{"paper_id":"c61ec5fd-4d73-49b4-8911-ad5e45841e4b","body_text":"- Frontmatter\n- Contents\n- Contributors\n- Foreword\n- Preface\n- Introduction\n- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION\n- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT\n- 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female\n- 7 Fertiloscopy\n- 8 Microlaparoscopy\n- 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy\n- 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis\n- 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction\n- 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility\n- 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum\n- 14 Laser in Subfertility\n- 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility\n- 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix\n- 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility\n- 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application\n- 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria\n- 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART\n- 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction\n- 22 Ovulation Induction\n- 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction\n- 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction\n- 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins\n- 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement?\n- 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome\n- 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction\n- 29 Hyperprolactinemia\n- 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n- 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n- 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility\n- 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis\n- 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility\n- 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction\n- 36 Unexplained Infertility\n- 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management\n- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION\n- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION\n- Index\n- Plate section\n- References\nfrom PART II - INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT\nPublished online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010\nBook contents\n- Frontmatter\n- Contents\n- Contributors\n- Foreword\n- Preface\n- Introduction\n- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION\n- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT\n- 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female\n- 7 Fertiloscopy\n- 8 Microlaparoscopy\n- 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy\n- 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis\n- 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction\n- 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility\n- 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum\n- 14 Laser in Subfertility\n- 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility\n- 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix\n- 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility\n- 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application\n- 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria\n- 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART\n- 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction\n- 22 Ovulation Induction\n- 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction\n- 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction\n- 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins\n- 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement?\n- 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome\n- 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction\n- 29 Hyperprolactinemia\n- 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n- 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n- 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility\n- 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis\n- 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility\n- 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction\n- 36 Unexplained Infertility\n- 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management\n- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION\n- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION\n- Index\n- Plate section\n- References\nCURRENT TRENDS\nThere is little consensus regarding the composition of the ideal evaluation of the couple experiencing infertility. Validation of the most cost-effective, productive, and minimally invasive means of completing the infertility evaluation is an evolving art requiring a critical eye, willingness to learn new techniques, and a desire to best serve the interests of our patients. A diagnosis of unexplained infertility is usually made only after it has been demonstrated that the female partner ovulates regularly, has patent Fallopian tubes, shows no evidence of peritubal adhesions, fibroids or endometriosis, and has a partner with normal sperm production and function. Only when all standard clinical investigations yield normal results should the diagnosis of unexplained infertility be raised (1). This means that for an optimal evaluation of an infertile woman, optimal assessment of the morphology of the pelvic cavity, uterus, and the tubes demands the utilization of laparoscopy. The principal options for the evaluation of the morphology of the uterus and tubes are hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy with hydrotubation. The two techniques are complementary, but there is considerable pressure to simplify the investigation and the cost/benefit calculation tends to favor hysterosalpingography (2). Whereas, one should keep in mind that, in infertile couples, laparoscopy reveals abnormal findings in twenty one to sixty eight percent of cases with a normal HSG (3).\n- Type\n- Chapter\n- Information\n- Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 107 - 114Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008\nInvestigation of the infertile couple: should diagnostic laparoscopy be performed after normal hysterosalpingography in treating infertility suspected to be of unknown origin?Hum Reprod 2002;17(1):1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar\n, , . Optimal use of infertility diagnostic tests and treatments. The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. 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