{"paper_id":"ce3e2539-76aa-4573-aaf2-51f053af5bb0","body_text":"Definition\nEndometriosis (EM) is a common, gynecological, inflammatory disorder defined by the presence of benign but metastatic endometrial tissue implants outside of the uterus (Giudice 2010). Histologically, the lesions consist of endometrial glands and stroma and often are infiltrated by hemosiderin-laden macrophages, nerves, and capillaries.\nDescription\nEM can be asymptomatic, but it often is associated with severe dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation or “cramps”), pelvic pain (intermittent non-menstrual or continuous pain in the lower abdomen), dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse), and infertility (Guo and Wang 2006). The prevalence of pelvic EM is about 10% in the general population, whereas it approaches 35–50% in symptomatic premenopausal women (Rogers et al. 2017), with annual costs of work productivity loss per employed woman varying from US$208 in Nigeria to US$23,712 in Italy (Nnoaham et al. 2011). The etiology of this disease involves a complex interplay of...\nReferences and Further Reading\nAhn, S., Monsanto, S., Miller, C., Singh, S., Thomas, R., & Tayade, C. (2015). Pathophysiology and immune dysfunction in endometriosis. BioMed Research International, 2015, 795976.\nAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine. (1997). Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertility and Sterility, 67(5), 817–821.\nAsante, A., & Taylor, R. N. (2011). Endometriosis: The role of neuroangiogenesis. Annual Review of Physiology, 73, 163–182.\nBrown, J., & Farquhar, F. (2015). An overview of treatments for endometriosis: JAMA clinical evidence synopsis. JAMA, 313(3), 296–297.\nChen, L., Hsu, J., Huang, K., Bai, Y., Su, T., Li, C., et al. (2016). Risk of developing major depression and anxiety disorders among women with endometriosis: A longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 282–285.\nDe Graaff, A. A., Dirksen, C. D., Simoens, S., De Bie, B., Hummelshoj, L., D’Hooghe, T. M., & Dunselman, G. A. (2015). Quality of life outcomes in women with endometriosis are highly influenced by recruitment strategies. Human Reproduction, 30(6), 1331–1341.\nFriedl, F., Riedl, D., Fessler, S., Wildt, L., Walter, M., Richter, R., et al. (2015). Impact of endometriosis on quality of life, anxiety, and depression: An Austrian perspective. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 292(6), 1393–1399.\nGiudice, L. C. (2010). Clinical practice: Endometriosis. New England Journal Medicine, 362(25), 2389–2398.\nGuan, X., Nguyen, M. T., Walsh, T. M., & Kelly, B. (2016). Robotic single-site endometriosis resection using firefly technology. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 23(1), 10–11.\nGuo, S. W., & Wang, Y. (2006). The prevalence of endometriosis in women with chronic pelvic pain. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 62(3), 121–130.\nKaatz, J., Solari-Twadell, P. A., Cameron, J., & Schultz, R. (2010). Coping with endometriosis. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 39(2), 220–225.\nKavoussi, S. K., Lim, C. S., Skinner, B. D., Lebovic, D. I., & As-Sanie, S. (2016). New paradigms in the diagnosis and management of endometriosis. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 28(4), 267–276.\nNnoaham, K. E., Hummelshoj, L., Webster, P., d’Hooghe, T., de Cicco, N. F., et al. (2011). Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and work productivity: A multicenter study across ten countries. Fertility and Sterility, 96, 366–373.\nOpien, H. K., Fedorcsak, P., Byholm, T., & Tanbo, T. (2011). Complete surgical removal of minimal and mild endometriosis improves outcome of subsequent IVF/ICSI treatment. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 23, 389–395.\nRogers, P., Adamson, G. D., Al-Jefout, M., Becker, C. M., D’Hooghe, T. M., Dunselman, G. A. et al. (2017). Research priorities for endometriosis: Recommendations from a global consortium of investigators in endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences, 24(2), 202–226.\nRowlands, I. J., Teede, H., Lucke, J., Dobson, A. J., Mishra, G. D. (2016). Young women’s psychological distress after a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome or endometriosis. Human Reproduction, 31(9), 2072–2081.\nSiedentopf, F., Tariverdian, N., Rucke, M., Kentenich, H., & Arck, P. C. (2008). Immune status, psychosocial distress and reduced quality of life in infertile patients with endometriosis. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 60(5), 449–461.\nSinaii, N., Cleary, S. D., Ballweg, M. L., Nieman, L. K., & Stratton, P. (2002). High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: A survey analysis. Human Reproduction, 17(10), 2715–2724.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nSection Editor information\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC\nAbout this entry\nCite this entry\nLenk, E.E., Ditzen, B., Wieser, F., Taylor, R.N. (2017). Endometriosis. In: Gellman, M., Turner, J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_14-2\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_14-2\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, New York, NY\nPrint ISBN: 978-1-4614-6439-6\nOnline ISBN: 978-1-4614-6439-6\neBook Packages: Living Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine\nKeywords\n- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\n- GnRH Antagonist\n- Rectovaginal Septum\n- Contraceptive Steroid\n- Assisted Reproduction Technique\nThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}