exposure on reproductive health outcomes. GLY adversely affects the female reproductive system through increased oxidative stress, endocrine disruption of reproductive hormones, histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, and diminished ovarian function in human cell lines and animals. We conclude that increased research efforts are warranted regarding the safety and efficacy of GBH as it pertains to female reproduction, as well as investments in cost-effective alternatives with the potential to reduce GBH usage.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nData Availability\nNot applicable.\nCode Availability\nNot applicable.\nAbbreviations\n- GBH:\n-\nGlyphosate-based herbicide\n- GLY:\n-\nGlyphosate\n- AMPA:\n-\nAmino-methyl-phosphonic acid\n- MRL:\n-\nMaximum residue limits\n- EPSPS:\n-\nEnolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase\n- IARC:\n-\nInternational Agency for Research on Cancer\n- PCOS:\n-\nPolycystic ovarian syndrome\n- ROS:\n-\nReactive oxygen species\n- EDC:\n-\nEndocrine-disrupting chemical\n- GnRH:\n-\nGonadotropin releasing hormone\n- LH:\n-\nLuteinizing hormone\n- FSH:\n-\nFollicle stimulating hormone\n- E2:\n-\nEstradiol\n- ER:\n-\nEstrogen receptor alpha\n- Erβ:\n-\nEstrogen receptor beta\n- MDA:\n-\nMalondialdehyde\nReferences\nPeillex C, Pelletier M. 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Arch Physiol Biochem. 2018;124(1):27–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2017.1352606.\nAcknowledgements\nNot applicable.\nFunding\nThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEthics declarations\nEthics Approval\nNot applicable.\nConsent to Participate\nNot applicable.\nConsent for Publication\nNot applicable.\nConflicts of Interest\nThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\nAdditional information\nPublisher's Note\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nRights and permissions\nSpringer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nStone, A.M., Camp, O.G., Biernat, M.M. et al. Re-Evaluating the Use of Glyphosate-based Herbicides: Implications on Fertility. Reprod. Sci. 32, 950–964 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-025-01834-6\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nVersion of record:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-025-01834-6","source_license":"public-domain-us","license_restricted":false}