{"paper_id":"cdf4b1f3-c060-4522-a4b1-984017c31db0","body_text":"Abstract\nAnatomical definition: The secondary mullerian system is the pelvic and lower abdominal mesothelium and the subjacent mesenchyma [1, 2]. The mullerian potential of this layer is consistent with its close embryonic relation to the mullerian ducts that arise by invagination of the coelomic epithelium\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nLauchlan SC (1972) The secondary mullerian system. Obstet Gynecol Surv 27:133–146\nLauchlan SC (1994) The secondary mullerian system revisited. Int J Gynecol Pathol 13(1):73–79\nClement PB (1987) Endometriosis, lesions of the secondary mullerian system, and pelvic mesothelial proliferations. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, New-York, pp 516–559\nWheeler JM (1989) Epidemiology of endometriosis-associated infertility. J Reprod Med 34(1):41–46\nEskenazi B, Warner ML (1997) Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24(2):235–258\nChatman DL, Ward AB (1982) Endometriosis in adolescents. J Reprod Med 27(3):156–160\nKempers RD et al (1960) Significant postmenopausal endometriosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 111:348–356\nBailey HR, Ott MT, Hartendorp P (1994) Aggressive surgical management for advanced colorectal endometriosis. Dis Colon Rectum 37(8):747–753\nBromberg SH et al (1999) Surgical treatment for colorectal endometriosis. Int Surg 84(3):234–238\nBergqvist A, Ljungberg O, Myhre E (1984) Human endometrium and endometriotic tissue obtained simultaneously: a comparative histological study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3(2):135–145\nRoddick JW, Conkey G, Jacobs EJ (1960) The hormonal response of endometrium in endometriotic implants and its relationship to symptomatology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 79:1173–1177\nJansen RP, Russell P (1986) Nonpigmented endometriosis: clinical, laparoscopic, and pathologic definition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155(6):1154–1159\nNisolle M et al (1989) Peritoneal endometriosis: typical aspect and subtle appearance. In: Donnez J (ed) Laser operative laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Nauwelaerts Printing, Leuven, p 25\nNisolle M, Donnez J (1997) Peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometriosis, and adenomyotic nodules of the rectovaginal septum are three different entities [see comments]. Fertil Steril 68(4):585–596\nCullen TS (1920) The distribution of adenomyomas containing uterine mucosa. Arch Surg 1:215–283\nSampson JA (1940) The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 40:549–557\nRidley JH, Edwards IK (1958) Experimental endometriosis in the human. Am J Obstet Gynecol 76:783–790\nBlumenkrantz MJ et al (1981) Retrograde menstruation in women undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Obstet Gynecol 57:667–670\nHalme J et al (1984) Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 64(2):151–154\nOral E, Arici A (1997) Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24(2):219–233\nHenriksen E (1955) Endometriosis. Am J Surg 90:331–337\nSchifrin BS, Erez S, Moore JG (1973) Teen-age endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:973–980\nHanton EM et al (1966) Endometriosis associated with complete or partial obstruction of menstrual egress. Report of 7 cases. Obstet Gynecol 28(5):626–629\nChatterjee SK (1980) Scar endometriosis: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Obstet Gynecol 56(1):81–84\nSteck WD, Helwig EB (1966) Cutaneous endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 9:373–383\nJavert CT (1951) Observations on the pathology and spread of endometriosis based on the theory of benign metastasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 62:477–487\nBinns BA, Banerjee R (1983) Endometriosis with Turner syndrome treated with cyclical oestrogen/progesterone. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:581–582\nDoty DW et al (1980) 46, XY pure gonadal dysgenesis: report of 2 unusual cases. Obstet Gynecol 55(3 Suppl):61S–65S\nEl-Mahgoub S, Yassen S (1980) A positive proof for the theory of coelomic metaplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:137–140\nPeress MR et al (1982) Pelvic endometriosis and Turner’s syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:474–476\nBeckman EN et al (1985) Endometriosis of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol 9(5):374–379\nSchrodt GR, Alcorn MO, Ibanez J (1980) Endometriosis of the male urinary system: a case report. J Urol 124:722–723\nScully RE (1981) Smooth-muscle differentiation in genital tract disorders (editorial). Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:505–507\nJubanyik KJ, Comite F (1997) Extrapelvic endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24(2):411–440\nMarkham SM, Carpenter SE, Rock JA (1989) Extrapelvic endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 16(1):193–219\nCornillie FJ et al (1990) Deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis: histology and clinical significance. Fertil Steril 53:978–983\n(1997) Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertil Steril 67(5):817–821\nChen FP et al (1998) The use of serum CA-125 as a marker for endometriosis in patients with dysmenorrhea for monitoring therapy and for recurrence of endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77(6):665–670\nMol BW et al (1998) The performance of CA-125 measurement in the detection of endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 70(6):1101–1108\nEltabbakh GH et al (1997) Serum CA-125 measurements >65 U/mL. Clinical value [see comments]. J Reprod Med 42(10):617–624\nKashyap RJ (1999) Extremely elevated serum CA125 due to endometriosis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 39(2):269–270\nJohansson J, Santala M, Kauppila A (1998) Explosive rise of serum CA 125 following the rupture of ovarian endometrioma. Hum Reprod 13(12):3503–3504\nDuleba AJ (1997) Diagnosis of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24:331–346\nAdamson GD, Nelson HP (1997) Surgical treatment of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24(2):375–409\nSchroder J et al (1997) Endoluminal ultrasound diagnosis and operative management of rectal endometriosis. Dis Colon Rectum 40(5):614–617\nChapron C et al (1998) Results and role of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography for patients with deep pelvic endometriosis. Hum Reprod 13(8):2266–2270\nHughesdon PE (1957) The structure of endometrial cysts of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 64:481–487\nFox H, Buckley CH (1984) Current concepts of endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 11(1):279–287\nSampson JA (1922) The life history of ovarian hematomas (hemorrhagic cysts) of endometrial (Mullerian) type. Am J Obstet Gynecol 4:451–512\nBuy JN et al (1996) Characterization of adnexal masses: combination of color Doppler and conventional sonography compared with spectral Doppler analysis alone and conventional sonography alone. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166(2):385–393\nJain KA et al (1993) Adnexal masses: comparison of specificity of endovaginal US and pelvic MR imaging. Radiology 186(3):697–704\nKupfer MC, Schwimer SR, Lebovic J (1992) Transvaginal sonographic appearance of endometriomata: spectrum of findings. J Ultrasound Med 11:129–133\nMais V et al (1993) The efficiency of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil Steril 60(5):776–780\nPatel MD et al (1999) Endometriomas: diagnostic performance of US. Radiology 210(3):739–745\nBuy JN et al (1992) Focal hyperdense areas in endometriomas: a characteristic finding on CT. Am J Roentgenol 159:769–771\nLaing FC (1994) US analysis of adnexal masses: the art of making the correct diagnosis. Radiology 191(1):21–22\nOkai T et al (1994) Transvaginal sonographic appearance of hemorrhagic functional ovarian cysts and their spontaneous regression. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 44(1):47–52\nNishimura K et al (1987) Endometrial cysts of the ovary: MR imaging. Radiology 162(2):315–318\nAscher SM et al (1995) Endometriosis: appearance and detection with conventional and contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed spin-echo techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 5:251–257\nTogashi K (1993) Endometriosis. In: MRI of the female pelvis. Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo, pp 203–226\nSugimura K et al (1993) Pelvic endometriosis: detection and diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology 188:435–438\nGlastonbury CM (2002) The shading sign. Radiology 224(1):199–201\nSugimura K, Imaoka I, Okizuka H (1996) Pelvic endometriosis: impact of magnetic resonance imaging on treatment decisions and costs. Acad Radiol 3 Suppl 1:S66–S68\nStevens SK, Hricak H, Campos Z (1993) Teratomas versus cystic hemorrhagic adnexal lesions: differentiation with proton-selective fat-saturation MR imaging. Radiology 186(2):481–488\nNyberg DA et al (1987) MR imaging of hemorrhagic adnexal masses. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11(4):664–669\nZawin M et al (1989) Endometriosis: appearance and detection at MR imaging. Radiology 171(3):693–696\nBis KG et al (1997) Pelvic endometriosis: MR imaging spectrum with laparoscopic correlation and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 17:639–655\nOutwater EK, Dunton CJ (1995) Imaging of the ovary and adnexa: clinical issues and applications of MR imaging. Radiology 194(1):1–18\nGomori JM et al (1985) Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 157(1):87–93\nHahn PF et al (1986) Duodenal hematoma: the ring sign in MR imaging. Radiology 159:379–382\nBazot M et al (1993) Fibrothecomas of the ovary: CT and US findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:754–759\nKoninckx PR, Martin DC (1992) Deep endometriosis: a consequence of infiltration or retraction or possibly adenomyosis externa? [see comments]. Fertil Steril 58:924–928\nUhlenhuth E, Wolfe WM, Middleton EB (1948) The rectovaginal septum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 76:148–163\nSampson JA (1927) Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 14:422–469\nNguyen BD et al (1994) Primary cervicovaginal endometriosis: sonographic findings with MR imaging correlation. J Ultrasound Med 13:809–811\nSampson JA (1921) Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary. Arch Surg 3:245\nFedele L et al (1998) Transrectal ultrasonography in the assessment of rectovaginal endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 91(3):444–448\nDonnez J et al (1995) Rectovaginal septum, endometriosis or adenomyosis: laparoscopic management in a series of 231 patients. Hum Reprod 10(3):630–635\nFein RL, Horton BF (1966) Vesical endometriosis: a case report and review of the literature. J Urol 95(1):45–50\nSkor AB, Warren MM, Mueller EO (1977) Endometriosis of bladder. Urology 9:689–692\nVercellini P et al (1996) Bladder detrusor endometriosis: clinical and pathogenetic implications. J Urol 155(1):84–86\nDonnez J et al (2000) Bladder endometriosis must be considered as bladder adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 74(6):1175–1181\nFedele L et al (1998) Bladder endometriosis: deep infiltrating endometriosis or adenomyosis? Fertil Steril 69(5):972–975\nJudd ES (1921) Adenomyomata presenting as a tumor of the bladder. Surg Clin North Am 1:1271–1278\nMoore TD, Herring AL, McCannel DA (1943) Some urologic aspects of endometriosis. J Urol 40:171\nClement PB (2002) Diseases of the peritoneum. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, New-York, pp 729–789\nBree RL, Silver TM (1981) Sonography of bladder and perivesical abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 136(6):1101–1104\nDamani N, Wilson SR (1999) Nongynecologic applications of transvaginal US. Radiographics 19 Spec No:S179–S200\nBuy JN (2001) Pelvic endometriosis. J Radiol 82(12 Pt 2):1867–1879\nDeval B et al (2000) Bladder endometriosis. Apropos of 4 cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 28(5):385–390\nFedele L et al (1997) Pre-operative assessment of bladder endometriosis. Hum Reprod 12(11):2519–2522\nBuka NJ (1988) Vesical endometriosis after cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1117–1118\nO’Conor VJ, Greenhill JP (1945) Endometriosis of the bladder and ureter. Surgery 80:113–119\nSircus SI, Sant GR, Ucci AA Jr (1988) Bladder detrusor endometriosis mimicking interstitial cystitis. Urology 32(4):339–342\nYoung RH (1988) Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. Pathol Annu 23(Pt 1):67–104\nFagan C (1974) Endometriosis: clinical and roentgenographic manifestations. Radiol Clin North Am 12:109–125\nSepich CA et al (1997) Urinary tract endometriosis: report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 29(4):433–436\nYates-Bell AJ, Molland EA, Pryor JP (1972) Endometriosis of the ureter. Br J Urol 44(1):58–67\nKlein RS, Cattolica EV (1979) Ureteral endometriosis. Urology 13(5):477–482\nBerlin L et al (1964) Endometriosis of the ureter. AJR Am J Roentgenol 92:351–354\nKaplan JH, Kudish HG (1974) Endometrial obstruction of ureter. Urology 3(3):327–329\nPollack HM, Wills JS (1978) Radiographic features of ureteral endometriosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 131(4):627–631\nRoy C et al (1993) Ureteral endometriosis. Role of medical imaging. J Radiol 74(3):165–169\nMiles HB, Falconer KW (1969) Renal endometriosis associated with hematuria. J Urol 102(3):291–293\nRedwine DB, Koning M, Sharpe DR (1996) Laparoscopically assisted transvaginal segmental resection of the rectosigmoid colon for endometriosis [see comments]. Fertil Steril 65:193–197\nAdamson GD (1990) Diagnosis and clinical presentation of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:568–569\nHa HK et al (1994) Diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis: fat-suppressed T1-weighted vs conventional MR images. Am J Roentgenol 163:127–131\nTakahashi K et al (1994) Diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis by magnetic resonance imaging using “fat-saturation” technique. Fertil Steril 62(5):973–977\nHa HK et al (1994) Diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis: fat-suppressed T1-weighted vs conventional MR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163(1):127–131\nWoodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP Jr (2001) Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 21(1):193–216\nOtt DJ, Fayez JA (1991) Tubal and adnexal abnormalities. In: Ott DJ, Fayez JA (eds) Hysterosalpingography: a text and atlas. Urban and Schwartzenberg, Baltimore, pp 103–125\nGougoutas CA et al (2000) Pelvic endometriosis: various manifestations and MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175(2):353–358\nSampson JA (1924) Benign and malignant endometrial implants in the peritoneal cavity, and their relation to certain ovarian tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 38:287–311\nHeaps JM, Nieberg RK, Berek JS (1990) Malignant neoplasms arising in endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 75(6):1023–1028\nTanaka YO et al (2010) MRI of endometriotic cysts in association with ovarian carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194(2):355–361\nFujiwara T et al (1994) MR findings of two cases of endometrial carcinoma accompanied with endometrial cysts. Jpn J Clin Radiol 39:983–986\nNobusawa H et al (1995) MR imaging of malignant tumor arised from the wall of endometrial cysts: report of two cases. Jpn J Clin Radiol 40:745–748\nWeinfeld RM et al (1998) CT diagnosis of perihepatic endometriosis complicated by malignant transformation. Abdom Imaging 23(2):183–184\nStringfellow JM, Hawnaur JM (1998) CT and MRI appearances of sarcomatous change in chronic pelvic endometriosis. Br J Radiol 71(841):90–93\nZinsser KR, Wheeler JE (1982) Endosalpingiosis in the omentum: a study of autopsy and surgical material. Am J Surg Pathol 6(2):109–117\nKatre R et al (2010) Tumors and pseudotumors of the secondary mullerian system: review with emphasis on cross-sectional imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195(6):1452–1459\nBazot M, Vacher Lavenu MC, Bigot JM (1999) Imaging of endosalpingiosis. Clin Radiol 54(7):482–485\nKatre R, Morani AK, Prasad SR et al (2010) Tumors and pseudotumors of the secondary mullerian system: with emphasis on cross-sectional imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:1452–1459\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nBuy, J.N., Ghossain, M. (2013). Secondary Mullerian System . In: Gynecological Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31012-6_17\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31012-6_17\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-642-31011-9\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-642-31012-6\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)\nKeywords\nThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}