{"paper_id":"ce1480c5-d441-41ed-8531-93e0e8e1a43a","body_text":"Abstract\nIntroduction and hypothesis\nBladder pain syndrome (BPS) is poorly understood with both the aetiology and pathophysiology being unknown. Symptoms overlap with other disorders, such as overactive bladder (OAB) and chronic pelvic pain disorders such as endometriosis, making a consensus on how to diagnosis and manage patients challenging. The development of biomarkers for BPS may be the key to understanding more about its pathophysiology, as well as aiding diagnosis, subclassification, and discovering new drug targets for its management. As inflammation is widely understood to hold a central role in BPS, the evaluation of cytokines has gained interest. This article summarises the current literature and understanding of urinary, serum, and bladder tissue cytokines found elevated in patients with bladder pain syndrome.\nMethods\nliterature search using Pub Med with the keywords “bladder pain syndrome”, “painful bladder syndrome”, “bladder pain”, “Interstitial cystitis” AND “cytokines” or “inflammation”. This study was except from institutional approval.\nResults\nThirty-six cytokines have been identified as being statistically significantly elevated in either the serum, urine, or bladder tissue of patients with bladder pain syndrome in the 22 studies identified in this review of the literature. These cytokines include those from the interleukin group (n = 14), the CXC chemokine group (n = 5), and the C–C chemokine group (n = 7).\nConclusions\nCXCL-1, CXCL-8, CXCL-9, CXCL-10, CXCL-11 from the CXC chemokine group, and CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, and CCL11 from the C–C chemokine group have been found to be significantly elevated in patients with bladder pain in the literature. Many of these analytes also have supporting evidence for their roles in bladder pain from animal models and studies in other chronic inflammatory conditions. It is likely that a single cytokine will not serve as an adequate biomarker of disease in bladder pain syndrome for either diagnosis or disease severity. 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Clin Biochem. 2019;65:38.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nContributions\nVik Khullar: Consultant for Abbvie, acceptance of paid travel expenses or honoraria from GSK.\nLemmon, Bernadette: literature search, writing and editing of manuscript.\nKyrgiou, Maria: writing and editing of manuscript.\nMullins, Edward: writing and editing of manuscript.\nKhullar, Vikram: writing and editing of manuscript.\nCorresponding author\nEthics declarations\nConflicts of Interest\nNone.\nAdditional information\nHandling Editor: Gin-Den Chen\nEditor in Chief: Kaven Baessler\nPublisher's Note\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nBrief Summary\nLiterature review of cytokines in the urine, serum, and bladder tissue of those with bladder pain syndrome.\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nLemmon, B., Kyrgiou, M., Mullins, E. et al. Cytokines in Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. Int Urogynecol J 35, 1119–1129 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05778-4\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nVersion of record:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05778-4","source_license":"public-domain-us","license_restricted":false}