{"paper_id":"aa122a84-e942-4c14-a20a-7ae6a5d4e08a","body_text":"Abstract\nHysterosalpingography (HSG) is a long-established fluoroscopic procedure that remains an essential method for evaluating female infertility and detecting uterine and tubal abnormalities. This chapter reviews the indications, contraindications, techniques, and imaging findings of HSG in both normal and abnormal conditions. Uterine pathologies such as myomas, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, intrauterine adhesions, and malignancies are described, together with adnexal diseases including pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, hydrosalpinx, and peritubal adhesions. Congenital Müllerian duct anomalies, including septate, unicornuate, bicornuate, and didelphys uteri, are also discussed with attention to their embryologic background, radiographic features, and reproductive outcomes. The diagnostic roles of complementary imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are compared. The chapter also reviews the diagnostic and potential therapeutic aspects of Lipiodol HSG in patients with infertility. By integrating technical considerations and interpretive criteria, this chapter aims to provide a concise and practical reference for radiologists and clinicians involved in infertility evaluation.\nReferences\nAhmadi F, Zafarani F, Shahrzad G, et al. Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part I. Fallopian tube. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014;7:245–52.\nAhmadi F, Zafarani F, Shahrzad GS. Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part II: uterus. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014;8:13–20.\nBhoil R, Sood D, Sharma T, et al. Contrast intravasation during hysterosalpingography. Pol J Radiol. 2016;81:236–9.\nBriceag I, Costache A, Purcarea VL. 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The role of diagnostic magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of fallopian tubal occlusion of female infertility: a meta-analysis. Clin Imaging. 2021;72:11–8.\nMattos LA, Sauer LJ, Blasbalg R. Hysterosalpingography using magnetic resonance imaging for infertility patients. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2021;25:403–11.\nMerritt BA, Behr SC, Khati NJ. Imaging of infertility, part 1: hysterosalpingograms to magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 2020;58:215–25.\nMerritt BA, Behr SC, Khati NJ. Imaging of infertility, part 2: hysterosalpingograms to magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 2020;58:227–38.\nPeart JM, Sim R. Lipiodol hysterosalpingogram: a modified HSG technique to minimize risks associated with lipiodol use. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2020;64:516–21.\nRoest I, Rosielle K, van Welie N, et al. Safety of oil-based contrast medium for hysterosalpingography: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2021;42:1119–29.\nYang JJ, Chapman M. What are the risks associated with lipiodol hysterosalpingography? A literature review. Radiography (Lond). 2023;29:1041–5.\nZafarani F, Ahmadi F, Shahrzad G. Hysterosalpingography in the assessment of congenital cervical anomalies. Int J Fertil Steril. 2017;11:71–8.\nZafarani F, Ghaffari F, Ahmadi F, et al. Hysterosalpingography in the assessment of proximal tubal pathology: a review of congenital and acquired abnormalities. Br J Radiol. 2021;94:20201386.\nCompeting Interest Declarartion\nThe author(s) has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this manuscript.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nSection Editor information\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2025 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.\nAbout this entry\nCite this entry\nAhn, H., Lee, H.J. (2025). Hysterosalpingography. In: KIM, S.H. (eds) Gynecologic Imaging. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2955-9_4-1\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2955-9_4-1\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Singapore\nPrint ISBN: 978-981-99-2955-9\nOnline ISBN: 978-981-99-2955-9\neBook Packages: Living Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}