{"paper_id":"cc799e39-7c75-43c6-ab9a-0f39d3d49cc7","body_text":"Abstract\nWe investigated whether serum osteopontin (OPN) levels are different according to specific phenotypes of adenomyosis and endometriosis. We conducted a prospective laboratory study in a university referral center for endometriosis between May 2005 and May 2013 and included 148 nonpregnant women, younger than 42 years, undergoing surgery for a benign gynecological condition and who had a preoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence of focal and/or diffuse adenomyosis was determined by pelvic MRI, and women were classified into 3 groups: no-adenomyosis (No-AM), isolated diffuse adenomyosis (DIF-AM), and focal adenomyosis with or without diffuse adenomyosis (FOC-AM). After complete surgical exploration of the pelvic cavity, the presence and type of endometriosis was surgically determined and histologically confirmed. We distinguished 4 phenotypes: no endometriosis, superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP), ovarian endometrioma, and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). Osteopontin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples obtained in all participants in the month preceding surgery. Our results show lower OPN levels in women with focal adenomyosis compared to adenomyosis-free controls. Our results also show a decrease in OPN levels in women with associated DIE and focal adenomyosis compared to women with SUP. Various serum biomarkers have been studied in the context of endometriosis severity and subtypes, whereas data on serum markers of adenomyosis are scarce. Both entities are often associated, and adenomyosis could be a confounding factor influencing results. Future research on serum biomarkers should describe subtypes of adenomyosis and endometriosis and analyze results according to well-defined subtypes.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nOldberg A, Franzén A, Heinegård D. Cloning and sequence analysis of rat bone sialoprotein (osteopontin) cDNA reveals an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(23):8819–8823.\nBrown LF, Berse B, Van de Water L, et al. Expression and distribution of osteopontin in human tissues: widespread association with luminal epithelial surfaces. Mol Biol Cell. 1992;3(10):1169–1180.\nGeorgolios A, Batistatou A, Charalabopoulos A, Manolopoulos L, Charalabopoulos K. The role of CD44 adhesion molecule in oral cavity cancer. Exp Oncol. 2006;28(2):94–98.\nKahles F, Findeisen HM, Bruemmer D. Osteopontin: a novel regulator at the cross roads of inflammation, obesity and diabetes. Mol Metab. 2014;3(4):384–393.\nLessey BA. Implantation defects in infertile women with endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;955:265–280; discussion 293-295, 396-406.\nStrowitzki T, Germeyer A, Popovici R, von Wolff M. The human endometrium as a fertility-determining factor. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12(5):617–630.\nMakker A, Singh MM. Endometrial receptivity: clinical assessment in relation to fertility, infertility, and antifertility. Med Res Rev. 2006;26(6):699–746.\nEl-Tanani MK, Campbell FC, Kurisetty V, Jin D, McCann M, Rudland PS. The regulation and role of osteopontin in malignant transformation and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006;17(6):463–474.\nStandal T, Borset M, Sundan A. Role of osteopontin in adhesion, migration, cell survival and bone remodeling. Exp Oncol. 2004;26(3):179–184.\nRittling SR, Chambers AF. Role of osteopontin in tumour progression. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(10):1877–1881.\nKim J, Skates SJ, Uede T, et al. Osteopontin as a potential diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. JAMA. 2002;287(13):1671–1679.\nGe T, Shen Q, Wang N, et al. Diagnostic values of alpha-fetoprotein, dickkopf-1, and osteopontin for hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol. 2015;32(3):59.\nAnborgh PH, Caria LB, Chambers AF, Tuck AB, Stitt LW, Brackstone M. Role of plasma osteopontin as a biomarker in locally advanced breast cancer. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(4):723–732.\nKivisäkk P, Healy BC, Francois K, et al. Evaluation of circulating osteopontin levels in an unselected cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis: relevance for biomarker development. Mult Scler. 2014;20(4):438–444.\nSimão A, Madaleno J, Silva N, et al. Plasma osteopontin is a biomarker for the severity of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, not for hepatocellular carcinoma screening. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15(1):73.\nYang M, Jiang C, Chen H, Nian Y, Bai Z, Ha C. The involvement of osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the migration of endometrial epithelial cells in patients with endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015;13(1):95.\nCho S, Ahn YS, Choi YS, et al. Endometrial osteopontin mRNA expression and plasma osteopontin levels are increased in patients with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2009;61(4):286–293.\nD’Amico F, Skarmoutsou E, Quaderno G, et al. Expression and localisation of osteopontin and prominin-1 (CD133) in patients with endometriosis. Int J Mol Med. 2013;31(5):1011–1016.\nCasals G, Ordi J, Creus M, et al. Expression pattern of osteopontin and avβ3 integrin during the implantation window in infertile patients with early stages of endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(3):805–813.\nOdagiri K, Konno R, Fujiwara H, et al. Immunohistochemical study of osteopontin and l-selectin in a rat endometriosis model and in human endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2007;88(4 suppl):1207–1211.\nWei Q, StClair JB, Fu T, Stratton P, Nieman LK. Reduced expression of biomarkers associated with the implantation window in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(5):1686–1691.\nRevised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis: 1985. Fertil Steril. 1985;43(3):351–352.\nBird CC, McElin TW, Manalo-Estrella P. The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus-revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(5):583–593.\nBergeron C, Amant F, Ferenczy A. Pathology and physiopathology of adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;20(4):511–521.\nXiao Y, Li T, Xia E, Yang X, Sun X, Zhou Y. Expression of integrin β3 and osteopontin in the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis during the implantation window. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(2):419–422.\nBazot M, Cortez A, Darai E, et al. Ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: correlation with histopathology. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(11):2427–2433.\nArnold LL, Ascher SM, Schruefer JJ, Simon JA. The nonsurgical diagnosis of adenomyosis. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(3):461–465.\nChapron C, Souza C, de Ziegler D, et al. Smoking habits of 411 women with histologically proven endometriosis and 567 unaffected women. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(6):2353–2355.\nChapron C, Bourret A, Chopin N, et al. Surgery for bladder endometriosis: long-term results and concomitant management of associated posterior deep lesions. Hum Reprod. 2010;25(4):884–889.\nDousset B, Leconte M, Borghese B, et al. Complete surgery for low rectal endometriosis: long-term results of a 100-case prospective study. Ann Surg. 2010;251(5):887–895.\nFauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson J-B, Vieira M, Dousset B, Bréart G. Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2002;78(4):719–726.\nChapron C, Souza C, Borghese B, et al. Oral contraceptives and endometriosis: the past use of oral contraceptives for treating severe primary dysmenorrhea is associated with endometriosis, especially deep infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(8):2028–2035.\nTakahashi K, Nagata H, Kijima S, et al. Clinical usefulness of determination of CA 125 levels in the serum and menstrual blood. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1988;26(1):63–65.\nKil K, Chung JE, Pak HJ, et al. Usefulness of CA125 in the differential diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis and myoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;185:131–135.\nXiaoyu L, Weiyuan Z, Ping J, Anxia W, Liane Z. Serum differential proteomic analysis of endometriosis and adenomyosis by iTRAQ technique. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;182:62–65.\nKao LC, Tulac S, Lobo S, et al. Global gene profiling in human endometrium during the window of implantation. Endocrinology. 2002;143(6):2119–2138.\nMirkin S, Arslan M, Churikov D, et al. In search of candidate genes critically expressed in the human endometrium during the window of implantation. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(8):2104–2117.\nRiesewijk A, Martín J, van Os R, et al. Gene expression profiling of human endometrial receptivity on days LH + 2 versus LH + 7 by microarray technology. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003;9(5):253–264.\nHapangama DK, Raju RS, Valentijn AJ, et al. Aberrant expression of metastasis-inducing proteins in ectopic and matched eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis: implications for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(2):394–407.\nChapron C. Focal and diffuse adenomyosis: 2 different entities? Oral presentation at the 1st congress of the society of endometriosis and uterine disorders (SEUD), Paris, France. 2015. http://seud-congress.com/files/107/COMM_2015/VENDREDI/BC/02.-charles-chapron.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2015.\nSantulli P, Borghese B, Chouzenoux S, et al. Interleukin-19 and interleukin-22 serum levels are decreased in patients with ovarian endometrioma. Fertil Steril. 2013;99(1):219–226.\nBramwell VH, Tuck AB, Chapman JA, et al. Assessment of osteopontin in early breast cancer: correlative study in a randomised clinical trial. Breast Cancer Res. 2014;16(1):R8.\nBautista DS, Saad Z, Chambers AF, et al. Quantification of osteopontin in human plasma with an ELISA: basal levels in pre- and postmenopausal women. Clin Biochem. 1996;29(3):231–239.\nMay KE, Conduit-Hulbert SA, Villar J, Kirtley S, Kennedy SH, Becker CM. Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(6):651–674.\nLund SA, Giachelli CM, Scatena M. The role of osteopontin in inflammatory processes. J Cell Commun Signal. 2009;3(3-4):311–322.\nUede T. Osteopontin, intrinsic tissue regulator of intractable inflammatory diseases. Pathol Int. 2011;61:265–280.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nStreuli, I., Santulli, P., Chouzenoux, S. et al. Serum Osteopontin Levels Are Decreased in Focal Adenomyosis. Reprod. Sci. 24, 773–782 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116669054\nPublished:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116669054","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}