{"paper_id":"ab4b0f6f-e03d-4959-8291-b6ef384b1a5e","body_text":"Multi-messenger dynamic imaging of laser-driven shocks in water using a plasma wakefield accelerator | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Multi-messenger dynamic imaging of laser-driven shocks in water using a plasma wakefield accelerator Mario Balcazar, Alexander Thomas, Hai-En Tsai, Tobias Ostermayr, and 28 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5811311/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding dense fuel hydrodynamics is critical for predicting burning plasma behavior in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion. Traditional diagnostic sources face many limitations in brightness, spatio-temporal resolution, and their ability to capture kinetic effects and electromagnetic fields influencing interaction dynamics. We present a dual-probe, multi-messenger laser wakefield accelerator system, combining ultrafast X-rays and relativistic electron beams at 1 Hz, to interrogate a free-flowing water target in vacuum heated by an intense 200 ps laser pulse. This unique scheme enables high-repetition-rate tracking of the interaction evolution utilizing both particle types. Betatron X-rays revealed a cylindrically symmetric shock compression morphology assisted by low-density vapor, resembling foam-layer-assisted fusion targets. The synchronized electron beam detected time-evolving electromagnetic fields, uncovering charge separation effects and ion species differentiation during plasma expansion – phenomena not captured by photons or standard hydrodynamic simulations. This multi-messenger approach highlights the need for hybrid physics models that integrate the detailed insights from both probes, spanning kinetic to hydrodynamic effects, to accurately predict fusion-relevant plasma dynamics from femtosecond to nanosecond timescales. Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics/Laser-produced plasmas Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Imaging techniques Laser Wakefield Acceleration Inertial Confinement Fusion Laser-Plasma Physics High Energy Density Physics Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files Ebeamvideo.mp4 Ultrafast electron beam radiography of laser-water interaction Xrayvideo.mp4 Betatron X-ray imaging of laser-driven hydrodynamic shocks in water Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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