{"paper_id":"ae218fd5-b19c-4233-8d61-bc330c345ca4","body_text":"Impacts of fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on exhaust emissions of single-cylinder CI engine | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Impacts of fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on exhaust emissions of single-cylinder CI engine Omar I. Awad, Mahmood Sh. Suwaed, Adnan Ajam Abed, Ameer H. Al-Rubaye, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Alcohol-based fuels, namely fusel oil, have garnered considerable interest as viable alternatives owing to their manufacturing, accessibility, and environmental advantages. This study's main objective is to ascertain how effectively a compression ignition (CI) engine operates and how much pollution it emits when running at various loads and speeds on a mixture of fusel oil and diesel (known as \"F20\"). To ensure the engine's fuel system remained unaltered, a set blending ratio of 20% v/v was used. The experimental findings demonstrated a reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions while using F20 in comparison to diesel, but it was observed that fuel consumption rose. The decreased energy content of fusel oil resulted in a reduction in fuel usage. Nevertheless, the use of F20 resulted in elevated emissions of CO and HC in comparison to diesel. The highest observed decrease in NOx emissions, up to 20%, was seen at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and an engine load of 75%. This reduction may be due to the elevated water content present in fusel oil. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Fossil fuels Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy Alcohol fuel Fusel oil NOx emissions Engine emissions Diesel engine Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid depletion of global petroleum reserves, the rising cost of conventional petroleum fuels, and the implementation of exhaust emission regulations for internal combustion (IC) engines due to environmental concerns have all contributed to the increased demand for using alternative and renewable fuels in diesel engines 1–5. Among the available fuels, alcohols stand out as versatile options that could be utilized as blends with regular fuels in existing engines or as additives with biodiesel. 6–10. Environmental protection has been pushed to the forefront as a fundamental issue due to rising mobility, particularly in large economies. All advanced countries have implemented emission control measures to cut down on pollution from cars and trucks using internal combustion engines. Exhaust emissions from spark ignition engines and diesel engines have been lowered in a variety of ways. Some of these techniques aim to lower the levels of harmful gases by directly addressing the exhaust gases.The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engines are influenced by a range of factors, including fuel characteristics and the operational parameters of the engine8 , 9. It is well acknowledged that NOx emissions arise as a result of elevated combustion temperatures and increased oxygen concentrations inside the cylinder. Alcohols often exhibit a lower temperature of the combustion as a result of their comparatively lower heating value and oxygen concentration. Carbon monoxide (CO) is largely produced via combustion activities. According to the estimate provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), diesel engines were accountable for roughly two percent of the anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the year 2002, as seen in Fig. 1 . Between the years 1983 and 2002, there was a notable decline of 41 percent in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the United States. This reduction in emissions was accompanied by a significant drop of 65 percent in the ambient concentration of CO. The toxicity of carbon monoxide (CO) arises from its tendency to selectively bind to hemoglobin, so diminishing the blood's ability to transport oxygen11. The concept of using alcohol as a viable method for generating more environmentally friendly diesel engines was first proposed more than half a century ago. Furthermore, several investigations have been conducted on the adoption of alcohol fuels including butanol, methanol, and ethanol in internal combustion engines. In their study, Ajav et al 12. conducted experiments to evaluate the impacts of varying percent of ethanol–diesel mixes on the engine performance operating at a constant speed. A 9% increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC) was seen when comparing blends with a 20% mixture of diesel and pure diesel. In addition, Özer C et al 13. A study was undertaken to investigate the impacts of employing an ethanol-diesel emulsion fuel on a four-cylinder CI engine. The objective of the research was to investigate the impacts of ethanol supplementation on performance and emissions, namely carbon monoxide (CO), soot, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The findings of the research indicate a significant increase of around 12.5% in NOx emissions, accompanied by a decrease in CO, smoke, and SO2. Fusel oil is a by-product produced from the process of ethyl alcohol manufacture via fermentation and subsequent distillation. It serves as a naturally occurring reservoir of amyl alcohols 14–18. Fusel oil has characteristics that make it a potential candidate as an alternate fuel for use in a SI engine. The composition and quantity of fusel oil are contingent upon several factors, including the carbon source used in ethanol production, the fermentation process, the method of preparation, and the decomposition technique applied to the fusel oil within the combination 19. The potential utilization of fusel oil as a viable alternative fuel has the capacity to be recognized as a novel energy resource within the realm of diesel engines. Nevertheless, the investigation into the utilization of fusel oil in conjunction with diesel fuel has not been extensively documented in academic literature. This research used a single-cylinder CI engine operating at four various engine loads and two speeds to investigate the effect of fusel oil–diesel F20 blends on engine exhaust emissions, fuel consumption, and temperature in comparison to pure diesel fuel. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP This study was carried out using a Hydrome model HGP-3A-F23 dynamometer and a single-cylinder Yanmar TF120 diesel engine with a 0.63 L and 17.7 Compression Ratio as shown in Table 1 . Kane Automotive, a brand of exhaust gas analyzers, has also been used for exhaust gas analysis. The gas analyzer employed in this study was designed to collect engine exhaust samples and measure the levels of NOx, CO, CO2, and O2 in them. Straight through high temperature tubing from the gas measuring point to the gas analyzer, exhaust gas was controlled. The measurement was done concurrently with engine testing and was statistically analyzed. Figure 2 depicts the engine test bed's schematic diagram. During engine testing, TFX Engineering collected data using for an in-cylinder pressure and a crank angle. Thermocouples K-type used to measure the temperature, and data loggers were used to display the temperature readings. The temperatures that can be measured by this apparatus include ambient temperature, exhaust temperature, and intake temperature. Four engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) and two towing speeds (1500 rpm and 2100 rpm) were applied to the experimental vehicle. The test was completed using a blend of 20% vol fusel oil and 80% vol diesel (pour diesel F0 and fusel oil diesel blend F20). In order to gather the engine's essential data, the test was conducted under steady-state conditions and initially with only pure diesel. In an experiment, engine emissions (CO2, CO, and NOx), exhaust temperature, and fuel consumption (FC) have all been measured. Table 1 Engine Specification Description Specification Engine type YANMAR TF120 Combustion system Direct injection Cylinder number one bore x stroke in millimeters 92 x 96 Volume (mL) 638 Injection timing 17° BTDC CR 17.7 Output (HP) 10.5 HP Table 2 The properties of test fuels Properties Diesel Fusel oil F20 Density [g/m3] 0.746 0.847 0.761 Heating value MJ/kg 47.5 30 42.12 Cetane Number 46 - 38 Water content (%) - 13.5 0.88 Hydroyen (%) 33–16 5.749 - Carbon (%) 84–87 21.658 - Netrogen (%) 0 0.326 - 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As previously stated, the experimental assessments were conducted on a singular-cylinder internal combustion engine using two fuels: pure diesel F0 (consisting of 100% volume diesel) and F20 (comprising 80% volume diesel and 20% volume fusel oil). The measurement of the engine's fuel usage and exhaust temperature was conducted. The analysis focused on the engine emissions of CO, CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and engine temperature. The findings are presented in the following manner: 3.1. Fuel consumptions As the engine experiences higher loads and speeds, there is a corresponding increase in the energy transferred into the cylinder. The lower energy content of fusel oil in comparison to diesel (F0) resulted in a reduction in the energy content of the fuel test (F20), as seen in Table 2 . Although the energy value of F20 in comparison to diesel is relatively low, it has been observed that the engine fuel consumption has slightly risen when using F0. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the variations in fuel usage between F20 and F0 across various engine loads and speeds. Across all engine loads and speeds, the fuel consumption of F20 is consistently higher than that of diesel, indicating an improvement in the volumetric efficiency of F20. Alcohol-based fuels, it should be noted, have a higher latent heat of evaporation than diesel fuels. This characteristic enables the attainment of lower manifold temperatures and higher volumetric efficiency. 20 , 21. 3.2 Gas exhaust temperature. Figures 5 and 6 depict the relationship between exhaust temperature and engine loads and speeds for the F20 and diesel F0, respectively. The temperature of diesel is somewhat greater than that of F20.Moreover, the highest recorded temperature at 1500 was seen to be 255°C at a 75% engine load for pure diesel. Similarly, at 2100 rpm and the same load, the temperature was 345°C. The elevated oxygen concentration present in fusel oil is expected to contribute to an increase in the in-cylinder temperature inside the combustion chamber, owing to its greater latent heat of evaporation. However, the presence of a significant amount of water in fusel oil adversely affects the combustion process, leading to a reduction in temperature. 3.3 Emissions According to the engine's operating conditions, the effect of fusel oil on emissions varies. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are of notable relevance among the detrimental gaseous pollutants gained from a compression ignition engine. The production of NOx is significantly impacted by the temperature at which combustion happens, while other engine operating variables, such as engine speed and load, contribute to its emission. The production of thermal NOx takes place when temperatures beyond 1500°C, and its pace experiences a significant escalation when temperatures surpass this critical point. In a comparative analysis, the use of fusel oil demonstrates a decrease in NOx emissions when compared to diesel, as seen in Figs. 7 and 8 . The decrease in combustion emissions may be ascribed to the presence of oxygen in fusel oil and alcohols, which facilitates a more thorough and environmentally friendly combustion process 22. Furthermore, NOx production is increased by a higher oxygen level in the mixture. 23 , 24. As a consequence, the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) shown a reduction while using a fuel blend of F20 in comparison to the use of pure diesel fuel. The highest observed increase in NOx emissions occurred at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and an engine load of 75%. Figures 9 and 10 depict the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of F20 and pure diesel fuels across various engine loads and speeds. The findings indicate that the emission of CO2 showed an increase when exposed to F20 across all levels of engine loads and speeds. The primary factor contributing to the rise in emissions may be attributed to the elevated carbon-to-hydrogen ratio seen in fusel oil, as shown in Table 2 . Additionally, the elevated oxygen concentration in fusel oil contributes to an increase in CO2 levels. The increase in CO2 levels seen while using F20 fuel at an engine speed of 2100 rpm and a load of 75% was found to be 3% higher than when using pure diesel fuel. Figures 11 and 12 depict variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under different engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) for two types of fuels, namely F20 and pure diesel. The measurements were taken at two different engine speeds, specifically 1500 and 2100 revolutions per minute (rpm). In general, the use of alcohol-based fusels inside internal combustion engines leads to a discernible decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The decrease in fuel consumption may be ascribed to the oxygen-rich nature and advantageous flammability attributes of alcohol-based fuels 25 , 26. Figures 11 and 12 depict variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under different engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) for two types of fuels, namely F20 and pure diesel. The measurements were taken at two different engine speeds, specifically 1500 and 2100 revolutions per minute (rpm). In general, the use of alcohol-based fusels inside internal combustion engines leads to a discernible decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The decrease in fuel consumption may be ascribed to the oxygen-rich nature and advantageous flammability attributes of alcohol-based fuels. Nevertheless, the current investigation observed that the use of fusel oil, an alcohol-derived fuel, resulted in elevated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, with a mean increment of 25%. The oxidation mechanism of the mixture is impacted by the temperatures inside the cylinder as the flame develops and spreads. Reduced in-cylinder temperatures have the potential to impede the achievement of full combustion, particularly in cases when the length of flame propagation is prolonged. In the context of fusel oil, the presence of water content led to a decrease in temperatures inside the combustion chamber, hence causing a significant rise in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. 4. Conclusions In summary, Fusel oil, which is a by-product derived from the production of ethanol, is an energy source that has not been fully exploited and has promising advantages. The present research aimed to examine the utilization of diesel fuel and fusel oil-diesel blends in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine with a compression ratio of 17.7. The engine was subjected to different engine loads and speeds throughout the experimental investigation. The aforementioned data indicate that the addition of fusel oil to diesel results in an augmentation of the fuel's oxygen content, accompanied by a reduction in its heating value. Consequently, the utilization of this blended fuel leads to heightened fuel consumption in comparison to the usage of pure diesel. Nevertheless, when subjected to certain operational circumstances, such as in F20 mixtures, the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were successfully reduced, with the most substantial decrease of 20% being seen at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute and an engine load of 75%. In contrast, the incorporation of fusel oil resulted in a mean elevation of 30% and 10% in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) discharges, correspondingly, in comparison to undiluted diesel fuel. The rise in emissions may be ascribed to the reduction in in-cylinder temperatures induced by the presence of water in fusel oil, impeding the achievement of full combustion, especially during the propagation of the flame, leading to heightened levels of CO and CO2 emissions. In general, it is worth noting that the use of fusel oil-diesel blends exhibits potential in mitigating NOx emissions. However, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the associated trade-off of elevated CO and CO2 emissions, necessitating more examination. Gaining insight into these trade-offs may facilitate the optimization of fusel oil use as a prospective fuel alternative for internal combustion engines. Declarations Author Contribution Omar I.awad: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft.Adnan Ajam Abed :Writing - Review & Editing.Mahmood Sh. Suwaed : Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing. Ameer H. Al-Rubaye : Visualization, Writing - Review & Editing.M.N. Mohammed: Validation, Writing - Review & Editing.Mohammed M. Hasan: Supervision. Mohammed Kamil : Visualization, Zhenbin Chen:Writing - Review & Editing Acknowledgments This research was supported Hainan University Scientific Research Start-up Fund Project KYQD (ZR) 23157. References Awad, O. I. et al. Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82, 2586–2605 (2018). Pinto, G. M. et al. Combustion, performance and emission analyses of a CI engine operating with renewable diesel fuels (HVO/FARNESANE) under dual-fuel mode through hydrogen port injection. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48, 19713–19732, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.020 (2023). Ergen, G. Comprehensive analysis of the effects of alternative fuels on diesel engine performance combustion and exhaust emissions: Role of biodiesel, diethyl ether, and EGR. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 47, 102307, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102307 (2024). Ma, W., Gao, S., Liu, H. & Li, D. The improvements of a diesel engine fueled with renewable and sustainable diesel/n-butanol/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blended fuels at high altitudes. Energy 289, 130060, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.130060 (2024). Siaw Paw, J. K. et al. Advancing renewable fuel integration: A comprehensive response surface methodology approach for internal combustion engine performance and emissions optimization. Heliyon 9, e22238, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22238 (2023). Agarwal, A. K. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in energy and combustion science 33, 233–271 (2007). Bozbas, K. Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, 542–552 (2008). Awad, O. I., Mamat, R., Ali, O. M., Othman, M. F. & Abdullah, A. Experimental study of performance and emissions of fusel oil-diesel blend in a single cylinder diesel engine. International journal of engineering and technology 9, 138 (2017). Mahmudul, H., Hagos, F. Y., Mamat, R., Abdullah, A. A. & Awad, O. I. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 012038 (IOP Publishing). ABED, A. A., ARSLAN, C. A. & SULAİMAN, I. N. Study of the history matching and performance prediction Analysis Utilizing Integrated Material Balance Modeling in One Iraqi Oil Filed. (2023). Bacha, J. et al. Diesel fuels technical review. Chevron Global Marketing (2007). Ajav, E., Singh, B. & Bhattacharya, T. Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol–diesel blends as fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 17, 357–365 (1999). He, B.-Q., Jian-Xin, W., Hao, J.-M., Yan, X.-G. & Xiao, J.-H. A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Atmospheric Environment 37, 949–957, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1 (2003). Özgülsün, A., Karaosmanoglu, F. & Tüter, M. Esterification reaction of oleic acid with a fusel oil fraction for production of lubricating oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 77, 105–109 (2000). Dörmő, N., Bélafi-Bakó, K., Bartha, L., Ehrenstein, U. & Gubicza, L. Manufacture of an environmental-safe biolubricant from fusel oil by enzymatic esterification in solvent-free system. Biochemical Engineering Journal 21, 229–234 (2004). Ferreira, M. C., Meirelles, A. J. & Batista, E. A. Study of the fusel oil distillation process. Industrial & engineering chemistry Research 52, 2336–2351 (2013). Alenezi, R. A., Awad, O. I., Mamat, R. & Najafi, G. Set-up of the Experiment and Improve the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Fuel with Fusel Oil Additive from Waste Products. Journal of Engineering Research (JER) (2022). Awad, O. I. et al. Utilization of additive from waste products with gasoline fuel to operate spark ignition engine. Scientific Reports 12, 7714 (2022). Calam, A. et al. Investigation of usability of the fusel oil in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. Journal of the Energy Institute (2014). Yücesu, H. S., Topgül, T., Cinar, C. & Okur, M. Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Applied Thermal Engineering 26, 2272–2278 (2006). Bilgin, A., Durgun, O. & Sahin, Z. The effects of diesel-ethanol blends on diesel engine performance. Energy sources 24, 431–440 (2002). Mittelbach, M. & Remschmidt, C. Biodiesel: the comprehensive handbook . (Martin Mittelbach, 2004). Solmaz, H. & Çelikten, İ. ESTIMATION OF NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND AMOUNT OF POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY VEHICLES IN TURKEY UNTIL 2030. Gazi University Journal of Science 25, 495–503 (2012). Yilmaz, E., Solmaz, H., Polat, S. & Altin, M. Effect of the three-phase diesel emulsion fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 28, 127–134 (2013). Yüksel, F. & Yüksel, B. The use of ethanol–gasoline blend as a fuel in an SI engine. Renewable Energy 29, 1181–1191, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2003.11.012 (2004). Hsieh, W.-D., Chen, R.-H., Wu, T.-L. & Lin, T.-H. Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment 36, 403–410, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00508-8 (2002). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SDate.rar Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3844794\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":267691993,\"identity\":\"891964ed-c8d3-464a-a479-5185970ae228\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Omar I. Awad\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCxAaG+n72BiDLwIJ4LYwzew6AtEgQqYURqGXDjQQQkwgt/GKHn314uOMes+TM51c3/CiQYOBv707Aq0VydprxjMQzxWz80jllN3uADpM4c3YDXi0GtxOMGRLbEngkZ+ek3eABajGQyCWkJf0zSIuEwc0zaTf/EKclB2yLgcEN9mO3ibIF6J5ihsQzCQmSPTlst2UMJHgI+oVfOn0z488dCQn87Mef3Xzzx0aOv70XvxYkwGMAJolVDgLsD0hRPQpGwSgYBSMIAABeYUhYkdPbQgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hainan University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Omar\",\"middleName\":\"I.\",\"lastName\":\"Awad\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691994,\"identity\":\"569bc42a-82bf-457a-823c-e10ee57beb4c\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Mahmood Sh. Suwaed\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Kirkuk\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mahmood\",\"middleName\":\"Sh.\",\"lastName\":\"Suwaed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691995,\"identity\":\"558481c8-8a64-418d-9a43-1639407b5cea\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Adnan Ajam Abed\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Kirkuk\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Adnan\",\"middleName\":\"Ajam\",\"lastName\":\"Abed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691996,\"identity\":\"dc67bd93-68a3-4e09-8364-12a9c218bc0f\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Ameer H. Al-Rubaye\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Al-Kitab University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ameer\",\"middleName\":\"H.\",\"lastName\":\"Al-Rubaye\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691997,\"identity\":\"946b395d-e02d-458b-8769-85e62aff458d\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"M. N. Mohammed\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Gulf University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"M.\",\"middleName\":\"N.\",\"lastName\":\"Mohammed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691998,\"identity\":\"6700e89c-81f7-4488-82ae-504d443480a1\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Mohammed M. Hasan\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mohammed\",\"middleName\":\"M.\",\"lastName\":\"Hasan\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267691999,\"identity\":\"2e4fc0f1-9c95-4d44-96ef-23f654c7b3f6\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Zhenbin Chen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hainan University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Zhenbin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":267692000,\"identity\":\"7cd78d51-731f-417b-a45a-2f2ec76da8e6\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Mohammed Kamil\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Sharjah\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mohammed\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kamil\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-01-08 07:29:19\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":49890025,\"identity\":\"941f7c5b-0b2b-4b42-a5bc-f17d10e8687b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":108289,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEmissions Sources: 2002 National Manmade Carbon Monoxide Emissions\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e112,049,000 short tons 11\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/54c0640179b1ea1bda259d1c.png\"},{\"id\":49890024,\"identity\":\"4ba399e6-02d4-4425-91c5-26a30a46ca2f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":105945,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eYanmar TF 120 experimental setup diagram\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/eaab79d5c4c9a45e6807a4c8.png\"},{\"id\":49890026,\"identity\":\"4ecf6e73-bc07-4245-820c-e351317c3153\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":13813,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison fuel consumption for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/b18fd59e796cf9d1d902f656.png\"},{\"id\":49890031,\"identity\":\"01e59b5f-198c-41e3-ad8d-86bea5c7efe3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":10509,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison fuel consumption for Diesel and F20 at 2100 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/8a46076771adce0a9a90c237.png\"},{\"id\":49890029,\"identity\":\"287ff2b9-1b94-4d78-9275-b16cfe89ee81\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":15140,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison gas exhaust temperature for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/f0a00f2186d06f8b7fee8583.png\"},{\"id\":49890032,\"identity\":\"a9e72e17-a959-4016-ba41-769b351dd35e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":13197,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison gas exhaust temperature for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/fddb215be0421def99ba6274.png\"},{\"id\":49890033,\"identity\":\"7a679c7d-615f-42e1-88fb-c52a0a10675d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":12005,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison gas exhaust temperature for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/27bfb02073ba89aa540c5f61.png\"},{\"id\":49890027,\"identity\":\"e0571196-8bc5-498d-811e-2bc74a08885f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":11817,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison gas exhaust temperature for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/9a20430669b1fba2445de0b2.png\"},{\"id\":49890301,\"identity\":\"75e37fb7-7211-482c-ba55-366645cfe3bf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:08:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"Figure 9\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":17188,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison CO2 emission for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/b916b7efd963539f91cd7e1b.png\"},{\"id\":49890034,\"identity\":\"a71c5292-3d36-4bbc-9217-5abbddcf6030\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"Figure 10\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":13364,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison CO2 emission for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/eedd5f91c7b3dda3b3915172.png\"},{\"id\":49890028,\"identity\":\"b7a36f6f-a536-41ba-90a2-38e7ca985a64\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"Figure 11\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":17549,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison CO emission for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/b8303cf0fccffb5346e4d747.png\"},{\"id\":49890035,\"identity\":\"a85cce4b-e12d-4ded-9bcb-512dfd29fc9b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"Figure 12\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":11812,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison CO emission for Diesel and F20 at 1500 rpm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image12.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/fc2fdeaef64edecfacc563e4.png\"},{\"id\":50284689,\"identity\":\"0ea21a7d-c800-4f28-97fe-eab6182ec992\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 06:11:47\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":549117,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/6c1b9ccf-40fe-4aa4-91fb-6f546977dbe3.pdf\"},{\"id\":49890036,\"identity\":\"63bf92a8-4a5e-4952-aa44-b580fb7b4412\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-19 20:00:04\",\"extension\":\"rar\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":13721714,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SDate.rar\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844794/v1/82926c8c96e67364b9df3a0d.rar\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Impacts of fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on exhaust emissions of single-cylinder CI engine\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe rapid depletion of global petroleum reserves, the rising cost of conventional petroleum fuels, and the implementation of exhaust emission regulations for internal combustion (IC) engines due to environmental concerns have all contributed to the increased demand for using alternative and renewable fuels in diesel engines 1\\u0026ndash;5. Among the available fuels, alcohols stand out as versatile options that could be utilized as blends with regular fuels in existing engines or as additives with biodiesel. 6\\u0026ndash;10. Environmental protection has been pushed to the forefront as a fundamental issue due to rising mobility, particularly in large economies. All advanced countries have implemented emission control measures to cut down on pollution from cars and trucks using internal combustion engines. Exhaust emissions from spark ignition engines and diesel engines have been lowered in a variety of ways. Some of these techniques aim to lower the levels of harmful gases by directly addressing the exhaust gases.The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engines are influenced by a range of factors, including fuel characteristics and the operational parameters of the engine8\\u003csup\\u003e,\\u003c/sup\\u003e9. It is well acknowledged that NOx emissions arise as a result of elevated combustion temperatures and increased oxygen concentrations inside the cylinder. Alcohols often exhibit a lower temperature of the combustion as a result of their comparatively lower heating value and oxygen concentration. Carbon monoxide (CO) is largely produced via combustion activities. According to the estimate provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), diesel engines were accountable for roughly two percent of the anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the year 2002, as seen in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. Between the years 1983 and 2002, there was a notable decline of 41 percent in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the United States. This reduction in emissions was accompanied by a significant drop of 65 percent in the ambient concentration of CO. The toxicity of carbon monoxide (CO) arises from its tendency to selectively bind to hemoglobin, so diminishing the blood's ability to transport oxygen11.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe concept of using alcohol as a viable method for generating more environmentally friendly diesel engines was first proposed more than half a century ago. Furthermore, several investigations have been conducted on the adoption of alcohol fuels including butanol, methanol, and ethanol in internal combustion engines. In their study, Ajav et al 12. conducted experiments to evaluate the impacts of varying percent of ethanol\\u0026ndash;diesel mixes on the engine performance operating at a constant speed. A 9% increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC) was seen when comparing blends with a 20% mixture of diesel and pure diesel. In addition, \\u0026Ouml;zer C et al 13. A study was undertaken to investigate the impacts of employing an ethanol-diesel emulsion fuel on a four-cylinder CI engine. The objective of the research was to investigate the impacts of ethanol supplementation on performance and emissions, namely carbon monoxide (CO), soot, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The findings of the research indicate a significant increase of around 12.5% in NOx emissions, accompanied by a decrease in CO, smoke, and SO2.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFusel oil is a by-product produced from the process of ethyl alcohol manufacture via fermentation and subsequent distillation. It serves as a naturally occurring reservoir of amyl alcohols 14\\u0026ndash;18. Fusel oil has characteristics that make it a potential candidate as an alternate fuel for use in a SI engine. The composition and quantity of fusel oil are contingent upon several factors, including the carbon source used in ethanol production, the fermentation process, the method of preparation, and the decomposition technique applied to the fusel oil within the combination 19. The potential utilization of fusel oil as a viable alternative fuel has the capacity to be recognized as a novel energy resource within the realm of diesel engines. Nevertheless, the investigation into the utilization of fusel oil in conjunction with diesel fuel has not been extensively documented in academic literature.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research used a single-cylinder CI engine operating at four various engine loads and two speeds to investigate the effect of fusel oil\\u0026ndash;diesel F20 blends on engine exhaust emissions, fuel consumption, and temperature in comparison to pure diesel fuel.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was carried out using a Hydrome model HGP-3A-F23 dynamometer and a single-cylinder Yanmar TF120 diesel engine with a 0.63 L and 17.7 Compression Ratio as shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. Kane Automotive, a brand of exhaust gas analyzers, has also been used for exhaust gas analysis. The gas analyzer employed in this study was designed to collect engine exhaust samples and measure the levels of NOx, CO, CO2, and O2 in them. Straight through high temperature tubing from the gas measuring point to the gas analyzer, exhaust gas was controlled. The measurement was done concurrently with engine testing and was statistically analyzed. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e depicts the engine test bed's schematic diagram. During engine testing, TFX Engineering collected data using for an in-cylinder pressure and a crank angle. Thermocouples K-type used to measure the temperature, and data loggers were used to display the temperature readings. The temperatures that can be measured by this apparatus include ambient temperature, exhaust temperature, and intake temperature. Four engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) and two towing speeds (1500 rpm and 2100 rpm) were applied to the experimental vehicle. The test was completed using a blend of 20% vol fusel oil and 80% vol diesel (pour diesel F0 and fusel oil diesel blend F20). In order to gather the engine's essential data, the test was conducted under steady-state conditions and initially with only pure diesel. In an experiment, engine emissions (CO2, CO, and NOx), exhaust temperature, and fuel consumption (FC) have all been measured.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEngine Specification\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDescription\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecification\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEngine type\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYANMAR TF120\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCombustion system\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDirect injection\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCylinder number\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eone\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ebore x stroke in millimeters\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92 x 96\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVolume (mL)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e638\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInjection timing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u0026deg; BTDC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOutput (HP)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.5 HP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe properties of test fuels\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eProperties\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiesel\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFusel oil\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDensity [g/m3]\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.746\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.847\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.761\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eHeating value MJ/kg\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCetane Number\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eWater content (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eHydroyen (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u0026ndash;16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.749\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCarbon (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84\\u0026ndash;87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.658\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNetrogen (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.326\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAs previously stated, the experimental assessments were conducted on a singular-cylinder internal combustion engine using two fuels: pure diesel F0 (consisting of 100% volume diesel) and F20 (comprising 80% volume diesel and 20% volume fusel oil). The measurement of the engine's fuel usage and exhaust temperature was conducted. The analysis focused on the engine emissions of CO, CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and engine temperature. The findings are presented in the following manner:\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Fuel consumptions\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs the engine experiences higher loads and speeds, there is a corresponding increase in the energy transferred into the cylinder. The lower energy content of fusel oil in comparison to diesel (F0) resulted in a reduction in the energy content of the fuel test (F20), as seen in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. Although the energy value of F20 in comparison to diesel is relatively low, it has been observed that the engine fuel consumption has slightly risen when using F0. Figures\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrate the variations in fuel usage between F20 and F0 across various engine loads and speeds. Across all engine loads and speeds, the fuel consumption of F20 is consistently higher than that of diesel, indicating an improvement in the volumetric efficiency of F20. Alcohol-based fuels, it should be noted, have a higher latent heat of evaporation than diesel fuels. This characteristic enables the attainment of lower manifold temperatures and higher volumetric efficiency. 20\\u003csup\\u003e,\\u003c/sup\\u003e21.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.2 Gas exhaust temperature.\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e depict the relationship between exhaust temperature and engine loads and speeds for the F20 and diesel F0, respectively. The temperature of diesel is somewhat greater than that of F20.Moreover, the highest recorded temperature at 1500 was seen to be 255\\u0026deg;C at a 75% engine load for pure diesel. Similarly, at 2100 rpm and the same load, the temperature was 345\\u0026deg;C. The elevated oxygen concentration present in fusel oil is expected to contribute to an increase in the in-cylinder temperature inside the combustion chamber, owing to its greater latent heat of evaporation. However, the presence of a significant amount of water in fusel oil adversely affects the combustion process, leading to a reduction in temperature.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.3 Emissions\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to the engine's operating conditions, the effect of fusel oil on emissions varies. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are of notable relevance among the detrimental gaseous pollutants gained from a compression ignition engine. The production of NOx is significantly impacted by the temperature at which combustion happens, while other engine operating variables, such as engine speed and load, contribute to its emission. The production of thermal NOx takes place when temperatures beyond 1500\\u0026deg;C, and its pace experiences a significant escalation when temperatures surpass this critical point. In a comparative analysis, the use of fusel oil demonstrates a decrease in NOx emissions when compared to diesel, as seen in Figs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e. The decrease in combustion emissions may be ascribed to the presence of oxygen in fusel oil and alcohols, which facilitates a more thorough and environmentally friendly combustion process 22. Furthermore, NOx production is increased by a higher oxygen level in the mixture. 23\\u003csup\\u003e,\\u003c/sup\\u003e24. As a consequence, the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) shown a reduction while using a fuel blend of F20 in comparison to the use of pure diesel fuel. The highest observed increase in NOx emissions occurred at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and an engine load of 75%.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e depict the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of F20 and pure diesel fuels across various engine loads and speeds. The findings indicate that the emission of CO2 showed an increase when exposed to F20 across all levels of engine loads and speeds. The primary factor contributing to the rise in emissions may be attributed to the elevated carbon-to-hydrogen ratio seen in fusel oil, as shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. Additionally, the elevated oxygen concentration in fusel oil contributes to an increase in CO2 levels. The increase in CO2 levels seen while using F20 fuel at an engine speed of 2100 rpm and a load of 75% was found to be 3% higher than when using pure diesel fuel.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig12\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig11\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e depict variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under different engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) for two types of fuels, namely F20 and pure diesel. The measurements were taken at two different engine speeds, specifically 1500 and 2100 revolutions per minute (rpm). In general, the use of alcohol-based fusels inside internal combustion engines leads to a discernible decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The decrease in fuel consumption may be ascribed to the oxygen-rich nature and advantageous flammability attributes of alcohol-based fuels 25\\u003csup\\u003e,\\u003c/sup\\u003e26. Figures\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig12\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig11\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e depict variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under different engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) for two types of fuels, namely F20 and pure diesel. The measurements were taken at two different engine speeds, specifically 1500 and 2100 revolutions per minute (rpm). In general, the use of alcohol-based fusels inside internal combustion engines leads to a discernible decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The decrease in fuel consumption may be ascribed to the oxygen-rich nature and advantageous flammability attributes of alcohol-based fuels.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNevertheless, the current investigation observed that the use of fusel oil, an alcohol-derived fuel, resulted in elevated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, with a mean increment of 25%. The oxidation mechanism of the mixture is impacted by the temperatures inside the cylinder as the flame develops and spreads. Reduced in-cylinder temperatures have the potential to impede the achievement of full combustion, particularly in cases when the length of flame propagation is prolonged. In the context of fusel oil, the presence of water content led to a decrease in temperatures inside the combustion chamber, hence causing a significant rise in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn summary, Fusel oil, which is a by-product derived from the production of ethanol, is an energy source that has not been fully exploited and has promising advantages. The present research aimed to examine the utilization of diesel fuel and fusel oil-diesel blends in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine with a compression ratio of 17.7. The engine was subjected to different engine loads and speeds throughout the experimental investigation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe aforementioned data indicate that the addition of fusel oil to diesel results in an augmentation of the fuel's oxygen content, accompanied by a reduction in its heating value. Consequently, the utilization of this blended fuel leads to heightened fuel consumption in comparison to the usage of pure diesel. Nevertheless, when subjected to certain operational circumstances, such as in F20 mixtures, the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were successfully reduced, with the most substantial decrease of 20% being seen at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute and an engine load of 75%.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn contrast, the incorporation of fusel oil resulted in a mean elevation of 30% and 10% in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) discharges, correspondingly, in comparison to undiluted diesel fuel. The rise in emissions may be ascribed to the reduction in in-cylinder temperatures induced by the presence of water in fusel oil, impeding the achievement of full combustion, especially during the propagation of the flame, leading to heightened levels of CO and CO2 emissions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn general, it is worth noting that the use of fusel oil-diesel blends exhibits potential in mitigating NOx emissions. However, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the associated trade-off of elevated CO and CO2 emissions, necessitating more examination. Gaining insight into these trade-offs may facilitate the optimization of fusel oil use as a prospective fuel alternative for internal combustion engines.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOmar I.awad: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft.Adnan Ajam Abed :Writing - Review \\u0026amp; Editing.Mahmood Sh. Suwaed : Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review \\u0026amp; Editing. Ameer H. Al-Rubaye : Visualization, Writing - Review \\u0026amp; Editing.M.N. Mohammed: Validation, Writing - Review \\u0026amp; Editing.Mohammed M. Hasan: Supervision. Mohammed Kamil : Visualization, Zhenbin Chen:Writing - Review \\u0026amp; Editing\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgments\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research was supported Hainan University Scientific Research Start-up Fund Project KYQD (ZR) 23157.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAwad, O. I. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82, 2586\\u0026ndash;2605 (2018).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePinto, G. M. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Combustion, performance and emission analyses of a CI engine operating with renewable diesel fuels (HVO/FARNESANE) under dual-fuel mode through hydrogen port injection. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48, 19713\\u0026ndash;19732, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.020\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eErgen, G. Comprehensive analysis of the effects of alternative fuels on diesel engine performance combustion and exhaust emissions: Role of biodiesel, diethyl ether, and EGR. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 47, 102307, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102307\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102307\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2024).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMa, W., Gao, S., Liu, H. \\u0026amp; Li, D. The improvements of a diesel engine fueled with renewable and sustainable diesel/n-butanol/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blended fuels at high altitudes. Energy 289, 130060, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.130060\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.energy.2023.130060\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2024).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSiaw Paw, J. K. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Advancing renewable fuel integration: A comprehensive response surface methodology approach for internal combustion engine performance and emissions optimization. Heliyon 9, e22238, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22238\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22238\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAgarwal, A. K. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in energy and combustion science 33, 233\\u0026ndash;271 (2007).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBozbas, K. Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, 542\\u0026ndash;552 (2008).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAwad, O. I., Mamat, R., Ali, O. M., Othman, M. F. \\u0026amp; Abdullah, A. Experimental study of performance and emissions of fusel oil-diesel blend in a single cylinder diesel engine. International journal of engineering and technology 9, 138 (2017).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMahmudul, H., Hagos, F. Y., Mamat, R., Abdullah, A. A. \\u0026amp; Awad, O. I. in \\u003cem\\u003eIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.\\u003c/em\\u003e 012038 (IOP Publishing).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eABED, A. A., ARSLAN, C. A. \\u0026amp; SULAİMAN, I. N. Study of the history matching and performance prediction Analysis Utilizing Integrated Material Balance Modeling in One Iraqi Oil Filed. (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBacha, J. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Diesel fuels technical review. Chevron Global Marketing (2007).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAjav, E., Singh, B. \\u0026amp; Bhattacharya, T. Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol\\u0026ndash;diesel blends as fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 17, 357\\u0026ndash;365 (1999).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHe, B.-Q., Jian-Xin, W., Hao, J.-M., Yan, X.-G. \\u0026amp; Xiao, J.-H. A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Atmospheric Environment 37, 949\\u0026ndash;957, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2003).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003e\\u0026Ouml;zg\\u0026uuml;ls\\u0026uuml;n, A., Karaosmanoglu, F. \\u0026amp; T\\u0026uuml;ter, M. Esterification reaction of oleic acid with a fusel oil fraction for production of lubricating oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 77, 105\\u0026ndash;109 (2000).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eD\\u0026ouml;rmő, N., B\\u0026eacute;lafi-Bak\\u0026oacute;, K., Bartha, L., Ehrenstein, U. \\u0026amp; Gubicza, L. Manufacture of an environmental-safe biolubricant from fusel oil by enzymatic esterification in solvent-free system. Biochemical Engineering Journal 21, 229\\u0026ndash;234 (2004).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFerreira, M. C., Meirelles, A. J. \\u0026amp; Batista, E. A. Study of the fusel oil distillation process. Industrial \\u0026amp; engineering chemistry Research 52, 2336\\u0026ndash;2351 (2013).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlenezi, R. A., Awad, O. I., Mamat, R. \\u0026amp; Najafi, G. Set-up of the Experiment and Improve the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Fuel with Fusel Oil Additive from Waste Products. Journal of Engineering Research (JER) (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAwad, O. I. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Utilization of additive from waste products with gasoline fuel to operate spark ignition engine. Scientific Reports 12, 7714 (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCalam, A. \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e Investigation of usability of the fusel oil in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. Journal of the Energy Institute (2014).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eY\\u0026uuml;cesu, H. S., Topg\\u0026uuml;l, T., Cinar, C. \\u0026amp; Okur, M. Effect of ethanol\\u0026ndash;gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Applied Thermal Engineering 26, 2272\\u0026ndash;2278 (2006).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBilgin, A., Durgun, O. \\u0026amp; Sahin, Z. The effects of diesel-ethanol blends on diesel engine performance. Energy sources 24, 431\\u0026ndash;440 (2002).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMittelbach, M. \\u0026amp; Remschmidt, C. \\u003cem\\u003eBiodiesel: the comprehensive handbook\\u003c/em\\u003e. (Martin Mittelbach, 2004).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSolmaz, H. \\u0026amp; \\u0026Ccedil;elikten, İ. ESTIMATION OF NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND AMOUNT OF POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY VEHICLES IN TURKEY UNTIL 2030. \\u003cem\\u003eGazi University Journal of Science\\u003c/em\\u003e 25, 495\\u0026ndash;503 (2012).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYilmaz, E., Solmaz, H., Polat, S. \\u0026amp; Altin, M. Effect of the three-phase diesel emulsion fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 28, 127\\u0026ndash;134 (2013).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eY\\u0026uuml;ksel, F. \\u0026amp; Y\\u0026uuml;ksel, B. The use of ethanol\\u0026ndash;gasoline blend as a fuel in an SI engine. Renewable Energy 29, 1181\\u0026ndash;1191, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2003.11.012\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.renene.2003.11.012\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2004).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHsieh, W.-D., Chen, R.-H., Wu, T.-L. \\u0026amp; Lin, T.-H. Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol\\u0026ndash;gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment 36, 403\\u0026ndash;410, doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00508-8\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00508-8\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2002).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Alcohol fuel, Fusel oil, NOx emissions, Engine emissions, Diesel engine\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol-based fuels, namely fusel oil, have garnered considerable interest as viable alternatives owing to their manufacturing, accessibility, and environmental advantages. This study's main objective is to ascertain how effectively a compression ignition (CI) engine operates and how much pollution it emits when running at various loads and speeds on a mixture of fusel oil and diesel (known as \\\"F20\\\"). To ensure the engine's fuel system remained unaltered, a set blending ratio of 20% v/v was used. The experimental findings demonstrated a reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions while using F20 in comparison to diesel, but it was observed that fuel consumption rose. The decreased energy content of fusel oil resulted in a reduction in fuel usage. Nevertheless, the use of F20 resulted in elevated emissions of CO and HC in comparison to diesel. The highest observed decrease in NOx emissions, up to 20%, was seen at an engine speed of 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and an engine load of 75%. This reduction may be due to the elevated water content present in fusel oil.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Impacts of fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on exhaust emissions of single-cylinder CI engine\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-01-19 19:59:58\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844794/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"98ddb6fc-6cea-40f5-bf66-c28d2231e1e1\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 19th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":28206481,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Fossil fuels\"},{\"id\":28206482,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-01-29T06:03:40+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-01-19 19:59:58\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3844794\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3844794\",\"identity\":\"rs-3844794\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}