{"paper_id":"9f19d985-3202-4a22-914b-4c1a8397bd5f","body_text":"Abstract\nTransvaginal sonography had a sensitivity of 80–86 %, specificity of 50–96 %, and overall accuracy of 68–86 % for diagnosing diffuse adenomyosis. These figures are poorer in the case of focal adenomyosis or if there are coexistent fibroids. Three dimensional (3D-TVS) transvaginal sonographic signs of adenomyosis are based on the evaluation of the junctional zone on the acquired volume of the uterus in order to obtain the coronal view. Three dimensional transvaginal sonography seems to be more accurate than conventional two dimensional (2D-TVS) ultrasound in detecting adenomyosis.\nA strong association is found between deep infiltrating endometriosis and the presence of 2D-TVS/3D-TVS features of adenomyosis. A detailed non-invasive diagnosis of the extent of adenomyosis can facilitate the choice of safe and adequate treatment.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nDueholm M. Transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosis of adenomyosis: a review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;20:569–82.\nReinhold C, Tafazoli F, Mehio A, Wang L, Atri M, Siegelman ES, et al. Uterine adenomyosis: endovaginal US and MR imaging features with histopathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999;19 Spec No:S147–60.\nDueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Sorensen JS, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:588–94.\nDueholm M, Lundorf E. Transvaginal ultrasound or MRI for diagnosis of adenomyosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;19:505–12.\nBazot M, Cortez A, Darai E, Rouger J, Chopier J, Antoine JM, et al. Ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: correlation with histopathology. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:2427–33.\nChampaneria R, Abedin P, Daniels J, Balogun M, Khan KS. Ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: systematic review comparing test accuracy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89:1374–84.\nNaftalin J, Jurkovic D. The endometrial-myometrial junction: a fresh look at a busy crossing. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34:1–11.\nNaftalin J, Hoo W, Nunes N, Mavrelos D, Nicks H, Jurkovic D. Inter- and intraobserver variability in three-dimensional ultrasound assessment of the endometrial-myometrial junction and factors affecting its visualization. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39:587–91.\nExacoustos C, Brienza L, Di Giovanni A, Szabolcs B, Romanini ME, Zupi E, et al. Adenomyosis: three-dimensional sonographic findings of the junctional zone and correlation with histology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37:471–9.\nReinhold C, Tafazoli F, Wang L. Imaging features of adenomyosis. Hum Reprod Update. 1998;4:337–49.\nBromley B, Shipp TD, Benacerraf B. Adenomyosis: sonographic findings and diagnostic accuracy. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19:529–34; quiz 35–6.\nKepkep K, Tuncay YA, Goynumer G, Tutal E.x Transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of adenomyosis: which findings are most accurate? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;30:341–5.\nVan den Bosch T, Dueholm M, Leone FP, Valentin L, Rasmussen CK, Votino A, et al. Terms and definitions for describing myometrial pathology using ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46:284–98.\nDi Donato N, Bertoldo V, Montanari G, Zannoni L, Caprara G, Seracchioli R. A simple sonographic sign associated to the presence of adenomyosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46:126–7.\nMeredith SM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:107.e1–6.\nBenagiano G, Brosens I. History of adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;20:449–63.\nLazzeri L, Di Giovanni A, Exacoustos C, Tosti C, Pinzauti S, Malzoni M, et al. Preoperative and postoperative clinical and transvaginal ultrasound findings of adenomyosis in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2014;21:1027–33.\nDi Donato N, Montanari G, Benfenati A, Leonardi D, Bertoldo V, Monti G, et al. Prevalence of adenomyosis in women undergoing surgery for endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:289–93.\nNaftalin J, Hoo W, Pateman K, Mavrelos D, Foo X, Jurkovic D. Is adenomyosis associated with menorrhagia? Hum Reprod. 2014;29:473–9.\nVercellini P, Cortesi I, De Giorgi O, Merlo D, Carinelli SG, Crosignani PG. Transvaginal ultrasonography versus uterine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2884–7.\nGordts S, Campo R, Brosens I. Hysteroscopic diagnosis and excision of myometrial cystic adenomyosis. Gynecol Surg. 2014;11:273–8.\nNam JH, Lyu GS. Abdominal ultrasound-guided transvaginal myometrial core needle biopsy for the definitive diagnosis of suspected adenomyosis in 1032 patients: a retrospective study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2015;22:395–402.\nTomassetti C, Meuleman C, Timmerman D, D’Hooghe T. Adenomyosis and subfertility: evidence of association and causation. Semin Reprod Med. 2013;31:101–8.\nBazot M, Darai E, Rouger J, Detchev R, Cortez A, Uzan S. Limitations of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis, with histopathological correlation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20:605–11.\nShrestha A. Risk factors for adenomyosis. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2013;10:229–33.\nVercellini P, Consonni D, Dridi D, Bracco B, Frattaruolo MP, Somigliana E. Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:964–77.\nKunz G, Beil D, Huppert P, Noe M, Kissler S, Leyendecker G. Adenomyosis in endometriosis – prevalence and impact on fertility. Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:2309–16.\nNaftalin J, Hoo W, Pateman K, Mavrelos D, Holland T, Jurkovic D. How common is adenomyosis? A prospective study of prevalence using transvaginal ultrasound in a gynaecology clinic. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:3432–9.\nLeyendecker G, Wildt L, Mall G. The pathophysiology of endometriosis and adenomyosis: tissue injury and repair. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280:529–38.\nBrosens I, Derwig I, Brosens J, Fusi L, Benagiano G, Pijnenborg R. The enigmatic uterine junctional zone: the missing link between reproductive disorders and major obstetrical disorders? Hum Reprod. 2010;25:569–74.\nDi Donato N, Seracchioli R. How to evaluate adenomyosis in patients affected by endometriosis? Minim Invasive Surg. 2014;2014:507230.\nExacoustos C, Manganaro L, Zupi E. Imaging for the evaluation of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:655–81.\nLuciano DE, Exacoustos C, Albrecht L, LaMonica R, Proffer A, Zupi E, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis of adenomyosis: histologic correlation with ultrasound targeted biopsies of the uterus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20:803–10.\nExacoustos C, Luciano D, Corbett B, De Felice G, Di Feliciantonio M, Luciano A, et al. The uterine junctional zone: a 3-dimensional ultrasound study of patients with endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209:248.e1–7.\nLarsen SB, Lundorf E, Forman A, Dueholm M. Adenomyosis and junctional zone changes in patients with endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;157:206–11.\nBenagiano G, Habiba M, Brosens I. The pathophysiology of uterine adenomyosis: an update. Fertil Steril. 2012;98:572–9.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nExacoustos, C. (2016). Adenomyosis and Ultrasound: The Role of Ultrasound and Its Impact on Understanding the Disease. In: Habiba, M., Benagiano, G. (eds) Uterine Adenomyosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_9\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_9\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Cham\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-319-13011-8\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-319-13012-5\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}