{"paper_id":"cdd7cf94-a2b5-423e-a23e-95f4fa58963b","body_text":"Development of a Novel Elastomer with unique properties: Fire and Radiation resistance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development of a Novel Elastomer with unique properties: Fire and Radiation resistance Tarek mansour Mohamed, Ghada A. Mahmoud This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to create a novel, distinct form of elastomer with superior ability to resist fire, high resistance to radiation, and resistance to environmental conditions such as temperature and solvents. This type of natural-based elastomer was prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose CMC, polyacrylic acid PAA, crosslinked with tannic acid TA. Most techniques in elastomermanu facture technologies are unfriendly and participate in increasing carbon emissions. Gamma radiation was used as a clean tool for copolymerization and crosslinking the elastomer. The irradiation dose of 5 kGy with a rate of 3.32 kGy/h was enough to produce CMC/PAA/TAelastomer. The properties of the produced elastomer were investigated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Limiting oxygen index (LOI). CMC/PAA/TA has high resistance to solvents such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and HNO 3 . The tensile strength is 3.376 MPa, the elongation percent is 501.689%, and the LOI value is 30%. The produced elastomer possessed excellent gamma radiation resistance. The elastomer was exposed later to 1864 kGy of gamma radiation without showing degradation and retained its properties, as confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and mechanical properties. After investigation, it can be inferred that the produced CMC/PAA/TA elastomer exhibited outstanding properties. carboxymethyl cellulose acrylic acid gamma radiation elastomer radiation resistance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Elastomer is a type of polymer that exhibits elastic properties; it can deform under stress and revert to its initial form once the load is removed[ 1 ]. Generally it has weak Young's modulus and elevated failure strain relative to other materials[ 2 ].Elastomers have unique molecular structures that give them their distinctive properties. They are composed of long polymer chains interconnected through various types of cross-linking bonds[ 3 ]. The strong cross-linking hydrogen bonds confer robustness and elasticity[ 4 ]. When stressed, these cross-links allow the chains to move and stretch out and then relax back to their original state once the stress is removed.Elastomers are often referred to as rubber materials due to their rubbery consistency and flexibility[ 5 ].They find applications in various industries, including automotive[ 6 ], aerospace[ 7 ], construction[ 8 ], electronics[ 9 ], and healthcare[ 10 , 11 ]. They are used in the manufacturing of tires[ 12 ], seals[ 13 ], gaskets[ 14 ], hoses[ 15 ], vibration dampers[ 15 ], O-rings[ 16 ], medical gloves[ 17 ], and many other products that require elasticity and resilience.The common examples of elastomers include natural rubber (made from the latex of rubber trees), synthetic rubbers like styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), neoprene, and silicone rubber. Natural rubber is derived from a sustainable and renewable resource; it is biodegradable, it can break down naturally over time without causing long-lasting environmental harm[ 18 ]. However, it has relatively lower mechanical strength compared to some synthetic materials[ 19 ]. This limitation may affect its suitability for certain industrial applications that require high mechanical properties or specific performance requirements. Synthetic rubber offers a versatile and customizable alternative to natural rubber, allowing for the production of materials with tailored properties to meet specific industrial needs[ 20 ]. The extraction and processing of this non-renewable resources contribute to carbon emissions and environmental deterioration. Additionally, the disposal of synthetic rubber waste can pose challenges, as it may not readily degrade or be recyclable in some cases. Silicone rubber is made from silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen atoms. It is a polymer formed through the cross-linking of silicone-based polymers, which results in a rubbery material with unique properties[ 21 ]. While silicone rubber offers many advantages, it also has some disadvantages. Silicone rubber is more expensive than other types of synthetic rubbers or elastomers.The production process and raw material costs contribute to its higher price. Carboxymethyl cellulose CMC is an anionic polymer with carboxyl groups (-COOH) generated by an alkali-catalyzed cellulose reaction [ 22 ]. In aqueous solutions, CMC undergoes ionization, releasing carboxylate ions -COO − and hydrogen ions H + . CMC is sensitive to pH variations. CMC remains coiled or aggregated under low pH levels (acidic environments), resulting in lower solubility and viscosity. CMC deprotonates as the pH rises (in alkaline conditions).Polyacrylic acid PAA is also an anionic polymer contains repeating carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) along its polymer chain[ 23 ].PAA is also pH-responsive; at low pH (acidic conditions), PAA remains in its neutral form. As the pH increases (alkaline conditions), the carboxylic acid groups become ionized, resulting in increased solubility and swelling of the polymer. Tannic acid TA is a large polyphenolic compound with a complex structure[ 24 , 25 ]. It is composed of glucose molecules esterified with gallic acid, forming a polymer chain. It has multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups and aromatic rings. These hydroxyl groups contribute to its antioxidant activity and reactivity. With considering the overall environmental impact, reduced carbon emissions, and biodegradability, new elastomer was constructed from carboxymethyl cellulose/ polyacrylic acid (CMC/PAA) and tannic acid TA is used as a cross-linker. A huge number of hydrogen bonds was performed to obtain the suitable elastic properties. The blended mixture was irradiated by gamma radiation inducing free radicals polymerization and crosslinking as a clean technique. various types of cross-linking bonds for desirable properties were obtained. The characteristics of the obtained natural-based elastomer were investigated. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Materials Carboxymethyl cellulose 99%, tannic Acid 99%, nitric acid 53–55%, and acetone 99.5% were obtained from PIOCHEM for laboratory chemicals (Egypt). Acrylic acid 98.05% and sulphuric acid 97% were provided from ADVENT CHEMBIOPVT. LTD (India). Other solvents were obtained as follow: ethanol 99.9%, Brand chemicals (Egypt), Dimethyl formamide (DMF), Elnasr pharmaceutical chemicals Co. (Egypt), benzene 100% annular, VWR chemicals (France), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 30–32%, SPHINX (Egypt). 2.2. Preparation of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer Two grams of CMC were completely disintegrated in 70 mL of deionized water with stirring at 70 o C to complete dissolving. 20 mL of acrylic acid was included after down to room temperature, and it was stirred for 20 min for dissolution. Followed by adding 0.5 g of tannic acid that was prior dissolved in hot water. The solution was completed to 100 mL with continuous stirring until a complete homogeneity. The solution mixture was poured into a glass Petri dish and exposed to gamma radiation at a dose of 5 kGy with a rate of 3.32 kGy/h. After irradiation, the obtained film was washed with tap water to exclude the un reacted materials, and finally, the crosslinked elastomer film was dried in an oven at 50 o C. 2.3. Solvent resistance A sample of known mass (W 0 ) was immersed in specific solventand every day reweight for two weeks (W 1 ) after that the surface solvent was dried with a filter paper. The soluble fraction was obtained using the following equation: $$\\text{S}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e} \\text{f}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\left(\\%\\right)=\\left(\\frac{{{W}_{0}-W}_{1}}{{W}_{0}}\\right)\\times 100$$ 1 2.4. FT-IR analysis The FT-IR was performed with a Bruker Unicom infrared spectrophotometer (Germany) within the400-4000 cm − 1 wavelength range. 2.5. TGA analysis The TGA was done by Shimadzu TGA-30 (Japan) in a nitrogen environmentfrom 30 o C to 600 o Cat10°C/min heating rate. 2.6. Mechanical properties Tensile investigations were carried out using Hounsfield tensile testing equipment, (model H10 KS) on dumbbell-shaped specimens with a 50mm length and 4mm neck width at ambient. The speed of film stretched was 10 mm/min and using a 20 kN load cell. 2.7. XRD analysis Shimadzu Diffractometer D6000 series Kyoto, Japan was used for the XRD analysis. (30 mA and 40 kv) at Cu Kα (λ = 1.54 Å) radiation at ambient temperature with a 2–90 scan speed of 8 degrees per minute. 2.8. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) FTA-LOI made by Rheometeric Scientific Ltd, England, was used to measure LOI in accordance with ISO-4589. 100 × 20 × 3 mm 3 is the sample size. 3. Results and discussion The objective of this research was to prepare elastomer has multiple properties that can be used in different applications. The purpose of this research was to create an elastomer with diverse qualities that can be employed in a variety of applications. At the same time the elastomer is based on environmentally friendly, low-cost materials. It is critical to use a sustainable preparation technique free of harmful chemicals and additives to achieve a product with high purity and no contaminants. The properties of elastomer created from the cross-linking chemical bonds and flexibility from the stretched hydrogen bonds. When mixing CMC with acrylic acid AA monomer hydrogen bonds was created between them (Fig. 1 step 1). The addition of TA in the reaction medium as a cross-linker creates more hydrogen bonds as seen in Fig. 1 (step2). When CMC, AA monomer, and TA mixture solution was irradiated by gamma radiation, Fig. 1 (step3). The exposure of these ingredient to radiation AA can undergo polymerization under the influence of gamma radiation. In the presence of CMC, this polymerization process can lead to the formation of crosslinked networks between the CMC, TA molecules and PAA polymer chains. This can result in the formation of a three-dimensional structure frame work with potentially altered properties compared to the original CMC and AA. At the same time AA can generate ester bonds by reacting with -OH on the cellulose backbone of CMC. This reaction can result in the incorporation of acrylic acid moieties into the CMC polymer chain. 3.1. Solvent resistance The solvent resistance of elastomers[ 26 ], or the capacity of elastomeric materials to endureexposure to various solvents, is of great importance in many industries and applications. Elastomers are commonly used in applications where they come into contact with different chemicals, such as in seals, gaskets, O-rings, and hoses. Solvents can have varying chemical compositions and properties, and some solvents may cause swelling, degradation, or other adverse reactions in elastomers. Solvent resistance ensures that the elastomer remains chemically compatible, allows for longer service life, and reduces the need for frequent replacements or repairs.By selecting the appropriate solvent-resistant elastomer for a specific application, industries can enhance reliability, efficiency, and safety in their operations. Table 1 shows the soluble fraction (%) of CMC/PAA/TA in different solvents. As seen in Table 1 , CMC/PAA/TAelastomer has high resistance to solvent such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and DMF. About 5.45% was soluble in HNO 3 and 14% was soluble in ethanol aftersoaking for two weeks.It clear that from the obtained data, the prepared elastomer possesses high resistivity to many deferent type of solvents as shown from the table. Table (1) : Soluble fraction (%) after two weeks of CMC/PAA/TA in different solvents Solvents weight dry (g) weight soaking (g) soluble fraction (%) Acetone 1.17 1.19 ~ 0 Benzene 1.08 1.07 0.92 Nitric acid 1.1 1.04 5.45 Hydrochloric acid 1.07 1.05 1.86 N,N-Dimethylformamide 1.21 1.22 ~ 0 Ethanol 1.07 0.92 14 3.2. XRD analysis Figure (2) depicts the XRD pattern of CMC/PAA/TA. The diffractogram reflected the amorphous structure of the prepared CMC/PAA/TA elastomer has a broad peak at 2θ = 22.0 o . A diffraction peak at 28.0 o , which confirmed some crystallinity in the polymeric structure that may be due to the arrangement on the crystal domain. 3.3. Flame retardant of the prepared elastomer Limiting oxygen index LOI is the lowest oxygen percentage in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture that is just enough to enable combustion of the specimen following ignition, indicating the capacity of materials to tolerate fire.[ 27 ]. The higher the LOI values, the greater the capacity to withstand fire and the more difficult it is to ignite materials. The flammability properties of CMC/PAA/TAelastomer is examined by LOI. It was found that the elastomer has a LOI value of 30%. Because TA has a strong carbon-forming ability and anti-oxidant capacity, its presence improves the flame retardancy of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer [48]. 3.4. FT-IR analysis FTIR spectra of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer before and after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays were investigated in Figure (3). One of the prominent spectral characteristics found in the CMC/PAA/TA FTIR spectrum is a band centered at 3040 cm − 1 , due to O-H stretching vibrations of carboxylic group(Fig. 3 A). The asymmetric stretching vibrations of C-H appears at 2931 cm − 1 [ 28 , 29 ], which confirmed by the bending vibration band at 1042 cm − 1.The band at 1735 cm − 1 due to C = O stretching vibrations[ 30 ].The splitting pattern of C = O may be related to the influence of hydrogen bonds. The band at 1138 cm − 1 is caused by C-O stretching vibrations in ether linkages between aromatic rings in lignin. The intensity of the O-H and -CH bands increased while C = O decreased after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays for CMC/PAA/TA (Fig. 3 B), which may be due to a little degradation in the matrix [ 31 ]. 3.5. Thermal properties of prepared elastomer Figure 4 shows of CMC/PAA/TA before and after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the specimens were tested at temperatures ranging from 30oC to 600oC at a constant rate of 20 o C/min.The TGA curves reveal that all specimens had three separate stages of weight reduction. The first stage of the thermogram of CMC/PAA/TA (Fig. 4 A) shows the evaporation of partially physically bound water at 200.60 o C, whereas the second stage at 282.77 o C shows the disintegration of CMC and PAA side chains. The final stage, at 395.97 o C, reveals the disintegration of the polymer's primary chain. For CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays (Fig. 4 B), the same behavior was observed. A negligible change was observed that means the CMC/PAAc keep its thermal characteristic after exposure to gamma rays up to1864 kGy. It must be noted that the investigation of the influence of gamma radiation was chosen up to 1864 kGy only as a limited example for the study. 3.6. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties of elastomers are of significant importance due to their direct impact on the performance and functionality of elastomeric materials in various applications. Elastomers should possess sufficient strength to withstand the loads and forces they encounter during use. An elastomer's tensile stress is commonly defined by its tensile strength, which is the greatest stress or force that the material can sustain before failing or breaking[ 32 ]. Elastomers are known for their high tensile strength. Elastomers often face challenges such as tearing due to contact with rough surfaces, sharp edges, or repeated friction. Good tear resistance ensures that elastomers can withstand the application-specific forces without developing cracks or ruptures. Young's modulus, also referred to as the modulus of elasticity, is an indicator of the stiffness or rigidity of a material. Young's modulus is an essential mechanical property in materials science and engineering as it helps engineers and designers understand and predict how materials will respond to applied forces. Elongation percent indicates the maximum amount of deformation a material can undergo before it breaks or fails. It is a measure of the material's ductility or ability to be drawn into a wire-like shape without breaking. The stress/strain curve of CMC/PAA/TA was examined in Fig. 5 , and Table 2 summarizes the data. CMC/PAA/TA displayed good mechanical properties,, as indicated in Table, where the tensile strength is ~ 3.376 MPa, Yong's Modules is ~ 0.595 MPa, tear strength is 33.754 N/mm, and the elongation percent is ~ 501.689%.The mechanical properties of CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to gamma rays at an irradiation dose of 1864 kGy were investigated as obtained in Fig. 6 and the analyzed data was performed in Table 3. As explained in Table 3, the tensile strength is ~ 3.087 MPa, Yong's Modules is ~ 0.606 MPa, the tear strength is 30.87 N/mm, and the elongation percent is ~ 468.461%. The result is considered excellent, CMC/PAA/TA elastomer kept good mechanical properties after exposure to a high radiation dose, 1864 kGy. This means the CMC/PAA/TA elastomer resists the gamma radiation at least up to the studied value Table (2) : Mechanical properties data of CMC/PAA/TA No. Force @ Peak (N) Elong. @ Peak (mm) Elong. @ break(mm) Tensile Stress (MPa) Yong's Modules (MPa) Tear strength (N/mm) Elong. @ break(%) 1 88.358 84.451 85.377 3.465 0.475 34.65 569.178 2 97.107 74.65 75.657 3.597 0.601 35.966 504.383 3 80.664 72.289 73.504 3.227 0.556 32.265 490.027 4 80.339 64.198 66.475 3.214 0.748 32.136 443.167 Maximum 97.107 84.451 85.377 3.597 0.748 35.966 569.178 Minimum 80.339 64.198 66.475 3.214 0.475 32.136 443.167 Mean 86.617 73.897 75.253 3.376 0.595 33.754 501.689 Table (3) Mechanical properties data of CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to gamma rays at irradiation dose of 1864 kGy. No. Force @ Peak (N) Elong. @ Peak (mm) Elong. @ break(mm) Tensile Stress (MPa) Yong's Modules (MPa) Tear strength (N/mm) Elong. @ break(%) 1 77.801 69.611 70.867 3.112 0.554 31.121 472.444 2 56.317 61.215 63.661 2.537 0.76 25.368 424.407 3 84.695 69.014 70.485 3.388 0.595 33.878 469.9 4 82.787 75.56 76.064 3.311 0.515 33.115 507.091 Maximum 84.695 75.56 76.064 3.388 0.76 33.878 507.091 Minimum 56.317 61.215 63.661 2.537 0.515 25.368 424.407 Mean 75.400 68.85 70.269 3.087 0.606 30.87 468.461 It can be noted that the resistance of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer to gamma radiation where it mainly keeps its properties through the investigated radiation dose, 1864 kGy. The reasons of this behavior may due to the chemical structure of the elastomer; the tightly bonded molecular structures tend to be more resistant to radiation. Also, the highly cross-linked structure makes the material more stable and less susceptible to radiation-induced degradation. The inclusion of TA in the matrix may enhance the radiation resistance due to stearic hindrance of catechol groups of its structure. TA is considered as antioxidant and radical scavenger [ 33 ], which can scavenge free radicals generated by radiation, preventing them from causing chain scission or other forms of degradation. By comparing the obtained properties data ofCMC/PAA/TA elastomer with acrylic rubber (ACM) properties[ 34 – 36 ], it can be noted that CMC/PAA/TA superior properties, particularly chemical and physical strength, and flame resistance. Additionally, when compared with ACM elastomer lacks gamma radiation protection and fire retardant properties. 4. Conclusions Carboxymethyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid/tannic acid CMC/PAA/TA elastomer was prepared using gamma radiation technology. This formulation was produced an elastomer with superior properties. The properties of elastomer created from the cross-linking chemical bonds and flexibility from the stretched hydrogen bonds. It has higher resistance to solvents such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and DMF. About 5.45% was soluble in HNO 3 , and 14% was soluble in ethanol after soaking for two weeks. The elastomer has good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The presence of TA improves the flame retardancy of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer where LOI value is 30%. CMC/PAA/TA was found to be resist to gamma radiation. This property was examined by exposure to gamma rays up to 1864 kGy, no remarkable change in properties was obtained. This result was proved by FTIR, TGA, and the mechanical properties investigation. Declarations Author credit statement Tarek mansour Mohamed: Conceptualization,Methodology,Software,Writing- Original draft preparation,Writing- Reviewing and editing the revised manuscript Ghada A. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3803925\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":263289150,\"identity\":\"03e6b0f1-3794-4207-bbcd-8952b52d6d91\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Tarek mansour Mohamed\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACxgYgYX//8AEIixDggWlhuMGWQLIWHgPitNizn334cGbOtmjG2T3fJH7usJFjYD98dANeW3jSjQ03brud2yxzdptk75k0YwaetLQb+B2Wxib5EKiljSF3mwRv2+HEBgkeM/xa+J+x/wRp6WHIeSb5lygtEmlsjCCHzZDIYZMmzpYbz5glZwK1bOA5Zmwt25ZmzEbIL+z9aYwfe0Fa2Jsf3nzbZiPHz374GF4tyIBFAkSyEascBJg/kKJ6FIyCUTAKRg4AAMIrTsHRGq9TAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic EnergyAuthority (EAEA)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tarek\",\"middleName\":\"mansour\",\"lastName\":\"Mohamed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":263289151,\"identity\":\"e4e046ec-5030-41b8-b690-c78b06136573\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Ghada A. Mahmoud\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic EnergyAuthority (EAEA)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ghada\",\"middleName\":\"A.\",\"lastName\":\"Mahmoud\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-12-25 09:44:13\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":49076632,\"identity\":\"8a60f6e5-7bcf-40b2-bb01-2dcd469a0b74\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:44:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":277811,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ethe possible reaction mechanism for CMC/PAAc/TA elastomer\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/7f05dd17f9e0a5d560e34431.png\"},{\"id\":49076009,\"identity\":\"f663e43c-9df3-4fd3-b885-234e1e388d90\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":161801,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eXRD patterns of CMC/PAA/TA\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/f24f261b98a04a5f588ee01d.png\"},{\"id\":49076007,\"identity\":\"2eb9233d-9e19-43e8-93ce-42594ca07247\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":38450,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFTIR spectra of CMC/PAA/TA (A) and after exposure to gamma rays at irradiation dose of 1864 kGy (B).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/5cd2d9cb8bd91997baa55c81.png\"},{\"id\":49076011,\"identity\":\"11483dc2-6221-43a6-801e-7f7e4ddd0502\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":629636,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTGA of CMC/PAA/TA (A) and after exposure to gamma rays at a radiation dose of 1864 kGy (B).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/f37f23a5f280fba3a936a70a.png\"},{\"id\":49076006,\"identity\":\"a82c194a-8897-49c9-8c60-b1a90a24ad76\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":29119,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe stress/strain curveof CMC/PAA/TA\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/60fc4cd667916cd06ee18bdf.png\"},{\"id\":49076008,\"identity\":\"d7fc078f-460d-4d8f-8ea7-010813d0fcc8\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":23349,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe stress/strain curve of CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to gamma rays at irradiation dose of 1864 kGy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/41012a60057e1e3a71e11303.png\"},{\"id\":55265205,\"identity\":\"2712b1ce-3976-4921-9669-1398d04690c5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-04-25 01:58:30\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1392353,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3803925/v1/2df7f954-d564-4c49-b105-5d7d0ae5d4fe.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Development of a Novel Elastomer with unique properties: Fire and Radiation resistance\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eElastomer is a type of polymer that exhibits elastic properties; it can deform under stress and revert to its initial form once the load is removed[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Generally it has weak Young's modulus and elevated failure strain relative to other materials[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e].Elastomers have unique molecular structures that give them their distinctive properties. They are composed of long polymer chains interconnected through various types of cross-linking bonds[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The strong cross-linking hydrogen bonds confer robustness and elasticity[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. When stressed, these cross-links allow the chains to move and stretch out and then relax back to their original state once the stress is removed.Elastomers are often referred to as rubber materials due to their rubbery consistency and flexibility[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e].They find applications in various industries, including automotive[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e], aerospace[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e], construction[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e], electronics[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e], and healthcare[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]. They are used in the manufacturing of tires[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e], seals[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e], gaskets[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e], hoses[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e], vibration dampers[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e], O-rings[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e], medical gloves[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e], and many other products that require elasticity and resilience.The common examples of elastomers include natural rubber (made from the latex of rubber trees), synthetic rubbers like styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), neoprene, and silicone rubber. Natural rubber is derived from a sustainable and renewable resource; it is biodegradable, it can break down naturally over time without causing long-lasting environmental harm[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, it has relatively lower mechanical strength compared to some synthetic materials[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This limitation may affect its suitability for certain industrial applications that require high mechanical properties or specific performance requirements. Synthetic rubber offers a versatile and customizable alternative to natural rubber, allowing for the production of materials with tailored properties to meet specific industrial needs[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The extraction and processing of this non-renewable resources contribute to carbon emissions and environmental deterioration. Additionally, the disposal of synthetic rubber waste can pose challenges, as it may not readily degrade or be recyclable in some cases. Silicone rubber is made from silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen atoms. It is a polymer formed through the cross-linking of silicone-based polymers, which results in a rubbery material with unique properties[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. While silicone rubber offers many advantages, it also has some disadvantages. Silicone rubber is more expensive than other types of synthetic rubbers or elastomers.The production process and raw material costs contribute to its higher price.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarboxymethyl cellulose CMC is an anionic polymer with carboxyl groups (-COOH) generated by an alkali-catalyzed cellulose reaction [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In aqueous solutions, CMC undergoes ionization, releasing carboxylate ions -COO\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u003c/sup\\u003e and hydrogen ions H\\u003csup\\u003e+\\u003c/sup\\u003e. CMC is sensitive to pH variations. CMC remains coiled or aggregated under low pH levels (acidic environments), resulting in lower solubility and viscosity. CMC deprotonates as the pH rises (in alkaline conditions).Polyacrylic acid PAA is also an anionic polymer contains repeating carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) along its polymer chain[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e].PAA is also pH-responsive; at low pH (acidic conditions), PAA remains in its neutral form. As the pH increases (alkaline conditions), the carboxylic acid groups become ionized, resulting in increased solubility and swelling of the polymer. Tannic acid TA is a large polyphenolic compound with a complex structure[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. It is composed of glucose molecules esterified with gallic acid, forming a polymer chain. It has multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups and aromatic rings. These hydroxyl groups contribute to its antioxidant activity and reactivity.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWith considering the overall environmental impact, reduced carbon emissions, and biodegradability, new elastomer was constructed from carboxymethyl cellulose/ polyacrylic acid (CMC/PAA) and tannic acid TA is used as a cross-linker. A huge number of hydrogen bonds was performed to obtain the suitable elastic properties. The blended mixture was irradiated by gamma radiation inducing free radicals polymerization and crosslinking as a clean technique. various types of cross-linking bonds for desirable properties were obtained. The characteristics of the obtained natural-based elastomer were investigated.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Material and methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarboxymethyl cellulose 99%, tannic Acid 99%, nitric acid 53\\u0026ndash;55%, and acetone 99.5% were obtained from PIOCHEM for laboratory chemicals (Egypt). Acrylic acid 98.05% and sulphuric acid 97% were provided from ADVENT CHEMBIOPVT. LTD (India). Other solvents were obtained as follow: ethanol 99.9%, Brand chemicals (Egypt), Dimethyl formamide (DMF), Elnasr pharmaceutical chemicals Co. (Egypt), benzene 100% annular, VWR chemicals (France), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 30\\u0026ndash;32%, SPHINX (Egypt).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Preparation of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTwo grams of CMC were completely disintegrated in 70 mL of deionized water with stirring at 70 \\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC to complete dissolving. 20 mL of acrylic acid was included after down to room temperature, and it was stirred for 20 min for dissolution. Followed by adding 0.5 g of tannic acid that was prior dissolved in hot water. The solution was completed to 100 mL with continuous stirring until a complete homogeneity. The solution mixture was poured into a glass Petri dish and exposed to gamma radiation at a dose of 5 kGy with a rate of 3.32 kGy/h. After irradiation, the obtained film was washed with tap water to exclude the un reacted materials, and finally, the crosslinked elastomer film was dried in an oven at 50\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Solvent resistance\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA sample of known mass (W\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e) was immersed in specific solventand every day reweight for two weeks (W\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e) after that the surface solvent was dried with a filter paper. The soluble fraction was obtained using the following equation:\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equ1\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equ1\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$$\\\\text{S}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{b}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{e} \\\\text{f}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n} \\\\left(\\\\%\\\\right)=\\\\left(\\\\frac{{{W}_{0}-W}_{1}}{{W}_{0}}\\\\right)\\\\times 100$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"EquationNumber\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4. FT-IR analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe FT-IR was performed with a Bruker Unicom infrared spectrophotometer (Germany) within the400-4000 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e wavelength range.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5. TGA analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe TGA was done by Shimadzu TGA-30 (Japan) in a nitrogen environmentfrom 30\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC to 600\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eCat10\\u0026deg;C/min heating rate.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.6. Mechanical properties\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTensile investigations were carried out using Hounsfield tensile testing equipment, (model H10 KS) on dumbbell-shaped specimens with a 50mm length and 4mm neck width at ambient. The speed of film stretched was 10 mm/min and using a 20 kN load cell.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.7. XRD analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShimadzu Diffractometer D6000 series Kyoto, Japan was used for the XRD analysis. (30 mA and 40 kv) at Cu Kα (λ\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.54 \\u0026Aring;) radiation at ambient temperature with a 2\\u0026ndash;90 scan speed of 8 degrees per minute.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.8. Limiting oxygen index (LOI)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFTA-LOI made by Rheometeric Scientific Ltd, England, was used to measure LOI in accordance with ISO-4589. 100 \\u0026times; 20 \\u0026times; 3 mm\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003eis the sample size.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results and discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe objective of this research was to prepare elastomer has multiple properties that can be used in different applications. The purpose of this research was to create an elastomer with diverse qualities that can be employed in a variety of applications. At the same time the elastomer is based on environmentally friendly, low-cost materials. It is critical to use a sustainable preparation technique free of harmful chemicals and additives to achieve a product with high purity and no contaminants. The properties of elastomer created from the cross-linking chemical bonds and flexibility from the stretched hydrogen bonds. When mixing CMC with acrylic acid AA monomer hydrogen bonds was created between them (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1 step 1). The addition of TA in the reaction medium as a cross-linker creates more hydrogen bonds as seen in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1 (step2). When CMC, AA monomer, and TA mixture solution was irradiated by gamma radiation, Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1 (step3). The exposure of these ingredient to radiation AA can undergo polymerization under the influence of gamma radiation. In the presence of CMC, this polymerization process can lead to the formation of crosslinked networks between the CMC, TA molecules and PAA polymer chains. This can result in the formation of a three-dimensional structure frame work with potentially altered properties compared to the original CMC and AA. At the same time AA can generate ester bonds by reacting with -OH on the cellulose backbone of CMC. This reaction can result in the incorporation of acrylic acid moieties into the CMC polymer chain.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Solvent resistance\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe solvent resistance of elastomers[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e], or the capacity of elastomeric materials to endureexposure to various solvents, is of great importance in many industries and applications. Elastomers are commonly used in applications where they come into contact with different chemicals, such as in seals, gaskets, O-rings, and hoses. Solvents can have varying chemical compositions and properties, and some solvents may cause swelling, degradation, or other adverse reactions in elastomers. Solvent resistance ensures that the elastomer remains chemically compatible, allows for longer service life, and reduces the need for frequent replacements or repairs.By selecting the appropriate solvent-resistant elastomer for a specific application, industries can enhance reliability, efficiency, and safety in their operations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1 shows the soluble fraction (%) of CMC/PAA/TA in different solvents. As seen in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, CMC/PAA/TAelastomer has high resistance to solvent such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and DMF. About 5.45% was soluble in HNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e and 14% was soluble in ethanol aftersoaking for two weeks.It clear that from the obtained data, the prepared elastomer possesses high resistivity to many deferent type of solvents as shown from the table.\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"colspec\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;(1)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Soluble fraction (%) after two weeks of CMC/PAA/TA in different solvents\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSolvents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eweight \\u003csub\\u003edry\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eweight\\u003csub\\u003esoaking\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003esoluble fraction\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAcetone\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e~\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBenzene\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNitric acid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHydrochloric acid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eN,N-Dimethylformamide\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e~\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEthanol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.2. XRD analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure (2) depicts the XRD pattern of CMC/PAA/TA. The diffractogram reflected the amorphous structure of the prepared CMC/PAA/TA elastomer has a broad peak at 2\\u0026theta;\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;22.0\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003e. A diffraction peak at 28.0\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003e, which confirmed some crystallinity in the polymeric structure that may be due to the arrangement on the crystal domain.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.3. Flame retardant of the prepared elastomer\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLimiting oxygen index LOI is the lowest oxygen percentage in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture that is just enough to enable combustion of the specimen following ignition, indicating the capacity of materials to tolerate fire.[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The higher the LOI values, the greater the capacity to withstand fire and the more difficult it is to ignite materials. The flammability properties of CMC/PAA/TAelastomer is examined by LOI. It was found that the elastomer has a LOI value of 30%. Because TA has a strong carbon-forming ability and anti-oxidant capacity, its presence improves the flame retardancy of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer [48].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.4. FT-IR analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFTIR spectra of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer before and after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays were investigated in Figure (3). One of the prominent spectral characteristics found in the CMC/PAA/TA FTIR spectrum is a band centered at 3040 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, due to O-H stretching vibrations of carboxylic group(Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eA). The asymmetric stretching vibrations of C-H appears at 2931 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e], which confirmed by the bending vibration band at 1042 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u003c/sup\\u003e1.The band at 1735 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003edue to C\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;O stretching vibrations[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e].The splitting pattern of C\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;O may be related to the influence of hydrogen bonds. The band at 1138 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e is caused by C-O stretching vibrations in ether linkages between aromatic rings in lignin. The intensity of the O-H and -CH bands increased while C\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;O decreased after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays for CMC/PAA/TA (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eB), which may be due to a little degradation in the matrix [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.5. Thermal properties of prepared elastomer\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows of CMC/PAA/TA before and after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the specimens were tested at temperatures ranging from 30oC to 600oC at a constant rate of 20\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC/min.The TGA curves reveal that all specimens had three separate stages of weight reduction. The first stage of the thermogram of CMC/PAA/TA (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eA) shows the evaporation of partially physically bound water at 200.60 \\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC, whereas the second stage at 282.77 \\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC shows the disintegration of CMC and PAA side chains. The final stage, at 395.97 \\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC, reveals the disintegration of the polymer's primary chain. For CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to 1864 kGy of gamma rays (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eB), the same behavior was observed. A negligible change was observed that means the CMC/PAAc keep its thermal characteristic after exposure to gamma rays up to1864 kGy. It must be noted that the investigation of the influence of gamma radiation was chosen up to 1864 kGy only as a limited example for the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.6. Mechanical properties\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mechanical properties of elastomers are of significant importance due to their direct impact on the performance and functionality of elastomeric materials in various applications. Elastomers should possess sufficient strength to withstand the loads and forces they encounter during use. An elastomer's tensile stress is commonly defined by its tensile strength, which is the greatest stress or force that the material can sustain before failing or breaking[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Elastomers are known for their high tensile strength. Elastomers often face challenges such as tearing due to contact with rough surfaces, sharp edges, or repeated friction. Good tear resistance ensures that elastomers can withstand the application-specific forces without developing cracks or ruptures. Young's modulus, also referred to as the modulus of elasticity, is an indicator of the stiffness or rigidity of a material. Young's modulus is an essential mechanical property in materials science and engineering as it helps engineers and designers understand and predict how materials will respond to applied forces. Elongation percent indicates the maximum amount of deformation a material can undergo before it breaks or fails. It is a measure of the material's ductility or ability to be drawn into a wire-like shape without breaking. The stress/strain curve of CMC/PAA/TA was examined in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, and Table\\u0026nbsp;2 summarizes the data. CMC/PAA/TA displayed good mechanical properties,, as indicated in Table, where the tensile strength is ~\\u0026thinsp;3.376 MPa, Yong's Modules is ~\\u0026thinsp;0.595 MPa, tear strength is 33.754 N/mm, and the elongation percent is ~\\u0026thinsp;501.689%.The mechanical properties of CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to gamma rays at an irradiation dose of 1864 kGy were investigated as obtained in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e and the analyzed data was performed in Table\\u0026nbsp;3. As explained in Table\\u0026nbsp;3, the tensile strength is ~\\u0026thinsp;3.087 MPa, Yong's Modules is ~\\u0026thinsp;0.606 MPa, the tear strength is 30.87 N/mm, and the elongation percent is ~\\u0026thinsp;468.461%. The result is considered excellent, CMC/PAA/TA elastomer kept good mechanical properties after exposure to a high radiation dose, 1864 kGy. This means the CMC/PAA/TA elastomer resists the gamma radiation at least up to the studied value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;(2)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: \\u003cstrong\\u003eMechanical properties data of CMC/PAA/TA\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eForce @ Peak (N)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ Peak (mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ break(mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTensile Stress\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eYong's Modules\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTear strength\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(N/mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ break(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e88.358\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e84.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e85.377\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.465\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.475\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e34.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e569.178\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e97.107\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e74.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e75.657\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.597\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.601\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e35.966\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e504.383\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80.664\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e72.289\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e73.504\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.227\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.556\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e32.265\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e490.027\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80.339\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e64.198\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e66.475\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.214\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.748\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e32.136\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e443.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMaximum\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e97.107\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e84.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e85.377\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.597\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.748\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e35.966\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e569.178\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMinimum\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80.339\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e64.198\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e66.475\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.214\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.475\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e32.136\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e443.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e86.617\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e73.897\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e75.253\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.376\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.595\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e33.754\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e501.689\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;(3)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMechanical properties data of CMC/PAA/TA after exposure to gamma rays at irradiation dose of 1864 kGy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"colspec\\\" align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tabb\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eForce @ Peak (N)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ Peak (mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ break(mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTensile Stress\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eYong's Modules\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTear strength\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(N/mm)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eElong. @ break(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e77.801\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e69.611\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e70.867\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.112\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.554\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e31.121\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e472.444\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e56.317\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e61.215\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e63.661\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2.537\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e25.368\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e424.407\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e84.695\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e69.014\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e70.485\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.388\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.595\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e33.878\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e469.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e82.787\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e75.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e76.064\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.311\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.515\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e33.115\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e507.091\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMaximum\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e84.695\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e75.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e76.064\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.388\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e33.878\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e507.091\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMinimum\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e56.317\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e61.215\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e63.661\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2.537\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.515\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e25.368\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e424.407\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e75.400\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e68.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e70.269\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.087\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.606\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e30.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e468.461\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIt can be noted that the resistance of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer to gamma radiation where it mainly keeps its properties through the investigated radiation dose, 1864 kGy. The reasons of this behavior may due to the chemical structure of the elastomer; the tightly bonded molecular structures tend to be more resistant to radiation. Also, the highly cross-linked structure makes the material more stable and less susceptible to radiation-induced degradation. The inclusion of TA in the matrix may enhance the radiation resistance due to stearic hindrance of catechol groups of its structure. TA is considered as antioxidant and radical scavenger [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e], which can scavenge free radicals generated by radiation, preventing them from causing chain scission or other forms of degradation. By comparing the obtained properties data ofCMC/PAA/TA elastomer with acrylic rubber (ACM) properties[\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e], it can be noted that CMC/PAA/TA superior properties, particularly chemical and physical strength, and flame resistance. Additionally, when compared with ACM elastomer lacks gamma radiation protection and fire retardant properties.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCarboxymethyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid/tannic acid CMC/PAA/TA elastomer was prepared using gamma radiation technology. This formulation was produced an elastomer with superior properties. The properties of elastomer created from the cross-linking chemical bonds and flexibility from the stretched hydrogen bonds. It has higher resistance to solvents such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and DMF. About 5.45% was soluble in HNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e, and 14% was soluble in ethanol after soaking for two weeks. The elastomer has good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The presence of TA improves the flame retardancy of CMC/PAA/TA elastomer where LOI value is 30%. CMC/PAA/TA was found to be resist to gamma radiation. This property was examined by exposure to gamma rays up to 1864 kGy, no remarkable change in properties was obtained. This result was proved by FTIR, TGA, and the mechanical properties investigation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAuthor credit statement\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTarek mansour Mohamed: Conceptualization,Methodology,Software,Writing- Original draft preparation,Writing- Reviewing and editing the revised manuscript\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGhada A. Mahmoud:Conceptualization,Supervision,Writing- Original draft preparation,proofread the revised draft\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eData availability\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData will be made available on request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDey S, Agra-Kooijman DM, Ren W, McMullan PJ, Griffin AC, Kumar S (2013) Soft elasticity in main chain liquid crystal elastomers. Crystals 3:363\\u0026ndash;390\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSubramoniam V, Suresh V (2015) A Study on the Waste Disposal Practices and Its Impact in Alappad Panchayat, Kerala. Int J Social Sci Manage 2:97\\u0026ndash;101\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZou F, Manthiram A (2020) A review of the design of advanced binders for high-performance batteries. Adv Energy Mater 10:2002508\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKang J, Son D, Wang GJN, Liu Y, Lopez J, Kim Y et al (2018) Tough and water-insensitive self‐healing elastomer for robust electronic skin. Adv Mater 30:1706846\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZhao C, Wang Y, Ni M, He X, Xuan S, Gong X (2021) Dynamic behavior of impact hardening elastomer: A flexible projectile material with unique rate-dependent performance. 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Polymer 213:123331\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eChen S, Wu Z, Chu C, Ni Y, Neisiany RE, You Z (2022) Biodegradable elastomers and gels for elastic electronics. Adv Sci 9:2105146\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBalaji AB, Ratnam CT, Khalid M, Walvekar R (2018) E-beam sterilizable thermoplastics elastomers for healthcare devices: Mechanical, morphology, and in vivo studies. J Biomater Appl 32:1049\\u0026ndash;1062\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePuskas JE, Kaszas G, Molnar K, Helfer CA (2021) Polyisobutylene for the rescue: Advanced elastomers for healthcare. Elsevier, Macromolecular Engineering, pp 237\\u0026ndash;253\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLei W, Zhou X, Russell TP, Hua K-c, Yang X, Qiao H et al (2016) High performance bio-based elastomers: energy efficient and sustainable materials for tires. J Mater Chem A 4:13058\\u0026ndash;13062\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAhmed S, Salehi S, Ezeakacha C, Teodoriu C (2019) Experimental investigation of elastomers in downhole seal elements: Implications for safety. Polym Test 76:350\\u0026ndash;364\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDawir M (2008) Sealing in the automotive industry with liquid fluoro-silicone elastomers. Seal Technol 2008:10\\u0026ndash;14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKhondoker MAH, Sameoto D (2019) Direct coupling of fixed screw extruders using flexible heated hoses for FDM printing of extremely soft thermoplastic elastomers. Progress in Additive Manufacturing 4:197\\u0026ndash;209\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eM\\u0026uuml;ller M, Šleger V, Čed\\u0026iacute;k J, Pexa M (2022) Research on the Material Compatibility of Elastomer Sealing O-Rings. Polymers 14:3323\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlarifi IM, A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON, ADVANCEMENTS OF ELASTOMERS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS (2023). Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eParulekar Y, Mohanty AK (2006) Biodegradable toughened polymers from renewable resources: blends of polyhydroxybutyrate with epoxidized natural rubber and maleated polybutadiene. Green Chem 8:206\\u0026ndash;213\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKawahara S, Nishioka H, Yamano M, Yamamoto Y (2022) Synthetic Rubber with the Tensile Strength of Natural Rubber. ACS Appl Polym Mater 4:2323\\u0026ndash;2328\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlMaadeed MAA, Ponnamma D, El-Samak AA (2020) Polymers to improve the world and lifestyle: physical, mechanical, and chemical needs. 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Arab J Chem 3:43\\u0026ndash;53\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKothandaraman B (2008) Rubber materials: Ane Books India;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWhelan A, Whelan T (1994) Polymer technology dictionary. Springer Science \\u0026amp; Business Media\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGent AN (2012) Engineering with rubber: how to design rubber components. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic acid, gamma radiation, elastomer, radiation resistance\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study aims to create a novel, distinct form of elastomer with superior ability to resist fire, high resistance to radiation, and resistance to environmental conditions such as temperature and solvents. This type of natural-based elastomer was prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose CMC, polyacrylic acid PAA, crosslinked with tannic acid TA. Most techniques in elastomermanu facture technologies are unfriendly and participate in increasing carbon emissions. Gamma radiation was used as a clean tool for copolymerization and crosslinking the elastomer. The irradiation dose of 5 kGy with a rate of 3.32 kGy/h was enough to produce CMC/PAA/TAelastomer. The properties of the produced elastomer were investigated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Limiting oxygen index (LOI). CMC/PAA/TA has high resistance to solvents such as acetone, benzene, HCl, and HNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e. The tensile strength is 3.376 MPa, the elongation percent is 501.689%, and the LOI value is 30%. The produced elastomer possessed excellent gamma radiation resistance. The elastomer was exposed later to 1864 kGy of gamma radiation without showing degradation and retained its properties, as confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and mechanical properties. After investigation, it can be inferred that the produced CMC/PAA/TA elastomer exhibited outstanding properties.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Development of a Novel Elastomer with unique properties: Fire and Radiation resistance\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:23\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3803925/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"c2d3fcda-fead-491f-8d37-1a2bf23de7e4\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 2nd, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-04-22T06:01:43+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-01-02 18:36:23\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3803925\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3803925\",\"identity\":\"rs-3803925\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}