{"paper_id":"adf070cd-f0cb-4696-bcb5-f2a81ec37dda","body_text":"Abstract\nEarly loss of ovarian function can present insidiously with occasional periods of recovery. This occurs in the great majority of cases, and it should be identified as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Cases with sudden, definitive onset (due to bilateral ovariectomy or treatments usually related to oncological conditions) should be considered premature ovarian failure (POF). Therapy aims at treating hormone deficits and other underlying causes. POI symptoms include the classic short-term ones (vasomotor symptoms, insomnia, joint pain, mood changes, low energy and low libido, impaired memory, and concentration difficulties) as well as various repercussions on the lower genital tract, the cardiovascular system, bone mass (osteopenia, osteoporosis, increased fracture risk, arthrosis), cognitive function (cognitive dysfunction, especially memory and concentration problems, plus increased risk of dementia), mood, and loss of reproductive capacity.\nThe two main lines of treatment are so-called physiological sex steroid replacement (pSSR), involving administration of transdermal E2 (100–200 mcg) together with micronized natural progesterone in women who still have their uterus, and standard hormone replacement therapy (sHRT), comprising ECE + progestin and combined hormone contraceptive. Another good choice for both adult POI patients and adolescents who want to avoid pregnancy is a progestogen intrauterine device (IUD) combined with continuous 17β-estradiol (transdermal or oral). Treatment should be started as early as possible, and pSSR is the preferred first-line treatment given its favorable metabolic profile and influence on bone mass. Dosage should be individually tailored, depending on patient age. Younger patients who experience POI soon after menarche and have not achieved peak bone mass require adequate dosages (see the protocols for hypergonadotropic primary amenorrhea). Therapy must always be accompanied by good lifestyle and adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. Patients can use a combined hormone contraceptive if there are no contraindications. This usually has a positive psychological impact on adolescents, but it does not exercise any substantial effect on acquisition of or increase in peak bone mass. Treatment must be continued until the patient arrives at the age of normal menopause, as recommended in all international guidelines.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nIzhar R, Husain S, Tahir S, et al. Occult form of premature ovarian insufficiency in women with infertility and oligomenorrhea as assessed by poor ovarian response criteria. J Reprod Infertil. 2017;18(4):361–7.\nGuzel Y, Aba YA, Yakin K, Oktem O. Menstrual cycle characteristics of young females with occult primary ovarian insufficiency at initial diagnosis and one-year follow-up with serum AMH level and antral follicle count. PLoS One, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188334.\nBruni V, Bucciantini S, Ambroggio S. From primary hypergonadotropic amenorrhea to POI: aetiology and therapy. In: Sultan C, Genazzani AR, editors. 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Prague Med Rep. 2014;115(1–2):60–6.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2019 International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nBruni, V., Pampaloni, F. (2019). Hormone Replacement Therapy in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. In: Berga, S., Genazzani, A., Naftolin, F., Petraglia, F. (eds) Menstrual Cycle Related Disorders. ISGE Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_10\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_10\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Cham\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-030-14357-2\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-030-14358-9\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}