{"paper_id":"c60ed1ca-0cb8-46bf-99ea-153e5da43751","body_text":"The diagnosis and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea\nDOI:\nhttps://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.076Keywords\nprimary dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menstruationAbstract\nPrimary dysmenorrhea is defined as pain in the pelvic area that occurs for no specific reason during menstrual cycle. Dysmenorrhea occurs in 50% to 90% of adolescent girls and women of reproductive age which makes it one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women. The mechanism of this condition is overproduction of prostaglandins by the endometrium, causing uterine hypercontractility, thereby leading to uterine muscle ischemia, hypoxia and pain. Dysmenorrhea significantly reduces the quality of women life, often making it impossible to perform daily activities and, in addition, it may cause a mental stress that makes both professional and school life difficult. Despite this, females often consider these symptoms as a normal part of their menstrual cycle, which makes this disease underrated and untreated. Dysmenorrhea can be treated in a various ways such as non-pharmacological, pharmacological and surgical. However, women with a typical history of primary dysmenorrhea can commence empirical therapy without any additional tests. Hormonal contraception and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have proved to be effective in this treatment. However, if conventional treatment is contraindicated, alternative treatments such as topical heat, lifestyle modification, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, dietary supplements, acupuncture, and acupressure may be used. Surgical treatment is possible, but it is used rarely and only in severe cases of treatment-resistant dysmenorrhea. However, it should be emphasized how important it is to exclude secondary causes of dysmenorrhea.\nReferences\nDawood, M Yusoff MD. Primary Dysmenorrhea: Advances in Pathogenesis and Management. Obstetrics & Gynecology: August 2006 - Volume 108 - Issue 2 - p 428-441 doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c\nStella Iacovides, Ingrid Avidon, Fiona C. Baker, What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review, Human Reproduction Update, Volume 21, Issue 6, November/December 2015, Pages 762–778, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv039\nBurnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345-primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017; 39 (07) 585-595 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023\nBurnett MA, Antao V, Black A, Feldman K, Grenville A, Lea R, et al. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005;27:765–70.\nIacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21 (06) 762-778 . Doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv039\nGuimarães I, Póvoa AM. Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. English. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712131. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PMID: 32559803.\nOsayande AS, Mehulic S. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Mar 1;89(5):341-6. PMID: 24695505.\nFerries-Rowe, Elizabeth MD, MA; Corey, Elizabeth MD, MPH; Archer, Johanna S. VMD, MD. Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology: November 2020 - Volume 136 - Issue 5 - p 1047-1058 doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096\nMorrow C, Naumburg EH. Dysmenorrhea. Prim Care 2009; 36 (01) 19-32, vii . Doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004\nCoco AS. Primary dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Aug;60(2):489-96. PMID: 10465224.\nRyan SA. The treatment of dysmenorrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017; 64 (02) 331-342 . Doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.004\nACOG Committee Opinion No. 760: dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in the adolescent. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132 (06) e249-e258 . Doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002978\nSmith RP, Kaunitz AM. Dysmenorrhea in adult women: treatment [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dysmenorrhea-in-adult-women-treatment\nDoty E, Attaran M. Managing primary dysmenorrhea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2006; 19 (05) 341-344 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2006.06.005\nRamirez C, Donnellan N. Pelvic denervation procedures for dysmenorrhea. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29 (04) 225-230 . Doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000379\nFrench L. Dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician 2005; 71 (02) 285-291\nDownloads\nPublished\nHow to Cite\nIssue\nSection\nLicense\nCopyright (c) 2022 Karolina Obuchowska, Aleksandra Obuchowska, Arkadiusz Standyło, Kamila Gorczyca, Justyna Wójcik-Grudzień, Alicja Ozga-Stachurska, Paulina Pawłowska, Martyna Rozenbajgier, Przemysław Żelazny, Joanna Filipczak, Żaneta Kimber-Trojnar, Bożena Leszczyńska-Gorzelak\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.\nThe periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0\nStats\nNumber of views and downloads: 2196\nNumber of citations: 0","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}