{"paper_id":"9785d819-1812-4d0a-8dc1-f9596b7243f4","body_text":"Correlates of body image in individuals with endometriosis: The role of body compassion and endometriosis-related symptoms\nAbstract\nIntroduction\nMethod\nParticipants\nMeasures\nSociodemographic and endometriosis-related information\nBody-related measures\nDesign and data analysis\nResults\n| Demographic characteristic | Frequency | Percent (%) |\n|---|---|---|\n| Country of residence | ||\n| Australia/Oceania (e.g., New Zealand, Papua New Guinea) | 231 | 88.5 |\n| United Kingdom | 10 | 3.8 |\n| North America | 20 | 7.7 |\n| Highest level of academic attainment | ||\n| High school or below | 42 | 16.1 |\n| Vocational certificate/qualification | 55 | 21.1 |\n| Bachelor/Postgraduate degree | 164 | 62.8 |\n| Employment status | ||\n| Student | 51 | 19.5 |\n| Employed | 166 | 63.6 |\n| Unable to work due to health | 46 | 16.9 |\n| Relationship status | ||\n| Single | 69 | 26.4 |\n| Committed | 111 | 42.5 |\n| Married | 81 | 31.1 |\n| Sexuality | ||\n| Gay, lesbian, or same gender attracted | 22 | 9.2 |\n| Straight/heterosexual | 192 | 73.6 |\n| Bisexual | 34 | 13.0 |\n| Asexual | 13 | 4.9 |\n| Reproductive history | ||\n| I have never tried to conceive | 155 | 59.4 |\n| I have tried to conceive but have never been pregnant | 23 | 8.8 |\n| I am currently trying to conceive | 15 | 5.7 |\n| I am currently pregnant | 2 | 0.8 |\n| I have been pregnant/no miscarriages | 23 | 8.8 |\n| I have been pregnant/1or more births/1or more miscarriages | 24 | 9.2 |\n| I have been pregnant/Nil live births | 19 | 7.3 |\nBody-related outcomes\nBody Compassion Scale (n = 228)\n| Variable | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. | 12. | 13. | 14. | 15. | 16. | 17. | 18. | 19. | 20. | 21. | 22. | 23 |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1. Dysmenorrhea | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.637 | 0.175 | 0.140 | 0.157 | 0.001 | 0.078 | 0.466 | 0.305 | 0.095 | 0.013 | 0.177 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.674 | 0.009 | 0.118 | 0.217 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.168 |\n| 2. Back pain | 0.36 | - | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.165 | 0.001 | 0.102 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.286 | 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.341 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.055 | 0.001 | 0.103 |\n| 3. Abdominal pain | 0.36 | 0.47 | - | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.182 | 0.835 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.483 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.459 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.175 |\n| 4. Dyspareunia | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.25 | - | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.110 | 0.857 | 0.364 | 0.806 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.931 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.230 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.252 |\n| 5. Post coital | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.60 | - | 0.157 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.315 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.243 | 0.002 | 0.447 | 0.816 | 0.015 | 0.555 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.177 |\n| 6. Bowel pain | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.16 | - | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.084 | 0.003 | 0.102 | 0.001 | 0.057 | 0.424 | 0.589 | 0.004 | 0.065 | 0.969 | 0.058 | 0.002 | 0.097 | 0.006 | 0.033 |\n| 7. Urination pain | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.46 | - | 0.001 | 0.488 | 0.216 | 0.100 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.549 | 0.837 | 0.963 | 0.190 | 0.313 | 0.845 | 0.174 | 0.192 | 0.487 | 0.306 |\n| 8. HMB | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.50 | - | 0.766 | 0.008 | 0.077 | 0.118 | 0.296 | 0.082 | 0.949 | 0.837 | 0.033 | 0.144 | 0.480 | 0.676 | 0.117 | 0.353 | 0.833 |\n| 9. Fertility | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.71 | −0.39 | −0.25 | −0.08 | - | 0.847 | 0.060 | 0.018 | 0.897 | 0.856 | 0.689 | 0.929 | 0.712 | 0.389 | 0.520 | 0.068 | 0.381 | 0.838 | 0.973 |\n| 10. Fatigue | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.04 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.278 | 0.370 | 0.109 | 0.854 | 0.439 | 0.739 | 0.007 | 0.126 | 0.101 | 0.108 |\n| 11. Bloating | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.32 | - | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.637 | 0.152 | 0.128 | 0.276 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.325 |\n| 12. Nausea | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.21 | −0.60 | 0.27 | 0.23 | - | 0.010 | 0.433 | 0.063 | 0.017 | 0.435 | 0.002 | 0.048 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.615 |\n| 13. Vulva pain | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.35 | - | 0.001 | 0.413 | 0.002 | 0.058 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.081 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.071 |\n| 14. Clitoral pain | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.76 | 0.93 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.12 | −0.19 | 0.73 | - | 0.040 | 0.096 | 0.481 | 0.143 | 0.051 | 0.098 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.009 |\n| 15. Body Compassion Scale Total | −0.25 | −0.08 | −0.21 | −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.10 | −0.43 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 |\n| 16. BCS defusion | −0.23 | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.23 | −0.33 | −0.22 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.19 | −0.37 | −0.36 | 0.76 | - | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.050 |\n| 17. BCS common humanity | −0.04 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.25 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.24 | −0.16 | 0.65 | 0.14 | - | 0.001 | 0.341 | 0.664 | 0.863 | 0.117 | 0.556 |\n| 18. BCS acceptance | −0.24 | −0.07 | −0.19 | −0.11 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.06 | −0.17 | −0.25 | −0.29 | −0.32 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.24 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |\n| 19. BAT NABS | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.12 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.41 | −0.51 | −0.58 | −0.03 | −0.66 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |\n| 20. BAT LBF | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.23 | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.35 | −0.35 | −0.51 | −0.01 | −0.28 | 0.41 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.395 |\n| 21. BAT Dissatisfaction | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.18 | −0.17 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.51 | −0.65 | −0.65 | −0.14 | −0.81 | 0.80 | 0.38 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 |\n| 22. Body Attitude Test Total | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.11 | −0.04 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.57 | −0.61 | −0.69 | −0.06 | −0.72 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.90 | - | 0.001 |\n| 23. Body Mass Index | 0.12 | 0.12 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.15 | −0.10 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.21 | 0.50 | −0.18 | −0.12 | −0.04 | −0.30 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.37 | - |\nBody attitude test (n = 228)\nBody compassion, body image, and endometriosis-related symptoms\nContribution of endometriosis-specific factors, endometriosis-related symptoms, and body compassion to body image\nNegative appreciation of body size\n| Correlate | Negative appreciation | Lack of familiarity | General dissatisfaction | |||||||||\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| b | β | t | p | b | β | t | p | b | β | t | p | |\n| Step 1 | ||||||||||||\n| Age | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.653 | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.69 | 0.488 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.08 | 0.937 |\n| Body Mass Index | 0.37 | 0.35 | 5.64 | 0.001 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.48 | 0.629 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 4.46 | 0.001 |\n| Symptom duration | −0.09 | −0.10 | −1.16 | 0.247 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.973 | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.63 | 0.526 |\n| Symptom distress | 2.19 | 0.16 | 2.30 | 0.022 | 2.34 | 0.26 | 3.77 | 0.001 | 2.33 | 0.23 | 3.37 | 0.001 |\n| Pain VAS | 0.03 | 0.12 | 1.79 | 0.073 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 3.83 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.449 |\n| Step 2 | ||||||||||||\n| Age | 0.08 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 0.297 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.989 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.785 |\n| Body Mass Index | 0.38 | 0.36 | 5.87 | 0.001 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.74 | 0.458 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 4.35 | 0.001 |\n| Symptom duration | −0.17 | −0.18 | −2.25 | 0.025 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.40 | 0.686 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −1.34 | 0.179 |\n| Symptom distress | 2.80 | 0.20 | 2.87 | 0.004 | 1.88 | 0.20 | 2.88 | 0.004 | 2.70 | 0.27 | 3.77 | 0.001 |\n| Pain VAS | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.438 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 2.77 | 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.791 |\n| Dysmenorrhea | −1.99 | −0.14 | −1.71 | 0.088 | −0.46 | −0.04 | −0.59 | 0.555 | −1.48 | −0.14 | −1.73 | 0.085 |\n| Abdominal | 2.87 | 0.15 | 2.27 | 0.024 | −0.15 | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.852 | 1.07 | 0.07 | 1.15 | 0.250 |\n| Bowel pain | 1.77 | 0.11 | 1.47 | 0.141 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.973 | 2.05 | 0.17 | 2.33 | 0.020 |\n| Urination pain | −1.67 | −0.11 | −1.78 | 0.077 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.659 | −2.34 | −0.22 | −3.39 | 0.001 |\n| HMB | −0.24 | −0.02 | −0.19 | 0.847 | 1.45 | 0.14 | 1.67 | 0.095 | 0.468 | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.622 |\n| Constipation | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.439 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.953 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.954 |\n| Bloating | 0.96 | 0.05 | 0.74 | 0.461 | 1.33 | 0.10 | 1.54 | 0.125 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.502 |\n| Vulva | −0.99 | −0.06 | −0.89 | 0.374 | 1.25 | 0.12 | 1.68 | 0.094 | −0.69 | −0.06 | −0.85 | 0.394 |\n| Clitoral | 3.89 | 0.16 | 2.36 | 0.019 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.719 | 1.46 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 0.227 |\n| Step 3 | ||||||||||||\n| Age | 0.11 | 0.12 | 1.96 | 0.051 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.534 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 1.20 | 0.233 |\n| Body Mass Index | 0.27 | 0.25 | 5.57 | 0.001 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −1.50 | 0.135 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 3.60 | 0.001 |\n| Symptom duration | −0.13 | −0.13 | −2.22 | 0.028 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.13 | 0.894 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −1.09 | 0.278 |\n| Symptom distress | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.409 | 1.22 | 0.14 | 2.02 | 0.045 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 1.83 | 0.068 |\n| Pain VAS | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.64 | 0.523 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 1.77 | 0.075 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −1.60 | 0.110 |\n| Dysmenorrhea | −0.84 | −0.06 | -1.00 | 0.319 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.921 | −0.58 | −0.06 | −1.23 | 0.220 |\n| Abdominal | 3.48 | 0.18 | 3.84 | 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.702 | 1.51 | 0.11 | 2.95 | 0.004 |\n| Bowel pain | −0.37 | −0.02 | −0.43 | 0.672 | −0.74 | −0.07 | −1.01 | 0.316 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.812 |\n| Urination pain | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.65 | 0.517 | 0.75 | 0.08 | 1.30 | 0.210 | −0.45 | −0.04 | −1.13 | 0.262 |\n| HMB | −0.73 | −0.05 | −0.80 | 0.427 | 1.02 | 0.10 | 1.31 | 0.193 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.775 |\n| Constipation | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.791 | −0.19 | −0.02 | −0.29 | 0.772 | −0.68 | −0.06 | −1.59 | 0.114 |\n| Bloating | −0.22 | −0.01 | −0.24 | 0.813 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.380 | −0.23 | −0.02 | −0.45 | 0.656 |\n| Vulva | −0.36 | −0.02 | −0.45 | 0.655 | 1.01 | 0.10 | 1.47 | 0.142 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.859 |\n| Clitoral | 2.30 | 0.10 | 1.91 | 0.058 | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.949 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.785 |\n| Defusion | −0.32 | −0.32 | −5.97 | 0.001 | −0.25 | −0.40 | −5.68 | 0.001 | −0.20 | −0.29 | −6.80 | 0.001 |\n| Humanity | 0.11 | 0.11 | 2.32 | 0.021 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 0.528 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 2.38 | 0.018 |\n| Acceptance | −0.75 | −0.47 | −8.59 | 0.001 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −1.05 | 0.296 | −0.74 | −0.66 | −15.11 | 0.001 |\nLack of body familiarity\nGeneral body dissatisfaction\nDiscussion\nAcknowledgments\nEthical considerations\nConsent to participate\nConsent for publication\nDeclaration of conflicting interests\nFunding\nORCID iDs\nData availability statement\nReferences\nSupplementary Material\nPlease find the following supplemental material available below.\nFor Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all 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