{"paper_id":"ac883188-8a7d-4cb0-ad91-957cf3b49404","body_text":"Application of hydrological indices and GIS for the detection of areas at risk of erosion – a case study of the Oued Rhumel watershed, East Algeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Application of hydrological indices and GIS for the detection of areas at risk of erosion – a case study of the Oued Rhumel watershed, East Algeria Koussa Miloud, Sabri Berhail This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v3 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract In Algeria, the loss of water capacity in reservoirs is a major challenge in the face of a significant increase in water demand. This loss of resources is due to the sedimentation of reservoirs, one of the most serious consequences of erosion. The use of hydrological indices is widely recognized as a highly effective method of providing input data for the cartographic representation of erosion-prone areas within geographic information systems. In the present study, the hydrological indices essential for erosion modeling were obtained through meticulous processing and analysis of a digital elevation model. The various indices, including the sediment transport index, composite topographic index and stream power index, were combined with other relevant variables such as slope, curvature, channel spacing and channel density. The results of the survey showed that a significant part of the Oued Rhumel catchment, located in the eastern region of Algeria, i.e. 24.35% or 1,292.72 km2, is located in an extremely high or high erosion zone, which requires the immediate implementation of conservation measures. In addition, a total of 190.81 km2 or 2,024.47 km2 is located in areas with a moderate or low risk of erosion respectively. It is therefore evident that the use of primary and secondary derivatives of the digital elevation model, as well as morphometric parameters, through the application of a spatial analysis tool, is an effective and comprehensive method for identifying erosion-sensitive zones. This approach can be used on a regional or continental scale to facilitate watershed management and monitoring. Erosion Stream power index Topographic wetness index Erosion modeling Oued Rhumel watershed Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 INTRODUCTION The various Mediterranean regions are characterized by a natural geological process called water erosion. The physical characteristics of the soils, as well as the geomorphological, hydroclimatic and socioeconomic characteristics, all contribute to the acceleration of the erosion process. Water erosion is a common natural geological phenomenon in many Mediterranean countries [1]. In Algeria, 45% of the country's territory is threatened by water erosion, the highest level in North Africa. In the watersheds of the Tellian Atlas, the total rainfall exceeds 2000 tonnes per year, causing an average siltation of 125 million m³ [2]. When the tolerance threshold is exceeded, environmental and hazardous problems can occur, and the intensity of these problems varies from region to region [3]. Hydrological indicators (e.g. sediment transport index, composite topographic index, hydrological index) and other factors (e.g. slope, curvature, channel distance and channel density) have been successfully applied to geographically map erosion-prone areas. Environmental Information System [4]. The increase in storm frequency and intensity associated with climate change is exacerbated by several factors, including: increased occupation of floodplains, increased runoff on hard surfaces, inadequate management policies, and siltation of drainage channels [5]. These indicators include geology, topography, soil tectonics, vegetation cover, precipitation, climate, river flow, channel stability and landscape evolution [6, 7]. Scientists have proposed various topographic attributes (elevation, slope, azimuth, curvature) and hydrological indices, such as B. Watershed, runoff accumulation, ridges, sediment transport and accumulation after floods or channel, the composite terrain index (CTI), the stream performance index (SPI) and the sediment transport index (STI) [8, 9]. Hydrological indices assess the erosive power of the whole landscape, not just watercourses [4]. The aim of this study is to investigate the implementation of hydrological indices, in particular the stream power index, the compound topography index, the sediment transport index and the topographic wetness index, derived from the DEM in conjunction with other themes, such as channel density, channel distance, slope gradient, and curvature. This goal will be achieved by using the spatial analyst tool in a GIS environment with the ultimate aim of characterizing erosion sensitive areas. The information gathered will be used to develop an improved management plan for the Oued Rhumel watershed. STUDY AREA The Oued Rumell watershed covers an area of 5,668 km2 (Table 1), representing more than 60% of the total area of the large Kébir-Rumell basin to which it belongs. Its terrain is characterized by an average altitude of 800 meters. The Oued Rumel is 150 km long and its main tributary, the Oued Boumerzog, is approximately 50 km long. The main town along both rivers is Constantine, where 42% of the basin's population lives (Figure 1). The borders of the Oued Rhumel: - To the east, the Seybouse Basin - To the south, the Constantine plateau basin - To the north, the Kébir Rhumel basin and the coast of Constantine. Its borders extend beyond the territory of the province of Mila and reach several neighboring provinces: Constantine and Oum el-Bouaghi to the east, Batna to the south, Sétif to the west, and Jijel and Skikda to the north. It is located in a subhumid bioclimatic zone with low thermal variability in the winter type and an average annual rainfall of 662.8 mm/year. The average annual temperature is 19°C [10]. At the geological level, hydrological catchments present topographic and structural mosaics of varying complexity, resulting in a wide range of quantitatively and qualitatively diverse groundwater resources. Throughout the northern half of the paleogeographic basin, the Tertiary aquifer is prominent from north to south and from north to south. Ultra terrestrial aquifers, including the strict Tertiary, Pénétrien and Numidian aquifers, are not extensively developed in our basin. They can be found in the northeastern part of the Djebel el-Wahch Mountains, near Ain Abid, and south of Siggs, Djebel Ohm Settas. Table 1. Some morphometric parameters of the Oued Rhumel catchment area Physical parameter Symbol Unit Value Area A km 2 5308 Perimeter P km 353,5 Gravilius index K C / 1. 35 Length of equivalent rectangle L km 137,56 Width of equivalent rectangle l km 39,02 Average altitude H moy m 806,39 Maximum altitude H max m 1481,5 Minimum altitude H min m 184,6 Global slope index I G m /km 3,45 Specific gradient Ds m 252,8 Average slope index I moy / 0.0102 Density of graining D d km -1 0,056 Coefficient of torrentiality C t km/km 4 0,0001 Time of concentration Tc Hours 29 The frequency of the watercourses F km -2 0,0018 METHODOLOGY The working methodology consists of representing the cartographic and descriptive information of the different hydrological indices of the Rhumel River basin in a GIS platform. For this study, a 30 × 30 m2 multispectral image (DEM) obtained from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) was used to extract topographic indices and other parameters. ArcGIS was used to determine the stream power index (SPI), compound topography index (CTI), topographic wetness Index (TWI), curvature and sediment transport index (STI) using slope (in degrees) and flow accumulation as input data. After calculating the slope and the various indicators mentioned above, we classified each indicator/parameter into four categories and assigned weights to them based on their vulnerability to erosion. The different maps obtained were superimposed using the weighted sum tool of Arcgis software to obtain an erosion risk map. A flowchart (Figure 2) shows the comprehensive methodology used. Slope The slope plays an important role in influencing surface and subsurface flow velocities, runoff rates and vegetation development [11]. At the slope scale, precipitation and the resulting runoff drive the development of water erosion and slope morphology through the exchange of soil materials and runoff energy [12]. The slope (S) is the angle (in degrees) between the horizontal plane Y and the tangent plane X at a given point on the topographic surface [13]. It is evaluated by the following equation (Eq.1): Curvature The curvature is an indicator used to determine soil erosion patterns and water distribution across an area. Longitudinal curvature affects the acceleration and deceleration of flow, which affects erosion and deposition. The curvature of the area affects the convergence and divergence of the flow [4].Three-dimensional data on slope and slope curvature, as well as the relative position of points, are important factors in modeling erosion and water flow [14 ,15]. Planform curvature It is the second derivative of elevation and depends on orientation and slope. It is the horizontal curvature of the contour [16]. A positive value means that the terrain is convex; a negative value means that it is concave a negative value means that it is flat, a convex curvature indicates divergence of flow, and a concave curvature indicates convergence of flow. Profile curvature A curve is defined as the vertical plane of the streamline. It affects flow acceleration, erosion and deposition rates [16, 17, 18]. A convex curvature accelerates flow and erosion processes, whereas a concave curvature affects sedimentation processes. The topographic wetness index The topographic moisture index, also known as the topographic index or composite topographic index, is a parameter that describes the tendency of cells to accumulate water [19]. It influences important environmental processes by controlling plant growth, dispersal and community formation [20]. Soil moisture controls environmental processes and species distributions, but is difficult to measure and interpolate spatially. It is commonly used to quantify the topographic control of hydrological processes [21]. Soil moisture is one of the most dynamic components of soil, it changes with the season and fluctuates, often on a daily basis, with changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration and runoff [22]. Stream power index This parameter has been widely used in studies of erosion, sediment transport and geomorphology to measure the erosive power of flowing water, assuming that the flow rate is proportional to the drainage area (Moore et al.1991). The SPI determines the erosive power of a channel and expresses the potential for topographic deposition (for low or negative values) and erosive zones (for positive values) [10].The SPI of the study area was calculated using the following formula (Eq. 2) with the Raster Calculator in ArcGIS software. Sediment transport indices The sediment transport capacity is one of the most important factors influencing soil erosion [23]. Soil erosion greatly influences the process of soil erosion [24]. The sediment transport capacity is a comprehensive index of the balance between sediment deposition and transport. In addition, it is necessary to investigate sediment production, sediment transport and sediment deposition. The sediment transport index is given by the following formula (Eq. 3). where As is the specific area of the watershed (the upstream area per unit length of contour); B is the local slope in degrees; the exponent m of the contributing area is typically set to 0.4 and the exponent n of the slope is typically set to 1.4. Topographic roughness index The topographic roughness index (TRI) and the topographic wetness index (TWI) are secondary geomorphometric parameters used to describe and quantify relief [25]. Topographic roughness is a valuable attribute in wildlife habitat models and an important factor in vegetation diversity, snowmelt and drainage; additionally, roughness are key elements in nutrient uptake [26]. Channel density In 1945, Horton [27] defined an unchannelled slope as a corrosion zone with insufficient flow energy to cause corrosion. Later, Montgomery and Dietrich [28] and Dietrich et al [29] verified his thesis. According to Marani et al (2003), in practice the drainage viscosity is defined by a statistical distribution and the correlation structure of the unchannelled path lengths. According to Prabu and Baskaran [30], runoff viscosity is expressed in terms of blockage distance and reflects the soil structure at the kilometer point. Distance from the channels The particle transport distance may reflect the efficiency of channel morphology in facilitating sediment passage through depositional sites [31]. Although the advent of rapid survey techniques (such as terrestrial laser scanning [32]) has facilitated the resolution of this problem, much of our understanding of the morphological control of particle transport length is inevitably the result of laboratory channel studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Slope The slopes shown in yellow (low slopes) have lower potential weights. The weights for each of the four slope classes are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Themes, their scope, area and potential weight. Class Area (Km 2) Area in (%) Wight 0,0057 – 1,7 2613 49,23 1 1,8 – 3,7 1693 31,90 2 3,8 – 6,8 798,5 15,04 3 6,9 - 17 203,5 3,83 4 The slope factor distribution map (Figure 3) shows that the average slope of our study area is 2.3°. The highest values, exceeding 3.8%, are logically located at higher altitudes. In the valley, the slope values range between 0.0057° and 3.7°. This distribution indicates that 50.77% of the catchment area belongs to the 3.7° to 17° class. Consequently, a significant part of the catchment is exposed to a considerable risk of erosion.. Planform curvature The curvature of the plane is always perpendicular to the direction of the maximum slope. The figure shows the distribution of plane curvatures and Table 3 shows the weights for each of the four classes of plane curvatures. Table 3. Themes, their scope, area and potential weight. Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight -0,037 - -0,0034 583,8 11,00 4 -0,0035 - 0,0018 3440 64,81 3 0,0019 - 0,0083 1059 19,95 2 0,0084 - 0,038 225,2 4,24 1 The zones/cells (Fig. 4) with high negative values of plan curvature (-0.037 - -0.0035) indicate the formation of a channel (convergence of currents) leading to greater erosion. High positive values of plan curvature (+0.0018 - +0.038) mean that these zones/cells are laterally convex, resulting in the formation of ridges. Profile curvature Figure 4 shows the distribution of profile curvature and Table (4) shows the weights for each of the four classes of profile curvature. Table 4. Themes, their extent, their area, and their potential weight. Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight -0,044 - -0,011 176,18 3,32 1 -0,011 - - 0,0021 960,64 18,10 2 - 0,0021 - 0,0047 3462,75 65,24 3 0,0048 - 0,035 708,43 13,35 4 The curvature profiles affect the flow acceleration, erosion, and deposition rates. A convex curvature accelerates flow and erosion processes, while concave curvature affects sedimentation processes [33]. The curvature of the profile indicates the change in the gradient in the vertical plane [34]. The areas of the figure with higher negative values (from -0.044 to -0.0021) will slow down the flow (hence the deposition). Areas with higher positive values (from +0.0047 to +0.035) influence the erosion process by accelerating the flow. The profile curvatures in the study area were classified into four classes. Figure 5 shows the distribution of profile curvatures and Table 4 shows the weights for each of the four profile curvature classes. The topographic wetness index Figure 6 shows the distribution of the topographic moisture indices in the study area. The lowest TWI values represent ridges, while the highest TWI values represent topographic depressions where water runoff is likely to be concentrated. The distribution map of the TWI shown in the figure shows that values between 7.9 and 12 (Table 5) represent ridges, while TWI values greater than 12 represent topographic depressions where water runoff is likely to concentrate. Table 5. Topics, their scope, area and potential weight. Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight 7,9 – 11 2037 38,38 1 12 – 13 1931 36,38 2 13 – 15 973,5 18,34 3 16 – 20 366,5 6,90 4 Stream power index Slope and flow accumulation influence the river power index, which is used to delineate areas of deposition and erosion, as it is one of the most important composite attributes among hydrological parameters. In our study area, the values of the river power indices ranged from -6500 to 4500 (Figure 7), and were reclassified into four classes (Table 6). Table 6. Topics, their scope, area and potential weight Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight -6500 - - 1300 189,7 3,57 1 -1300 - - 260 1077 20,29 2 -260 - 690 3777 71,16 3 700 - 4500 264,3 4,98 4 The highest weighting (4) was given to regions with a river power index between 700 and 4500, while the lowest weighting (1) was given to regions with a river power index between 6500 and -1300. Sediment transport indices Sediment transport index This index indicates how sediments accumulate and are transported through space, with a higher transport index indicating a greater concentration of water flow. Table 7. Themes, their scope, area and potential weight. Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight 0 -0,52 3998 75,32 1 0,52 – 1,8 1000,6 18,85 2 1,8 – 4,8 249,5 4,70 3 4,8 - 12 59,9 1,13 4 Figure 8 shows that the sediment transport capacity in the Oued Rhumel catchment varies between 0 and 52 (Table 7), with lower values corresponding to strong resistance that hinders the concentration of water flow. Terrain Roughness Index The roughness index of the terrain (IRT) is a measure of the variability of the terrain surface and an indicator of the ability of disturbances to propagate across the surface. The quantification of terrain roughness, i.e. the roughness of the terrain surface caused by soil quality, aggregates, boulders and land management, is controlled by surface retention, infiltration, surface runoff and ultimately sedimentation. This approach is important because it affects the delamination and erosion of objects. Figure 9 shows a map of the roughness indices of the study area, with values ranging from 0.1 to 5 (Table 8). Table 8. Themes, scope, surface area and potential weight. Class Area (Km 2 ) Area in (%) Weight 0,1 -0,58 1654 31,16 1 0,58 – 0,95 2072 39,04 2 0,95 – 1,6 1211,1 22,82 3 1,6 - 5 370,9 6,99 4 VULNERABILITY MAP OF EROSION RISK Figure 10 shows the vulnerability map of erosion risk resulting from overlaying different thematic maps of slope, soil moisture index, water resistance index and sediment transport index using the Map Algebra - Raster Calculator. The resulting erosion hazard map clearly shows the areas most vulnerable to erosion (in orange and red). The data from the erosion vulnerability map were classified into four categories: very low and low class, medium class, high class and very high class. Areas of high erosion sensitivity are found on steep slopes ranging from approximately 3.8 to 17 degrees, while areas of low erosion sensitivity are found on gentle slopes ranging from approximately 0.0057 to 3.7 degrees. The results clearly show that extensive hilly areas are highly vulnerable, as we know that a large part of the Oued Rhumel watershed is composed of sedimentary rocks that are easily eroded. These results can be useful for watershed planning and management, and Table 9 shows the degree of vulnerability to erosion in the Oued Rhumel watershed. Table 9. Degree of vulnerability to erosion risk Erosion hazard vulnerability Area (Km 2 ) (%) of the total area of watershed Low and very low 2024,47 38,14 Moderate 1990,81 37,51 Higk 893,47 16,83 Very High 399,25 7,52 CONCLUSION The use of hydrological indicators derived from a modified DEM is considered an appropriate contribution to a geographic information system (GIS) for the identification of potential erosion zones. The successful delineation of erosion sensitive areas in the Oued Rhumel basin was achieved by considering hydrological indicators. The final result of this study shows different levels of vulnerability to erosion in the Oued Rhumel basin, located in eastern Algeria. The final map clearly highlights an area of 1292.72 square kilometer, representing 25.35% of the total watershed area; this area is classified as high or very high erosion. 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Geospatial analysis: a comprehensive guide, Electronic book. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1902/1902.06672.pdf Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2956318\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":268640594,\"identity\":\"f19f25c7-e8e5-4561-8184-b8e8f1c6cdbc\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Koussa 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index\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2956318/v3/0f76408964a1f39392c06a9d.png\"},{\"id\":50122602,\"identity\":\"912a2164-b2f8-489d-a370-c9a8d42caa8d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-24 20:00:44\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"Figure 10\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":232941,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eErosion hazard vulnerability map\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2956318/v3/229f16d25272f5d726f1763b.png\"},{\"id\":50123172,\"identity\":\"371f6196-de36-4721-803c-412588d1448f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-24 20:24:45\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1696079,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2956318/v3/094d4809-c05e-4c0a-9da1-099860ee68fb.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eApplication of hydrological indices and GIS for the detection of areas at risk of erosion – a case study of the Oued Rhumel watershed, East Algeria\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe various Mediterranean regions are characterized by a natural geological process called water erosion. The physical characteristics of the soils, as well as the geomorphological, hydroclimatic and socioeconomic characteristics, all contribute to the acceleration of the erosion process. Water erosion is a common natural geological phenomenon in many Mediterranean countries [1]. In Algeria, 45% of the country\\u0026apos;s territory is threatened by water erosion, the highest level in North Africa.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn the watersheds of the Tellian Atlas, the total rainfall exceeds 2000 tonnes per year, causing an average siltation of 125 million m\\u0026sup3; [2]. When the tolerance threshold is exceeded, environmental and hazardous problems can occur, and the intensity of these problems varies from region to region [3]. Hydrological indicators (e.g. sediment transport index, composite topographic index, hydrological index) and other factors (e.g. slope, curvature, channel distance and channel density) have been successfully applied to geographically map erosion-prone areas. Environmental Information System [4].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe increase in storm frequency and intensity associated with climate change is exacerbated by several factors, including: increased occupation of floodplains, increased runoff on hard surfaces, inadequate management policies, and siltation of drainage channels [5]. These indicators include geology, topography, soil tectonics, vegetation cover, precipitation, climate, river flow, channel stability and landscape evolution [6, 7].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eScientists have proposed various topographic attributes (elevation, slope, azimuth, curvature) and hydrological indices, such as B. Watershed, runoff accumulation, ridges, sediment transport and accumulation after floods or channel, the composite terrain index (CTI), the stream performance index (SPI) and the sediment transport index (STI) [8, 9]. Hydrological indices assess the erosive power of the whole landscape, not just watercourses [4].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe aim of this study is to investigate the implementation of hydrological indices, in particular the stream power index, the compound topography index, the sediment transport index and the topographic wetness index, derived from the DEM in conjunction with other themes, \\u0026nbsp;such as channel density, channel distance, slope gradient, and curvature. This goal will be achieved by using the spatial analyst tool in a GIS environment with the ultimate aim of characterizing erosion sensitive areas. The information gathered will be used to develop an improved management plan for the Oued Rhumel watershed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"STUDY AREA\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe Oued Rumell watershed covers an area of 5,668 km2 (Table 1), representing more than 60% of the total area of the large K\\u0026eacute;bir-Rumell basin to which it belongs. Its terrain is characterized by an average altitude of 800 meters. The Oued Rumel is 150 km long and its main tributary, the Oued Boumerzog, is approximately 50 km long. The main town along both rivers is Constantine, where 42% of the basin\\u0026apos;s population lives (Figure 1).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe borders of the Oued Rhumel:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- To the east, the Seybouse Basin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- To the south, the Constantine plateau basin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- To the north, the K\\u0026eacute;bir Rhumel basin and the coast of Constantine.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIts borders extend beyond the territory of the province of Mila and reach several neighboring provinces: Constantine and Oum el-Bouaghi to the east, Batna to the south, S\\u0026eacute;tif to the west, and Jijel and Skikda to the north. It is located in a subhumid bioclimatic zone with low thermal variability in the winter type and an average annual rainfall of 662.8 mm/year. The average annual temperature is 19\\u0026deg;C [10].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAt the geological level, hydrological catchments present topographic and structural mosaics of varying complexity, resulting in a wide range of quantitatively and qualitatively diverse groundwater resources. Throughout the northern half of the paleogeographic basin, the Tertiary aquifer is prominent from north to south and from north to south.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eUltra terrestrial aquifers, including the strict Tertiary, P\\u0026eacute;n\\u0026eacute;trien and Numidian aquifers, are not extensively developed in our basin. They can be found in the northeastern part of the Djebel el-Wahch Mountains, near Ain Abid, and south of Siggs, Djebel Ohm Settas.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 1.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Some morphometric parameters of the Oued Rhumel catchment area\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n 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Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eGravilius index\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eK\\u003csub\\u003eC\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e/\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e1.\\u0026nbsp;35\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eLength of equivalent rectangle\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eL\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003ekm\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e137,56\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eWidth of equivalent rectangle\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003el\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003ekm\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e39,02\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eAverage altitude\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eH\\u003csub\\u003emoy\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003em\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e806,39\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eMaximum altitude\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eH\\u003csub\\u003emax\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003em\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e1481,5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eMinimum altitude\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eH\\u003csub\\u003emin\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003em\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e184,6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eGlobal slope index\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eI\\u003csub\\u003eG\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003em\\u003cspan style=\\\"color:black;\\\"\\u003e/km\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e3,45\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eSpecific gradient\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eDs\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003em\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e252,8\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eAverage slope index\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan 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medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003ekm\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e0,056\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eCoefficient of torrentiality\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eC\\u003csub\\u003et\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003ekm/km\\u003csup\\u003e4\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0001\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTime of concentration\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eTc\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eHours\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 184.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eThe frequency of the watercourses\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eF\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003ekm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0018\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"METHODOLOGY\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe working methodology consists of representing the cartographic and descriptive information of the different hydrological indices of the Rhumel River basin in a GIS platform.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFor this study, a 30 \\u0026times; 30 m2 multispectral image (DEM) obtained from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) was used to extract topographic indices and other parameters.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eArcGIS was used to determine the stream power index (SPI), compound topography index (CTI), topographic wetness Index (TWI), curvature and sediment transport index (STI) using slope (in degrees) and flow accumulation as input data.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAfter calculating the slope and the various indicators mentioned above, we classified each indicator/parameter into four categories and assigned weights to them based on their vulnerability to erosion. The different maps obtained were superimposed using the weighted sum tool of Arcgis software to obtain an erosion risk map. A flowchart (Figure 2) shows the comprehensive methodology used.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSlope\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe slope plays an important role in influencing surface and subsurface flow velocities, runoff rates and vegetation development [11]. At the slope scale, precipitation and the resulting runoff drive the development of water erosion and slope morphology through the exchange of soil materials and runoff energy [12].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe slope (S) is the angle (in degrees) between the horizontal plane Y and the tangent plane X at a given point on the topographic surface [13]. It is evaluated by the following equation (Eq.1):\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\" width=\\\"666\\\" height=\\\"56\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCurvature\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe curvature is an indicator used to determine soil erosion patterns and water distribution across an area. Longitudinal curvature affects the acceleration and deceleration of flow, which affects erosion and deposition. The curvature of the area affects the convergence and divergence of the flow [4].Three-dimensional data on slope and slope curvature, as well as the relative position of points, are important factors in modeling erosion and water flow [14 ,15].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePlanform curvature\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIt is the second derivative of elevation and depends on orientation and slope. It is the horizontal curvature of the contour [16]. A positive value means that the terrain is convex; a negative value means that it is concave a negative value means that it is flat, a convex curvature indicates divergence of flow, \\u0026nbsp;and a concave curvature indicates convergence of flow.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eProfile curvature\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA curve is defined as the vertical plane of the streamline. It affects flow acceleration, erosion and deposition rates [16, 17, 18]. A convex curvature accelerates flow and erosion processes, whereas a concave curvature affects sedimentation processes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThe topographic wetness index\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe topographic moisture index, also known as the topographic index or composite topographic index, is a parameter that describes the tendency of cells to accumulate water [19]. It influences important environmental processes by controlling plant growth, dispersal and community formation [20].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSoil moisture controls environmental processes and species distributions, but is difficult to measure and interpolate spatially. It is commonly used to quantify the topographic control of hydrological processes [21]. Soil moisture is one of the most dynamic components of soil, it changes with the season and fluctuates, often on a daily basis, with changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration and runoff [22].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStream power index\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis parameter has been widely used in studies of erosion, sediment transport and geomorphology to measure the erosive power of flowing water, assuming that the flow rate is proportional to the drainage area (Moore et al.1991). The SPI determines the erosive power of a channel and expresses the potential for topographic deposition (for low or negative values) and erosive zones (for positive values) [10].The SPI of the study area was calculated using the following formula (Eq. 2) with the Raster Calculator in ArcGIS software.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\" width=\\\"666\\\" height=\\\"59\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSediment transport indices\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe sediment transport capacity is one of the most important factors influencing soil erosion [23]. Soil erosion greatly influences the process of soil erosion [24]. The sediment transport capacity is a comprehensive index of the balance between sediment deposition and transport. In addition, it is necessary to investigate sediment production, sediment transport and sediment deposition. The sediment transport index is given by the following formula (Eq. 3).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\" width=\\\"666\\\" height=\\\"82\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ewhere As is the specific area of the watershed (the upstream area per unit length of contour); B is the local slope in degrees; the exponent m of the contributing area is typically set to 0.4 and the exponent n of the slope is typically set to 1.4.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTopographic roughness index\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe topographic roughness index (TRI) and the topographic wetness index (TWI) are secondary geomorphometric parameters used to describe and quantify relief [25].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTopographic roughness is a valuable attribute in wildlife habitat models and an important factor in vegetation diversity, snowmelt and drainage; additionally, roughness are key elements in nutrient uptake [26].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChannel density\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn 1945, Horton [27] defined an unchannelled slope as a corrosion zone with insufficient flow energy to cause corrosion. Later, Montgomery and Dietrich [28] and Dietrich et al [29] verified his thesis. According to Marani et al (2003), in practice the drainage viscosity is defined by a statistical distribution and the correlation structure of the unchannelled path lengths. According to Prabu and Baskaran [30], runoff viscosity is expressed in terms of blockage distance and reflects the soil structure at the kilometer point.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDistance from the channels\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe particle transport distance may reflect the efficiency of channel morphology in facilitating sediment passage through depositional sites [31]. Although the advent of rapid survey techniques (such as terrestrial laser scanning [32]) has facilitated the resolution of this problem, much of our understanding of the morphological control of particle transport length is inevitably the result of laboratory channel studies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSlope\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe slopes shown in yellow (low slopes) have lower potential weights. The weights for each of the four slope classes are shown in Table 2.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\\u003eTable 2.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\\u003eThemes, their scope, area and potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"border: none;width:268.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 88.9pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66.8pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.4pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 88.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0057 \\u0026ndash; 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The highest values, exceeding 3.8%, are logically located at higher altitudes. In the valley, the slope values range between 0.0057\\u0026deg; and 3.7\\u0026deg;. This distribution indicates that 50.77% of the catchment area belongs to the 3.7\\u0026deg; to 17\\u0026deg; class. Consequently, a significant part of the catchment is exposed to a considerable risk of erosion..\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePlanform curvature\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe curvature of the plane is always perpendicular to the direction of the maximum slope. The figure shows the distribution of plane curvatures and Table 3 shows the weights for each of the four classes of plane curvatures.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 3.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eThemes, their scope, area and potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width:361.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 2in;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 75.75pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWeight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e-0,037 \\u0026nbsp; 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- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; 0,0018\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 75.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3440\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e64,81\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0019 \\u0026nbsp; - \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; 0,0083\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 75.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1059\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e19,95\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0084 \\u0026nbsp; - 0,038\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 75.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e225,2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4,24\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe zones/cells (Fig. 4) with high negative values of plan curvature (-0.037 - -0.0035) indicate the formation of a channel (convergence of currents) leading to greater erosion. High positive values of plan curvature (+0.0018 - +0.038) mean that these zones/cells are laterally convex, resulting in the formation of ridges.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eProfile curvature\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 4 shows the distribution of profile curvature and Table (4) shows the weights for each of the four classes of profile curvature.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 4.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Themes, their extent, their area, and their potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width:311.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.1pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.05pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.6pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWeight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e-0,044 - -0,011\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e176,18\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3,32\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e-0,011 - - 0,0021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e960,64\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e18,10\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e- 0,0021 - 0,0047\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3462,75\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e65,24\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0,0048 - 0,035\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e708,43\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e13,35\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe curvature profiles affect the flow acceleration, erosion, and deposition rates. A convex curvature accelerates flow and erosion processes, while concave curvature affects sedimentation processes [33]. The curvature of the profile indicates the change in the gradient in the vertical plane [34].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe areas of the figure with higher negative values (from -0.044 to -0.0021) will slow down the flow (hence the deposition). Areas with higher positive values (from +0.0047 to +0.035) influence the erosion process by accelerating the flow. The profile curvatures in the study area were classified into four classes. Figure 5 shows the distribution of profile curvatures and Table 4 shows the weights for each of the four profile curvature classes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThe topographic wetness index\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 6 shows the distribution of the topographic moisture indices in the study area. The lowest TWI values represent ridges, while the highest TWI values represent topographic depressions where water runoff is likely to be concentrated. The distribution map of the TWI shown in the figure shows that values between 7.9 and 12 (Table 5) represent ridges, while TWI values greater than 12 represent topographic depressions where water runoff is likely to concentrate.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 5.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTopics, their scope, area and potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width:325.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 123.25pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 74.95pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.9pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWeight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 123.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e7,9 \\u0026ndash; 11\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 74.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2037\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e38,38\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 123.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e12 \\u0026ndash; 13\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 74.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1931\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e36,38\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 123.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e13 \\u0026ndash; 15\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 74.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e973,5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e18,34\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 123.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e16 \\u0026ndash; 20\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 74.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e366,5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e6,90\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStream power index\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSlope and flow accumulation influence the river power index, which is used to delineate areas of deposition and erosion, as it is one of the most important composite attributes among hydrological parameters. In our study area, the values of the river power indices ranged from -6500 to 4500 (Figure 7), and were reclassified into four classes (Table 6).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 6.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Topics, their scope, area and potential weight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width:318.7pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.35pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69.8pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWeight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;-6500 - - 1300\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e189,7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3,57\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e-1300 - - 260\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1077\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e20,29\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;-260 - 690\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3777\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e71,16\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 121.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;700 - 4500\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e264,3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4,98\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe highest weighting (4) was given to regions with a river power index between 700 and 4500, while the lowest weighting (1) was given to regions with a river power index between 6500 and -1300. Sediment transport indices\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSediment transport index\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis index indicates how sediments accumulate and are transported through space, with a higher transport index indicating a greater concentration of water flow.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 7. Themes, their scope, area and potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width: 3.0e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 91.9pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eClass\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea in (%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eWeight\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 91.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e0 -0,52\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e3998\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e75,32\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan 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bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e59,9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 85.05pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1,13\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 8 shows that the sediment transport capacity in the Oued Rhumel catchment varies between 0 and 52 (Table 7), with lower values corresponding to strong resistance that hinders the concentration of water flow.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTerrain Roughness Index\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe roughness index of the terrain (IRT) is a measure of the variability of the terrain surface and an indicator of the ability of disturbances to propagate across the surface. The quantification of terrain roughness, i.e. the roughness of the terrain surface caused by soil quality, aggregates, boulders and land management, is controlled by surface retention, infiltration, surface runoff and ultimately sedimentation. This approach is important because it affects the delamination and erosion of objects. Figure 9 shows a map of the roughness indices of the study area, with values ranging from 0.1 to 5 (Table 8).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 8.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Themes, scope, surface area and potential weight.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"border: none;width:304.55pt;border-collapse:collapse;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1,6 - 5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e370,9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e6,99\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 3.5pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"VULNERABILITY MAP OF EROSION RISK \",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 10 shows the vulnerability map of erosion risk resulting from overlaying different thematic maps of slope, soil moisture index, water resistance index and sediment transport index using the Map Algebra - Raster Calculator. The resulting erosion hazard map clearly shows the areas most vulnerable to erosion (in orange and red). The data from the erosion vulnerability map were classified into four categories: very low and low class, medium class, high class and very high class.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAreas of high erosion sensitivity are found on steep slopes ranging from approximately 3.8 to 17 degrees, while areas of low erosion sensitivity are found on gentle slopes ranging from approximately 0.0057 to 3.7 degrees. The results clearly show that extensive hilly areas are highly vulnerable, as we know that a large part of the Oued Rhumel watershed is composed of sedimentary rocks that are easily eroded. These results can be useful for watershed planning and management, and Table 9 shows the degree of vulnerability to erosion in the Oued Rhumel watershed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;'\\u003eTable 9. Degree of vulnerability to erosion risk\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"center\\\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;'\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"width:304.55pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:125.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:#131413;'\\u003eErosion hazard vulnerability\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:73.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eArea (Km\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:106.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family: \\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e(%)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:#131413;'\\u003eof the total \\u003cbr\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;area of watershed\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 125.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eLow and very low\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:73.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e2024,47\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 106.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e38,14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 125.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eModerate\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:73.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1990,81\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 106.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e37,51\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 125.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eHigk\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:73.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e893,47\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 106.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e16,83\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 125.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003eVery High\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width:73.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e399,25\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 106.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e7,52\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe use of hydrological indicators derived from a modified DEM is considered an appropriate contribution to a geographic information system (GIS) for the identification of potential erosion zones. The successful delineation of erosion sensitive areas in the Oued Rhumel basin was achieved by considering hydrological indicators. The final result of this study shows different levels of vulnerability to erosion in the Oued Rhumel basin, located in eastern Algeria.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe final map clearly highlights an area of 1292.72 square kilometer, representing 25.35% of the total watershed area; this area is classified as high or very high erosion. This integrated approach, which combines hydrological indicators with spatial analysis tools, has proven to be an effective strategy for watershed management and can be implemented at regional and continental scales.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"REFERENCES\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Kheir, R. B., Girard, M. C., Shaban, A., Khawlie, M., FAOUR, G., \\u0026amp; Darwich, T. (2001).\\u0026nbsp;Apport de la t\\u0026eacute;l\\u0026eacute;d\\u0026eacute;tection pour la mod\\u0026eacute;lisation de l\\u0026rsquo;\\u0026eacute;rosion hydrique des sols dans la r\\u0026eacute;gion c\\u0026ocirc;ti\\u0026egrave;re du Liban.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u0026eacute;l\\u0026eacute;d\\u0026eacute;tection\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e2\\u003c/em\\u003e(2), 79-90.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Remini, B., Kechad, R., \\u0026amp; Achour, B. (2014). The collecting of groundwater by the qanats: a millennium technique decaying.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003eLARHYSS Journal P-ISSN 1112-3680/E-ISSN 2521-9782\\u003c/em\\u003e, (20).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Toumi, S., Meddi, M., Mah\\u0026eacute;, G., \\u0026amp; Brou, Y. T. (2013). Cartographie de l\\u0026rsquo;\\u0026eacute;rosion dans le bassin versant de l\\u0026rsquo;Oued Mina en Alg\\u0026eacute;rie par t\\u0026eacute;l\\u0026eacute;d\\u0026eacute;tection et SIG. \\u003cem\\u003eHydrological sciences journal\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e58\\u003c/em\\u003e(7), 1542-1558.\\u0026nbsp;https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.824088\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Ahmad, I., Dar, M. A., Teka, A. H., Gebre, T., Gadissa, E., \\u0026amp; Tolosa, A. T. (2019).\\u0026nbsp;Application of hydrological indices for erosion hazard mapping using Spatial Analyst tool. \\u003cem\\u003eEnvironmental monitoring and assessment\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e191\\u003c/em\\u003e(8), 482.\\u0026nbsp;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7614-x\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Bannari, A., El-Battay, A., Hameid, N., \\u0026amp; Tashtoush, F. (2017). Salt-affected soil mapping in an arid environment using semiempirical model and Landsat-OLI data. \\u003cem\\u003eAdvances in Remote Sensing\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e6\\u003c/em\\u003e(4), 260-291.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ehttps://doi: 10.4236/ars.2017.64019\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Florinsky, I. V. (2012). The Dokuchaev hypothesis as a basis for predictive digital soil mapping (on the 125th anniversary of its publication). \\u003cem\\u003eEurasian soil science\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e45\\u003c/em\\u003e, 445-451.\\u0026nbsp;https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229312040047\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Martin, Y., \\u0026amp; Church, M. (2004). 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Geospatial analysis: a comprehensive guide, Electronic book.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ca href=\\\"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1902/1902.06672.pdf\\\"\\u003ehttps://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1902/1902.06672.pdf\\u003c/a\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Erosion, Stream power index, Topographic wetness index, Erosion modeling, Oued Rhumel watershed\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v3\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v3\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn Algeria, the loss of water capacity in reservoirs is a major challenge in the face of a significant increase in water demand. This loss of resources is due to the sedimentation of reservoirs, one of the most serious consequences of erosion. The use of hydrological indices is widely recognized as a highly effective method of providing input data for the cartographic representation of erosion-prone areas within geographic information systems. In the present study, the hydrological indices essential for erosion modeling were obtained through meticulous processing and analysis of a digital elevation model. The various indices, including the sediment transport index, composite topographic index and stream power index, were combined with other relevant variables such as slope, curvature, channel spacing and channel density.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe results of the survey showed that a significant part of the Oued Rhumel catchment, located in the eastern region of Algeria, i.e. 24.35% or 1,292.72 km2, is located in an extremely high or high erosion zone, which requires the immediate implementation of conservation measures. In addition, a total of 190.81 km2 or 2,024.47 km2 is located in areas with a moderate or low risk of erosion respectively. It is therefore evident that the use of primary and secondary derivatives of the digital elevation model, as well as morphometric parameters, through the application of a spatial analysis tool, is an effective and comprehensive method for identifying erosion-sensitive zones. This approach can be used on a regional or continental scale to facilitate watershed management and monitoring.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Application of hydrological indices and GIS for the detection of areas at risk of erosion – a case study of the Oued Rhumel watershed, East Algeria\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":3,\"date\":\"2024-01-24 19:52:39\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v3\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}},{\"code\":2,\"date\":\"2024-01-22 20:59:45\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v2\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}},{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2023-05-22 17:28:14\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2956318/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"ac99b039-10eb-43e8-b439-66ee2e762053\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 24th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2023-05-24T12:44:31+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-01-24 19:52:39\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v3\",\"identity\":\"rs-2956318\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-2956318\",\"identity\":\"rs-2956318\",\"version\":[\"v3\"]},\"buildId\":\"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}