{"paper_id":"96cb80af-660d-48ba-bc4c-5240da346c73","body_text":"The prognostic value of venous return system in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping: a retrospective cohort study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The prognostic value of venous return system in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping: a retrospective cohort study Rongping Chen, Wei DU, Dawei Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to explore changes in the venous return system in patients with Constrictive pericarditis (CP) after pericardial stripping and examine their value in predicting mortality. An 8-year single-center retrospective cohort study including patients with CP after pericardial stripping surgery. Hemodynamic parameters were analyzed in 90 patients at 11 time points including before and after surgery and every 4 to 9 hours in the first 48 hours in the ICU (0h, t1-t3, 24h, t4-t6, 48h). Mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsf) and resistance to venous return (RVr) were significantly higher in patients who died (non-survival group) than survivors ( P = 0.016 and 0.022, respectively). Pmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf − CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, RVr at 24h, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were evaluated as predictors of 28-day mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was largest for RVr before surgery (0.771; 95% confidence interval, 0.583–0.958; P = 0.034). SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the best performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.883; 95% confidence interval, 0.758–1.000; P = 0.003). Pmsf, Pmsf − CVP, and RVr can be used as valid indicators for prognostic assessment in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping. venous return hemodynamic monitoring intensive care unit pericardial stripping surgery mortality Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Under steady conditions, cardiac output (CO) and venous return (VR) are equal, so any parameter that determines VR also determines CO[ 1 , 2 ]. VR is defined using three parameters: mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsf), right atrial pressure (RAP), and resistance to venous return (RVr)[ 1 ]. The difference between Pmsf, which is the pressure that promotes blood return to the heart, and RAP, which represents central venous pressure (CVP), is defined as driving pressure of venous return [ 3 ]. Pmsf is defined as the pressure throughout the cardiovascular system when the heart is stopped and there is no fluid movement, or the upstream pressure of venous return, and is a functional indicator of effective intravascular volume[ 4 – 6 ]. Pmsf is also the pressure in any portion of the circulation during circulatory arrest[ 5 ]. Pmsf can be measured using one of three methods: inspiratory-hold, stop-flow, and mathematical estimation[ 7 – 9 ]. With the mathematical estimation method, Pmsf is estimated using actual values of RAP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and CO[ 10 – 15 ]. Previous studies have shown that measurements obtained using this method are consistent with the Guyton model[ 7 , 16 ] and with measurements estimated using the cardiopulmonary interaction method and obtained at total arterial-venous pressure equilibrium[ 17 , 18 ]. Pmsf must be calculated correctly to be clinically relevant[ 19 ]. The normal value of Pmsf in humans ranges between 2 and 10 mmHg[ 5 , 20 ]. Changes in Pmsf reflect changes in circulating blood volume and indicate changes in volume status[ 12 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 22 ]. Pmsf varies according to clinical condition, volume status, and vasodilatory tone[ 23 ] and increases after fluid infusion and vasopressor administration[ 24 , 25 ]. In patients receiving positive pressure ventilation, elevated RAP causes an increase in Pmsf to maintain an adequate venous return pressure gradient[ 26 , 27 ]. Induction of isoproterenol anesthesia causes a decrease in Pmsf[ 28 , 29 ]. Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide improves venous return function in patients with congestive heart failure by decreasing Pmsf and venous return resistance[ 30 ]. The use of esmolol in patients with septic shock improves critical closure pressure and has no effect on Pmsf, thereby increasing the difference between critical closure pressure and Pmsf and increasing the vascular waterfall effect[ 31 ]. RVr is mainly influenced by vein diameter and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. RVr also increases when extramural pressure is high. Two factors of equal importance modify Pmsf: volume of blood in the venous reservoir, which is increased by fluid administration, and venous system capacitance, which is under sympathetic control[ 32 ]. CP is a curable form of diastolic heart failure that relies on elevated ventricular pressure to maintain cardiac filling and output, which are low because of decreased diastolic filling caused by pericardial stiffness[ 33 ]. It is caused by the release of stress hormones and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which leads to salt and water retention to increase and balance ventricular diastolic pressure. CP has clinical and hemodynamic features similar to those of restrictive cardiomyopathy and severe tricuspid regurgitation. The primary clinical manifestation is systemic venous stasis as a result of right heart insufficiency[ 34 ]. Pericardial stripping can restore satisfactory diastolic filling. The venous system may be a good indicator of effective volume status after pericardial stripping in patients with CP. Alterations in venous return in patients with constrictive pericarditis are currently unknown. We aimed to use a mathematical estimation of Pmsf to assess these alterations. We also examine the relationship of Pmsf with perfusion, organ function, and survival after pericardial stripping. Methods Patients We reviewed patients with CP who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after pericardial stripping surgery at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2014 and 2022. All patients were aged 18 years or older and required continuous hemodynamic monitoring using the Pulse index Continuous Cardiac Output system. We excluded patients with coexisting cancer, rheumatologic disease, cirrhosis, or end-stage renal disease on dialysis. Those with missing data were also excluded. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (approval number, I-23PJ871). The informed consent was waived by the institutional review board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the local ethics committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975. Data collection The following data were recorded for analysis: individual patient data (age, gender, primary disease, height, weight), vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate), APACHE II score, SOFA score, ventilator parameters (PEEP), mechanical ventilation time, sedative drugs, vasoactive drugs, total volume balance, serum creatinine, total bilirubin, length of ICU stay, 28-day mortality, central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (P (V−A) CO 2 ), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2 ), lactate (Lac). Hemodynamic indicators and calculation CO, CVP, MAP, and Lac were recorded at 11 time points: immediately before and after surgery and every 4 to 9 hours in the first 48 hours in the ICU (0h, t1-t3, 24h, t4-t6, 48h). Pmsf was estimated using the following formula (1): $${Pmsf}_{\\left(analogue\\right)}=a\\times RAP+b\\times MAP+c\\times CO \\left(formula 1\\right)$$ where a + b = 1, a = 0.96, b = 0.04, and $$\\text{c}=0.038\\times \\frac{94.17+0.193\\times \\text{a}\\text{g}\\text{e}}{\\left(4.5\\times {0.99}^{\\left(\\text{a}\\text{g}\\text{e}-15\\right)}\\right)\\times 0.007184\\times \\left({\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}}^{0.725}\\right)\\times \\left({\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}}^{0.425}\\right)} \\left(formula 2\\right)$$ RVr was estimated using the following formula (3): $$RVr=\\frac{Pmsf-CVP}{CO}\\left(formula 3\\right)$$ Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R software 4.2.2 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Data normality was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Normally distributed data are expressed as means with standard deviation and were compared using one-way analysis of variance or the t test. Data with a non-normal distribution were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis or Mann–Whitney U test. Homogeneity of variance testing was also performed; when variances were uneven, non-parametric tests were used. Categorical data are expressed as numbers with percentage. Repeated observations were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Differences between multiple time points were determined using the method of least significant difference or Bonferroni’s method. Correlation was determined using Pearson’s or Spearman’s method as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze diagnostic performance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results One hundred nineteen patients were initially reviewed. After excluding 29 based on criteria, 90 were included for analysis. Patients were grouped according to survival. Age, Lac, APACHE II and SOFA scores, adrenaline dose, and length of ICU stay were significantly higher and MAP was significantly lower in patients who died (non-survival group). Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Patient characteristics Total (90) Non-survival group (9) Survival group (81) P value Sex(male, %) 65(72.2%) 6(66.6%) 57(70.3%) 0.589 Age (years) 51.82 ± 14.82 64.33 ± 5.72 50.05 ± 14.89 0.000* Height (cm) 168.30 ± 7.32 166.78 ± 7.85 168.59 ± 7.23 0.483 Weight (kg) 66.18 ± 13.07 62.05 ± 13.93 67.03 ± 12.76 0.276 HR(bpm) 98.50 ± 18.41 100.88 ± 13.08 98.76 ± 19.22 0.748 MAP(mmHg) 87 ± 12.71 77.56 ± 10.18 88.55 ± 12.78 0.016* P (V−A) CO2(mmHg) 5.38 ± 2.83 6.19 ± 2.38 5.21 ± 2.89 0.393 ScvO 2 (%) 77.4 ± 9.10 79.97 ± 8.71 77.15 ± 9.35 0.448 Lac (mmol/L) 3.37 ± 2.08 5.01 ± 2.38 3.10 ± 1.97 0.013* APACHE II score 13.63 ± 4.89 18.89 ± 7.07 12.80 ± 4.10 0.033* SOFA score 8.75 ± 3.43 11.56 ± 2.35 8.48 ± 3.430 0.011* sCr(umol/L) 98.64 ± 21.38 84.56 ± 16.54 79.37 ± 23.64 0.526 TBil(umol/L) 36.56 ± 21.69 44.36 ± 37.82 34.52 ± 21.73 0.244 Past medical history(n/%) Hypertension 8(9.2%) 2(25%) 6(75%) 0.17 Diabetes 13(14.9%) 3(25%) 9(75%) 0.084 Cardiovascular disease 14(16.1%) 0(0%) 12(100%) 0.195 COPD 7(8.0%) 1(16.7%) 5(83.3%) 0.625 Diprivan(mg/h) 46.00 ± 18.89 45.55 ± 17.40 45.78 ± 19.13 0.972 Fentanyl(ug/h) 46.90 ± 44.78 41.66 ± 12.50 47.64 ± 48.50 0.715 PEEP(cmH 2 O) 5.26 ± 1.03 5.12 ± 0.35 5.29 ± 1.10 0.674 Time of mechanical ventilation(h) 70.81 ± 89.10 294.33 ± 125.43 56.47 ± 60.72 0.085 NE (ug/kg/min) 0.11 ± 0.28 0.30 ± 0.58 0.09 ± 0.25 0.39 E (ug/kg/min) 0.03 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.04 0.021* Length of ICU day(days) 6.80 ± 5.10 17.25 ± 5.67 5.86 ± 3.72 0.000* Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation or numbers (percentage). * indicates significance ( P < 0.05). HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; P (V−A) CO 2 , central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference; ScvO 2 , central venous oxygen saturation; Lac, lactate; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score; sCr, serum creatinine; TBil, total bilirubin; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation; MV, mechanical ventilation; NE, norepinephrine; E, adrenaline Hemodynamic parameters Hemodynamic indicators before surgery and in the first 48 hours after are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1 . Pmsf was highest before surgery (20.94 ± 6.48 mmHg), reached its peak at t1 (15.41 ± 2.77 mm Hg), and then declined. Pmsf − CVP reached its peak 24 hours after surgery (6.2 ± 3.60 mmHg). RVr reached its peak at t3 (1.50 ± 0.30 mmHg). Although Pmsf was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 6.006; P = 0.016), it did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table 3 ). Pmsf was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 0h, t1, t2, t3, and 24h (Table 3 , Fig. 2 A). Pmsf − CVP was similar between groups and did not significantly differ in them over time (Table 3 ). Pmsf − CVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group only at 0h (6.21 ± 0.86 vs 5.10 ± 2.73; P = 0.013, Table 3 , Fig. 2 B). RVr was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 5.611; P = 0.022) but did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table 3 ). RVr was significantly higher in the non-survival group at t2, t3, and 24h (Table 3 ; Fig. 2 C). CVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 5.390; P = 0.024), but did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table 3 ). CVP was significantly higher over time in the non-survival group (F, 3.623; P = 0.019; Table 3 ). CVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 24h (Table 3 ; Fig. 2 D). CO did not significantly differ between groups and did not differ over time in either group (Table 3 ). CO was significantly lower in the non-survival group at t1, t2, and t3 (Table 3 ; Fig. 2 E). MAP did not significantly differ between groups and did not differ over time in either group (Table 2 ). MAP was significantly lower in the non-survival group at 0h (Table 3 ; Fig. 2 F). Lac did not significantly differ between groups; however, Lac was significantly higher over time in the non-survival group (F, 4.080; P = 0.013; Table 3 ). Lac was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 0h and t1 (Table 3 , Fig. 2 G). Table 2 Hemodynamics factors over time in all patients Pmsf (mmHg) CVP(mmHg) CO(L/min) MAP (mmHg) Pmsf-CVP (mmHg) RVr (Ω) pre 20.94 ± 6.48 17.84 ± 5.82 3.26 ± 1.14 79.01 ± 10.23 3.43 ± 2.08 1.34 ± 0.52 post 14.45 ± 6.15 9.43 ± 4.45 5.11 ± 1.61 75.11 ± 6.94 4.66 ± 2.46 1.23 ± 0.34 0h 15.04 ± 4.93 10.06 ± 2.89 4.82 ± 1.59 87.02 ± 12.71 6.02 ± 1.75 1.45 ± 0.37 t1 15.41 ± 2.77 9.38 ± 3.01 4.51 ± 1.33 80.87 ± 10.04 6.03 ± 1.50 1.42 ± 0.36 t2 14.85 ± 3.53 8.87 ± 3.57 4.32 ± 1.58 79.45 ± 14.61 5.98 ± 1.28 1.46 ± 0.34 t3 14.29 ± 2.91 8.09 ± 3.33 4.21 ± 1.29 81.22 ± 14.03 6.10 ± 0.99 1.50 ± 0.30 24h 14.17 ± 4.56 7.97 ± 3.49 4.55 ± 4.35 77.73 ± 13.11 6.2 ± 3.60 1.49 ± 0.33 t4 14.21 ± 3.03 8.07 ± 3.27 4.31 ± 1.30 80.84 ± 14.64 6.13 ± 1.25 1.46 ± 0.26 t5 14.03 ± 3.53 8.08 ± 3.29 4.23 ± 1.19 79.20 ± 14.66 5.95 ± 1.14 1.46 ± 0.29 t6 13.64 ± 4.40 8.54 ± 3.43 4.05 ± 1.07 78.35 ± 15.27 5.60 ± 1.33 1.48 ± 0.32 48h 13.61 ± 4.01 8.04 ± 3.24 4.17 ± 1.13 80.26 ± 15.96 5.74 ± 1.43 1.46 ± 0.32 Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. pre pre-operation, post post-operation, t1-t3 every 4-9h from 0h to 24h after admission to ICU, t4-t6 every 4-9h from 24h to 48h after admission to ICU, Pmsf Mean Systemic Filling Pressure, CVP central venous pressure, CO cardiac output, MAP mean artery pressure, Pmsf-CVP the difference between Mean Systemic Filling Pressure and central venous pressure, RVr the resistance to venous return. Table 3 Hemodynamics factors over time in the non-survival and survival groups Pmsf (mmHg) Pmsf-CVP (mmHg) RVr (Ω) CVP (mmHg) CO (L/min) MAP (mmHg) Lac (mmol/L) Non-survival group 0h 15.77 ± 2.97 6.21 ± 0.86 1.62 ± 0.36 9.56 ± 3.12 4.07 ± 1.39 77.56 ± 10.18 5.01 ± 2.38 t1 16.08 ± 2.77 5.30 ± 1.34 1.63 ± 0.48 10.78 ± 2.68 3.48 ± 1.27 77.00 ± 11.09 6.46 ± 2.25 t2 16.11 ± 2.74 5.44 ± 0.92 1.77 ± 0.45 10.67 ± 3.04 3.33 ± 1.36 75.56 ± 8.60 4.60 ± 1.57 t3 15.12 ± 1.56 5.45 ± 1.15 1.74 ± 0.36 9.67 ± 2.17 3.32 ± 1.22 74.44 ± 11.80 3.31 ± 1.80 24h 16.15 ± 3.27 5.60 ± 1.08 1.75 ± 0.50 10.56 ± 4.06 3.51 ± 1.39 75 ± 8.68 4.12 ± 3.90 Survival group 0h 12.69 ± 7.13 5.1 ± 2.73 1.41 ± 0.37 10.12 ± 2.92 4.97 ± 1.61 88.55 ± 12.78 3.10 ± 1.97 t1 11.48 ± 7.11 6.10 ± 1.52 1.37 ± 0.31 9.21 ± 3.08 4.68 ± 1.26 81.45 ± 10.11 2.94 ± 1.88 t2 12.63 ± 6.22 6.04 ± 1.33 1.39 ± 0.29 8.72 ± 3.63 4.49 ± 1.57 79.83 ± 15.46 3.08 ± 2.37 t3 12.36 ± 5.62 6.14 ± 0.95 1.45 ± 0.27 7.97 ± 3.44 4.32 ± 1.28 82.03 ± 14.35 2.62 ± 1.6 24h 10.6 ± 7.26 6.22 ± 3.92 1.44 ± 0.27 7.67 ± 3.28 4.71 ± 4.74 77.68 ± 13.69 2.17 ± 1.31 Total analysis HF 0.732 0.649 0.854 0.719 0.302 0.497 0.739 group F, P 6.006,0.016* 0.755,0.388 5.611,0.022* 5.390,0.024* 3.073,0.086 2.122,0.151 2.489,0.124 Time F, P 0.195,0.887 0.409,0.709 2.299,0.078 1.914,0.137 0.561,0.484 2.433,0.096 4.080,0.013* Time*group F, P 0.410,0.731 0.249,0.825 1.047,0.375 3.623,0.019* 0.084,0.800 1.145,0.320 1.584,0.204 Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation.* indicates significance (P < 0.05).HF, Huynh-Feldt; t1-t3 every 4–9 h from 0h to 24h after admission; Pmsf, mean systemic filling pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; Pmsf − CVP, difference between Pmsf and CVP; RVr, resistance to venous return; CO cardiac output; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Lac, lactate. Correlation between the venous system and clinical indicators In patients with serum lactate > 2.0 mmol/L at the time of ICU admission, there was a negative correlation between Pmsf-at 24h and lactate clearance rate at 6h (r 2 =-0.596; P = 0.000; Fig. 3 A). The difference in Pmsf − CVP between 48h and 0h was positively correlated with total fluid balance 48h after surgery (r 2 = 0.751; P = 0.000; Fig. 3 B). In patients with renal insufficiency before surgery, the difference in Pmsf − CVP between 48h and 0h positively correlated with serum creatinine at the time of transfer out of the ICU (r 2 = 0.664; P = 0.001; Fig. 3 C). Prediction of 28-day mortality Pmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf − CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, RVr at 24h, APACHE II, and SOFA were evaluated as predictors of 28-day mortality. Among these, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was largest for RVr before surgery (AUC, 0.771; 95% confidence interval, 0.583–0.958; P = 0.034; Table 4 ; Fig. 4A). Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf − CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, and RVr at 24h, respectively, combined with APACHE II and SOFA were significant predictors of 28-day mortality. SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the largest AUC (0.883; 95% confidence interval, 0.758–1.000; P = 0.003; Table 4 ; Fig. 4B). Table 4 Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for various indicators AUC ± SE P -value 95% CI APACHE II 0.769 ± 0.087 0.009* 0.598–0.939 SOFA 0.759 ± 0.071 0.011* 0.620–0.899 Pmsf-CVP-0h 0.557 ± 0.077 0.578 0.405–0.709 Pmsf-0h 0.567 ± 0.085 0.511 0.400-0.735 Pmsf-24h 0.760 ± 0.078 0.011* 0.607–0.913 RVr-pre 0.771 ± 0.096 0.034* 0.583–0.958 RVr-24h 0.583 ± 0.121 0.514 0.346–0.820 APACHE II + Pmsf-CVP-0h 0.793 ± 0.078 0.004* 0.640–0.946 SOFA + Pmsf-CVP-0h 0.784 ± 0.067 0.006* 0.653–0.914 APACHE II + Pmsf-0h 0.809 ± 0.071 0.003* 0.670–0.948 SOFA + Pmsf-0h 0.767 ± 0.070 0.009* 0.630–0.905 APACHE II + Pmsf-24h 0.806 ± 0.069 0.003* 0.671–0.941 SOFA + Pmsf-24h 0.827 ± 0.064 0.001* 0.702–0.952 APACHE II + RVr-pre 0.821 ± 0.088 0.012* 0.648–0.994 SOFA + RVr-pre 0.883 ± 0.064 0.003* 0.758-1.000 APACHE II + RVr-24h 0.692 ± 0.100 0.134 0.497–0.887 SOFA + RVr-24h 0.813 ± 0.074 0.014* 0.668–0.957 Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation.*indicates significance ( P < 0.05).AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; Pmsf, mean systemic filling pressure; Pmsf − CVP, difference between Pmsf and central venous pressure; RVr-pre, resistance to venous return before surgery. Discussion In a study of critically ill patients, Pmsf measured after cardiac arrest was 15 mmHg[ 35 ]. Another study reported that Pmsf was 12 mmHg 1 minute after cardiac arrest and 5 mmHg 8 min after death; use of norepinephrine at the time of death was associated with higher Pmsf[ 24 ]. Pmsf can increase from 16 to 18 mmHg during infusion of vasoactive drugs[ 25 ]. Systemic venous stasis is the main clinical manifestation of constrictive pericarditis and is caused by right heart insufficiency [ 34 ]. Pmsf is an indicator of effective volume and venous return[ 12 , 15 ]. In our study, mean Pmsf values ranged between 13 and 23 mmHg in the first 48 hours after surgery and trended downward over time. These values are higher than those reported in other populations. The original Guyton study showed that RVr decreased and venous return increased after an increase in intravascular volume[ 36 ]. In our study of CP patients after pericardial stripping, RVr was curvilinear, with the highest point at nearly 24 hours, and tended to decrease after negative equilibrium treatment because cardiac obstruction and diastolic restriction were relieved and the high venous blood volume that had accumulated over a long period was rapidly returned to the heart. This is consistent with the pathophysiological features of CP (pericardial fibrosis leading to diastolic dysfunction and increased resistance)[ 34 ]. We also found that Pmsf and RVr were significantly higher in the non-survival group than the survival group but Pmsf − CVP did not differ. In addition, none of these measures differed over time in either group. Previous studies have shown that in critically ill and postoperative cardiac patients, CVP and Lac are higher in patients who die[ 37 – 39 ]. In our study, CVP was higher in the non-survival group. Lac did not significantly differ between the groups, while it was higher in the non-survival group over time. CO and MAP were similar between the groups. Positive fluid balance in critically ill and postoperative cardiac patients is associated with higher Pmsf[ 17 , 35 , 40 ]. Pmsf is used to assess volume responsiveness after cardiac surgery[ 12 ]. High blood lactate and low lactate clearance are considered indicators of poor prognosis[ 39 , 41 , 42 ]. In our study, Pmsf at 24 hours was negatively correlated with lactate clearance at 6 hours; therefore, we concluded that high Pmsf is detrimental. In addition, Pmsf − CVP increased with Pmsf in non-responding patients with no significant change in venous return driving pressure during the fluid load test in critically ill patients after surgery; however, venous return driving pressure increased in those with volume responsiveness[ 16 ]. We found that the difference in Pmsf − CVP between 48 hours and the time of admission was positively correlated with total negative fluid balance at 48 hours, suggesting a gradual decrease in the differential venous return driving pressure in patients with negative fluid balance. Regarding the relationship between venous return and organ function, a study comparing MAP − CVP and MAP − Pmsf found that MAP − Pmsf correlated better with acute kidney injury and better represented the backward pressure of renal perfusion pressure[ 43 ]. Pmsf is an upstream indicator of venous return. We investigated the relationship between Pmsf − CVP and renal function and found that in patients with preoperative pre-existing renal insufficiency, the differential venous return driving pressure at 48 hours versus that at 0 hours was positively correlated with serum creatinine at the time of transfer out of the ICU, suggesting that a large differential venous return driving pressure is not conducive to improved organ function. The venous return driving pressure difference was positively correlated with total negative fluid balance, suggesting that an appropriate negative balance is conducive to a decrease in venous return pressure difference, which may be beneficial for organ function recovery. Therefore, Pmsf and Pmsf − CVP can be used as prognostic indicators of perfusion and organ function. Whether Pmsf is an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping was also investigated in our study. APACHE II and SOFA are good predictors of disease severity[ 44 , 45 ]. RVr before surgery had the best diagnostic performance for predicting 28-day mortality. In addition, Pmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf − CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, and RVr at 24 hours combined with APACHE II and SOFA, respectively, were also significant predictors. SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the best performance. Therefore, the venous return system appears to play a significant role in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping. The main limitation of this study is its single-center retrospective design. In addition, Pmsf was estimated using three indicators: CVP, MAP, and CO. Any changes in these measurements would have affected Pmsf. Furthermore, our study was limited to patients with CP who underwent pericardial stripping. Our findings may not be generalizable to other populations. Conclusions This study is the first to describe changes in the venous return system and its significance in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping. It confirms that the venous return system has good predictive value. Pmsf, Pmsf − CVP, and RVr can be used as valid indicators for prognostic assessment in patients with constrictive pericarditis admitted after pericardial stripping. Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author contributions R. P. C., W, D. and D.W.L. discussed and performed the study. R.P.C. collected the clinical information from patients, was responsible for analysis and interpretation of data, and wrote the main manuscript. W. D. revised the manuscript and coordinated the work. All authors read, critically reviewed, and approved the final manuscript. W.D. takes responsibility for the paper as a whole. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Thanks to the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2022YFC2504503) and National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No.2022-PUMCH-A-266) for the financial support. Data availability The dataset used and analyzed for the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Footnotes Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. References Guyton AC: Determination of cardiac output by equating venous return curves with cardiac response curves . Physiol Rev 1955, 35 (1):123-129. Guyton AC: Regulation of cardiac output . N Engl J Med 1967, 277 (15):805-812. Guyton AC, Lindsey AW, Kaufmann BN: Effect of mean circulatory filling pressure and other peripheral circulatory factors on cardiac output. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1955, 180 (3):463–468. Guyton AC, Polizo D, Armstrong GG: Mean circulatory filling pressure measured immediately after cessation of heart pumping . Am J Physiol 1954, 179 (2):261-267. Magder S: Volume and its relationship to cardiac output and venous return . Crit Care 2016, 20 (1):271. Rothe CF: Mean circulatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement . J Appl Physiol (1985) 1993, 74 (2):499-509. Maas JJ, Pinsky MR, Geerts BF, de Wilde RB, Jansen JR: Estimation of mean systemic filling pressure in postoperative cardiac surgery patients with three methods . Intensive Care Med 2012, 38 (9):1452-1460. Wijnberge M, Jansen JRC, Pinsky MR, Klanderman RB, Terwindt LE, Bosboom JJ, Lemmers N, Vlaar AP, Veelo DP, Geerts BF: Feasibility to estimate mean systemic filling pressure with inspiratory holds at the bedside . Front Physiol 2022, 13 :1041730. Wijnberge M, Sindhunata DP, Pinsky MR, Vlaar AP, Ouweneel E, Jansen JR, Veelo DP, Geerts BF: Estimating mean circulatory filling pressure in clinical practice: a systematic review comparing three bedside methods in the critically ill . Ann Intensive Care 2018, 8 (1):73. Parkin WG, Leaning MS: Therapeutic control of the circulation . J Clin Monit Comput 2008, 22 (6):391-400. Geoffrey Parkin, Christopher Wright, Rinaldo Bellomo: Use of a mean systemic filling pressure analogue during the closed-loop control of fluid replacement in continuous hemodiafiltration . Critical Care Medicine 1994, 9 (2):124-133. Gupta K, Sondergaard S, Parkin G, Leaning M, Aneman A: Applying mean systemic filling pressure to assess the response to fluid boluses in cardiac post-surgical patients . Intensive Care Med 2015, 41 (2):265-272. Parkin G, Wright C, Bellomo R, Boyce N: Use of a mean systemic filling pressure analogue during the closed-loop control of fluid replacement in continuous hemodiafiltration . J Crit Care 1994, 9 (2):124-133. Crozier TM, Wallace EM, Parkin WG: Haemodynamic assessment in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: A Guytonian approach . Pregnancy Hypertens 2015, 5 (2):177-181. Parkin WG: Volume state control - a new approach . Crit Care Resusc 1999, 1 (3):311-321. Cecconi M, Aya HD, Geisen M, Ebm C, Fletcher N, Grounds RM, Rhodes A: Changes in the mean systemic filling pressure during a fluid challenge in postsurgical intensive care patients . Intensive Care Med 2013, 39 (7):1299-1305. Meijs LPB, van Houte J, Conjaerts BCM, Bindels A, Bouwman A, Houterman S, Bakker J: Clinical validation of a computerized algorithm to determine mean systemic filling pressure . J Clin Monit Comput 2022, 36 (1):191-198. Werner-Moller P, Heinisch PP, Hana A, Bachmann KF, Sondergaard S, Jakob SM, Takala J, Berger D: Experimental validation of a mean systemic pressure analog against zero-flow measurements in porcine VA-ECMO . J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022, 132 (3):726-736. Moller PW, Parkin WG: Correct calculation of the mean systemic pressure analogue . Intensive Care Med 2022, 48 (11):1679-1680. Hiesmayr M, Jansen JR, Versprille A: Effects of endotoxin infusion on mean systemic filling pressure and flow resistance to venous return . Pflugers Arch 1996, 431 (5):741-747. Cooke K, Sharvill R, Sondergaard S, Aneman A: Volume responsiveness assessed by passive leg raising and a fluid challenge: a critical review focused on mean systemic filling pressure . Anaesthesia 2018, 73 (3):313-322. Hahn R, He R, Li Y: Mean systemic filling pressure indicates fluid responsiveness and anaesthesia-induced unstressed blood volume . Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2022, 54 (5):369-377. Jozwiak M, Persichini R, Monnet X, Teboul JL: Management of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis . Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 32 (2):206-214. Repessé X, Charron C, Fink J, Beauchet A, Deleu F, Slama M, Belliard G, Vieillard-Baron A: Value and determinants of the mean systemic filling pressure in critically ill patients . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015, 309 (5):H1003-1007. Åneman A, Wilander P, Zoerner F, Lipcsey M, Chew MS: Vasopressor Responsiveness Beyond Arterial Pressure: A Conceptual Systematic Review Using Venous Return Physiology . Shock 2021, 56 (3):352-359. Berger D, Moller PW, Weber A, Bloch A, Bloechlinger S, Haenggi M, Sondergaard S, Jakob SM, Magder S, Takala J: Effect of PEEP, blood volume, and inspiratory hold maneuvers on venous return . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016, 311 (3):H794-806. Berger D, Takala J: Determinants of systemic venous return and the impact of positive pressure ventilation . Ann Transl Med 2018, 6 (18):350. Zucker M, Kagan G, Adi N, Ronel I, Matot I, Zac L, Goren O: Changes in mean systemic filling pressure as an estimate of hemodynamic response to anesthesia induction using propofol . BMC Anesthesiol 2022, 22 (1):234. de Wit F, van Vliet AL, de Wilde RB, Jansen JR, Vuyk J, Aarts LP, de Jonge E, Veelo DP, Geerts BF: The effect of propofol on haemodynamics: cardiac output, venous return, mean systemic filling pressure, and vascular resistances . Br J Anaesth 2016, 116 (6):784-789. Luo JC, Zhang YJ, Huang DL, Wang H, Luo MH, Hou JY, Hao GW, Su Y, Tu GW, Luo Z: Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide ameliorates venous return function in congestive heart failure . ESC Heart Fail 2022, 9 (4):2635-2644. Liu Z, Pan C, Liu J, Liu H, Xie H: Esmolol response in septic shock patients in relation to vascular waterfall phenomenon measured by critical closure pressure and mean systemic filling pressure: a prospective observational study . J Intensive Care 2022, 10 (1):1. Persichini R, Lai C, Teboul JL, Adda I, Guérin L, Monnet X: Venous return and mean systemic filling pressure: physiology and clinical applications . Crit Care 2022, 26 (1):150. Welch TD: Constrictive pericarditis: diagnosis, management and clinical outcomes . Heart 2018, 104 (9):725-731. Syed FF, Schaff HV, Oh JK: Constrictive pericarditis--a curable diastolic heart failure . Nat Rev Cardiol 2014, 11 (9):530-544. Wijnberge M, Schuurmans J, de Wilde RBP, Kerstens MK, Vlaar AP, Hollmann MW, Veelo DP, Pinsky MR, Jansen JRC, Geerts BF: Defining human mean circulatory filling pressure in the intensive care unit . J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020, 129 (2):311-316. Guyton AC, Lindsey AW, Kaufmann BN, Abernathy JB: Effect of blood transfusion and hemorrhage on cardiac output and on the venous return curve . Am J Physiol 1958, 194 (2):263-267. Chen KP, Cavender S, Lee J, Feng M, Mark RG, Celi LA, Mukamal KJ, Danziger J: Peripheral Edema, Central Venous Pressure, and Risk of AKI in Critical Illness . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016, 11 (4):602-608. Li J, Wang R, Wan J, Zhu P, Xiao Z, Wang X, Zheng S: Postoperative central venous pressure is associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting . Front Cardiovasc Med 2022, 9 :1016436. Haas SA, Lange T, Saugel B, Petzoldt M, Fuhrmann V, Metschke M, Kluge S: Severe hyperlactatemia, lactate clearance and mortality in unselected critically ill patients . Intensive Care Med 2016, 42 (2):202-210. Maas JJ, Geerts BF, van den Berg PC, Pinsky MR, Jansen JR: Assessment of venous return curve and mean systemic filling pressure in postoperative cardiac surgery patients . Crit Care Med 2009, 37 (3):912-918. Napoli AM, Seigel TA: The role of lactate clearance in the resuscitation bundle . Crit Care 2011, 15 (5):199. Nguyen HB, Kuan WS, Batech M, Shrikhande P, Mahadevan M, Li CH, Ray S, Dengel A: Outcome effectiveness of the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle with addition of lactate clearance as a bundle item: a multi-national evaluation . Crit Care 2011, 15 (5):R229. Neuman J, Schulz L, Aneman A: Associations between mean systemic filling pressure and acute kidney injury: An observational cohort study following cardiac surgery . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2021, 65 (3):373-380. Zhang XM, Zhang WW, Yu XZ, Dou QL, Cheng AS: Comparing the performance of SOFA, TPA combined with SOFA and APACHE-II for predicting ICU mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A secondary analysis . Clin Nutr 2020, 39 (9):2902-2909. Mierke J, Nowack T, Loehn T, Kluge F, Poege F, Speiser U, Woitek F, Mangner N, Ibrahim K, Linke A et al : Predictive value of the APACHE II score in cardiogenic shock patients treated with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device . Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2022, 40 :101013. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3920368\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":270778630,\"identity\":\"0895c441-8168-427b-8d0d-7ff4369e09b8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Rongping Chen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rongping\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":270778631,\"identity\":\"e7982539-f040-41c6-93dd-bac5b9b15dd6\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Wei DU\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxAqgZ+Z+eAD0rRItrMlG5CmxeA8j5kAUTr4buSYPebNscszPsxgxsBQYxNNUIvkjRxzY95tycVmhxnSHjAcS8ttIKTF4EbuNmnebQcStx1mOG7A2HCYBC2bmxnbJEjTsoGZmY04LZJn3n83nLstOXHGYTZmgwRi/MJ3PC3twdttdon9/ec/PvhQY0NYCxCwIZgJRChH0zIKRsEoGAWjABsAAJ2vQfSblTDuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Wei\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"DU\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":270778632,\"identity\":\"dac22118-f18f-476a-bb9a-1b8c0ea200a2\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Dawei Liu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Dawei\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Liu\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-02-02 09:46:08\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":50746416,\"identity\":\"5dc972d0-f8b8-4a96-b325-203b2315b556\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:07:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":108664,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTrends in hemodynamic indicators. (a) The trend in Pmsf and the three calculation indicators. (b) The trend in the three factors determining venous return and CO.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3920368/v1/92a0a7a1218067e9767a3ae1.png\"},{\"id\":50748370,\"identity\":\"063ae239-0607-40b3-91f5-b561ae0bef31\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:15:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":166907,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eComparison of hemodynamic parameters between the non-survival and survival groups: (a) Pmsf, (b) Pmsf−CVP, (c) RVr, (d) CVP, (e) CO (f) MAP, (g) Lac.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3920368/v1/1436dec67b6468fa3db7a7cb.png\"},{\"id\":50746417,\"identity\":\"9573ac43-06bd-4f1b-ae50-e3b6b6fe648f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:07:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":208643,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe correlation between (a) Pmsf-24h and lactate clearance rate at 6h; (b) Pmsf-CVP difference between 48h and 0h and total fluid balance 48h after surgery; (c) Pmsf-CVP difference between 48h and 0h and serum creatinine at the time of transfer out of the intensive care unit.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3920368/v1/09c80b69b1cffe5327afcd41.png\"},{\"id\":50746419,\"identity\":\"d4d01e56-32fc-499a-88b7-0131c03fbd7d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:07:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":480955,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePredication of 28-day mortality: receiver operating characteristic curves of (a) single indicators and (b) combined indicators.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3920368/v1/39236296a3fa37cd4ded4f56.png\"},{\"id\":50897852,\"identity\":\"a61b9187-12bb-407e-babf-852d1df13a0b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-09 07:21:20\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1519194,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3920368/v1/1b03747e-6a3c-46ff-84a0-203105616d09.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"The prognostic value of venous return system in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping: a retrospective cohort study\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eUnder steady conditions, cardiac output (CO) and venous return (VR) are equal, so any parameter that determines VR also determines CO[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. VR is defined using three parameters: mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsf), right atrial pressure (RAP), and resistance to venous return (RVr)[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The difference between Pmsf, which is the pressure that promotes blood return to the heart, and RAP, which represents central venous pressure (CVP), is defined as driving pressure of venous return [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf is defined as the pressure throughout the cardiovascular system when the heart is stopped and there is no fluid movement, or the upstream pressure of venous return, and is a functional indicator of effective intravascular volume[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR5\\\" citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf is also the pressure in any portion of the circulation during circulatory arrest[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf can be measured using one of three methods: inspiratory-hold, stop-flow, and mathematical estimation[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR8\\\" citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. With the mathematical estimation method, Pmsf is estimated using actual values of RAP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and CO[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14\\\" citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Previous studies have shown that measurements obtained using this method are consistent with the Guyton model[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e] and with measurements estimated using the cardiopulmonary interaction method and obtained at total arterial-venous pressure equilibrium[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf must be calculated correctly to be clinically relevant[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe normal value of Pmsf in humans ranges between 2 and 10 mmHg[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Changes in Pmsf reflect changes in circulating blood volume and indicate changes in volume status[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf varies according to clinical condition, volume status, and vasodilatory tone[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e] and increases after fluid infusion and vasopressor administration[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In patients receiving positive pressure ventilation, elevated RAP causes an increase in Pmsf to maintain an adequate venous return pressure gradient[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Induction of isoproterenol anesthesia causes a decrease in Pmsf[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide improves venous return function in patients with congestive heart failure by decreasing Pmsf and venous return resistance[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The use of esmolol in patients with septic shock improves critical closure pressure and has no effect on Pmsf, thereby increasing the difference between critical closure pressure and Pmsf and increasing the vascular waterfall effect[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]. RVr is mainly influenced by vein diameter and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. RVr also increases when extramural pressure is high. Two factors of equal importance modify Pmsf: volume of blood in the venous reservoir, which is increased by fluid administration, and venous system capacitance, which is under sympathetic control[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCP is a curable form of diastolic heart failure that relies on elevated ventricular pressure to maintain cardiac filling and output, which are low because of decreased diastolic filling caused by pericardial stiffness[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]. It is caused by the release of stress hormones and activation of the renin\\u0026ndash;angiotensin\\u0026ndash;aldosterone system, which leads to salt and water retention to increase and balance ventricular diastolic pressure. CP has clinical and hemodynamic features similar to those of restrictive cardiomyopathy and severe tricuspid regurgitation. The primary clinical manifestation is systemic venous stasis as a result of right heart insufficiency[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pericardial stripping can restore satisfactory diastolic filling.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe venous system may be a good indicator of effective volume status after pericardial stripping in patients with CP. Alterations in venous return in patients with constrictive pericarditis are currently unknown. We aimed to use a mathematical estimation of Pmsf to assess these alterations. We also examine the relationship of Pmsf with perfusion, organ function, and survival after pericardial stripping.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePatients\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e We reviewed patients with CP who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after pericardial stripping surgery at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2014 and 2022. All patients were aged 18 years or older and required continuous hemodynamic monitoring using the Pulse index Continuous Cardiac Output system. We excluded patients with coexisting cancer, rheumatologic disease, cirrhosis, or end-stage renal disease on dialysis. Those with missing data were also excluded. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (approval number, I-23PJ871). The informed consent was waived by the institutional review board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the local ethics committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eData collection\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe following data were recorded for analysis: individual patient data (age, gender, primary disease, height, weight), vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate), APACHE II score, SOFA score, ventilator parameters (PEEP), mechanical ventilation time, sedative drugs, vasoactive drugs, total volume balance, serum creatinine, total bilirubin, length of ICU stay, 28-day mortality, central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (P\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e(V\\u0026minus;A)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003eCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e), lactate (Lac).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eHemodynamic indicators and calculation\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCO, CVP, MAP, and Lac were recorded at 11 time points: immediately before and after surgery and every 4 to 9 hours in the first 48 hours in the ICU (0h, t1-t3, 24h, t4-t6, 48h). Pmsf was estimated using the following formula (1):\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equa\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equa\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$${Pmsf}_{\\\\left(analogue\\\\right)}=a\\\\times RAP+b\\\\times MAP+c\\\\times CO \\\\left(formula 1\\\\right)$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewhere a\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;b\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1, a\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.96, b\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.04, and\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equb\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equb\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$$\\\\text{c}=0.038\\\\times \\\\frac{94.17+0.193\\\\times \\\\text{a}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}}{\\\\left(4.5\\\\times {0.99}^{\\\\left(\\\\text{a}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}-15\\\\right)}\\\\right)\\\\times 0.007184\\\\times \\\\left({\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{t}}^{0.725}\\\\right)\\\\times \\\\left({\\\\text{w}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{t}}^{0.425}\\\\right)} \\\\left(formula 2\\\\right)$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRVr was estimated using the following formula (3):\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equc\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equc\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$$RVr=\\\\frac{Pmsf-CVP}{CO}\\\\left(formula 3\\\\right)$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R software 4.2.2 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Data normality was tested using the Shapiro\\u0026ndash;Wilk test. Normally distributed data are expressed as means with standard deviation and were compared using one-way analysis of variance or the t test. Data with a non-normal distribution were compared using the Kruskal\\u0026ndash;Wallis or Mann\\u0026ndash;Whitney U test. Homogeneity of variance testing was also performed; when variances were uneven, non-parametric tests were used. Categorical data are expressed as numbers with percentage. Repeated observations were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Differences between multiple time points were determined using the method of least significant difference or Bonferroni\\u0026rsquo;s method. Correlation was determined using Pearson\\u0026rsquo;s or Spearman\\u0026rsquo;s method as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze diagnostic performance. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eOne hundred nineteen patients were initially reviewed. After excluding 29 based on criteria, 90 were included for analysis. Patients were grouped according to survival. Age, Lac, APACHE II and SOFA scores, adrenaline dose, and length of ICU stay were significantly higher and MAP was significantly lower in patients who died (non-survival group). Patient characteristics are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePatient characteristics\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal (90)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNon-survival group (9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvival group (81)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSex(male, %)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65(72.2%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6(66.6%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57(70.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.589\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAge (years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.82\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e64.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.000*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHeight (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e166.78\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168.59\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.483\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWeight (kg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e66.18\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;13.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;13.93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.76\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.276\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHR(bpm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.50\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;18.41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100.88\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;13.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.76\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;19.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.748\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMAP(mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.016*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e(V\\u0026minus;A)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003eCO2(mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.38\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.83\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.19\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.393\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScvO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.97\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.448\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLac (mmol/L)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.013*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II score\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.89\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.80\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.033*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA score\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.430\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.011*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esCr(umol/L)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;21.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;16.54\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;23.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.526\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTBil(umol/L)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;21.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e44.36\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;37.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.52\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;21.73\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.244\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePast medical history(n/%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHypertension\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8(9.2%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2(25%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6(75%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiabetes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13(14.9%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3(25%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9(75%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.084\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCardiovascular disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14(16.1%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0(0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12(100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.195\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCOPD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7(8.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1(16.7%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5(83.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.625\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiprivan(mg/h)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;18.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;17.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45.78\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;19.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.972\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFentanyl(ug/h)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46.90\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;44.78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41.66\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;48.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.715\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePEEP(cmH\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.12\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.29\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.674\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTime of mechanical ventilation(h)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.81\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;89.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e294.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;125.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.47\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;60.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.085\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNE (ug/kg/min)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.39\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eE (ug/kg/min)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.021*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength of ICU day(days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.80\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.25\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.000*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eValues are expressed as means\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation or numbers (percentage). * indicates significance (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; P\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e(V\\u0026minus;A)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference; ScvO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, central venous oxygen saturation; Lac, lactate; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score; sCr, serum creatinine; TBil, total bilirubin; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation; MV, mechanical ventilation; NE, norepinephrine; E, adrenaline\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eHemodynamic parameters\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHemodynamic indicators before surgery and in the first 48 hours after are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e and Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. Pmsf was highest before surgery (20.94\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.48 mmHg), reached its peak at t1 (15.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.77 mm Hg), and then declined. Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP reached its peak 24 hours after surgery (6.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.60 mmHg). RVr reached its peak at t3 (1.50\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.30 mmHg). Although Pmsf was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 6.006; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.016), it did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Pmsf was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 0h, t1, t2, t3, and 24h (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eA). Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP was similar between groups and did not significantly differ in them over time (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group only at 0h (6.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.86 vs 5.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.73; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.013, Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eB). RVr was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 5.611; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.022) but did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). RVr was significantly higher in the non-survival group at t2, t3, and 24h (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eC).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group (F, 5.390; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.024), but did not significantly differ in the groups over time (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). CVP was significantly higher over time in the non-survival group (F, 3.623; P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.019; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). CVP was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 24h (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eD). CO did not significantly differ between groups and did not differ over time in either group (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). CO was significantly lower in the non-survival group at t1, t2, and t3 (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE). MAP did not significantly differ between groups and did not differ over time in either group (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). MAP was significantly lower in the non-survival group at 0h (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eF). Lac did not significantly differ between groups; however, Lac was significantly higher over time in the non-survival group (F, 4.080; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.013; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Lac was significantly higher in the non-survival group at 0h and t1 (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eG).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHemodynamics factors over time in all patients\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCVP(mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCO(L/min)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMAP (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf-CVP (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRVr (Ω)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003epre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.94\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.84\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.43\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003epost\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.43\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.94\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.66\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.23\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.82\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.75\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.38\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.51\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.42\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.85\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.46\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.29\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.91\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.09\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.22\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.99\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.50\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.97\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.73\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;13.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.49\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.84\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.13\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.46\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.23\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.20\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.46\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.54\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.35\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;15.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.61\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;15.96\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.74\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.46\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eValues are expressed as mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered statistically significant. pre pre-operation, post post-operation, t1-t3 every 4-9h from 0h to 24h after admission to ICU, t4-t6 every 4-9h from 24h to 48h after admission to ICU, Pmsf Mean Systemic Filling Pressure, CVP central venous pressure, CO cardiac output, MAP mean artery pressure, Pmsf-CVP the difference between Mean Systemic Filling Pressure and central venous pressure, RVr the resistance to venous return.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHemodynamics factors over time in the non-survival and survival groups\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf-CVP (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRVr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Ω)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCVP (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCO (L/min)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMAP (mmHg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLac (mmol/L)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNon-survival group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.77\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.62\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.39\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.78\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.46\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.44\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.77\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.67\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.12\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.74\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.67\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.44\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.80\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.80\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.51\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.39\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.12\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvival group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.69\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.73\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.12\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.97\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;12.78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.68\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.94\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.39\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.72\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.49\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;15.46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003et3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.36\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.14\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.97\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.62\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.22\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.44\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.67\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.71\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.68\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;13.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.732\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.649\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.854\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.719\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.302\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.497\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.739\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003egroup\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.006,0.016*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.755,0.388\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.611,0.022*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.390,0.024*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.073,0.086\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.122,0.151\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.489,0.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTime\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.195,0.887\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.409,0.709\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.299,0.078\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.914,0.137\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.561,0.484\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.433,0.096\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.080,0.013*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTime*group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.410,0.731\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.249,0.825\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.047,0.375\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.623,0.019*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.084,0.800\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.145,0.320\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.584,0.204\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eValues are expressed as means\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation.* indicates significance \\u003cem\\u003e(P\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).HF, Huynh-Feldt; t1-t3 every 4\\u0026ndash;9 h from 0h to 24h after admission; Pmsf, mean systemic filling pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP, difference between Pmsf and CVP; RVr, resistance to venous return; CO cardiac output; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Lac, lactate.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCorrelation between the venous system and clinical indicators\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn patients with serum lactate\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;2.0 mmol/L at the time of ICU admission, there was a negative correlation between Pmsf-at 24h and lactate clearance rate at 6h (r\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e=-0.596; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.000; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eA). The difference in Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP between 48h and 0h was positively correlated with total fluid balance 48h after surgery (r\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.751; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.000; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eB). In patients with renal insufficiency before surgery, the difference in Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP between 48h and 0h positively correlated with serum creatinine at the time of transfer out of the ICU (r\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.664; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.001; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eC).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePrediction of 28-day mortality\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, RVr at 24h, APACHE II, and SOFA were evaluated as predictors of 28-day mortality. Among these, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was largest for RVr before surgery (AUC, 0.771; 95% confidence interval, 0.583\\u0026ndash;0.958; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.034; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;4A). Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, and RVr at 24h, respectively, combined with APACHE II and SOFA were significant predictors of 28-day mortality. SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the largest AUC (0.883; 95% confidence interval, 0.758\\u0026ndash;1.000; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.003; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;4B).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eArea under the receiver operating characteristic curve for various indicators\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAUC\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e-value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.769\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.087\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.009*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.598\\u0026ndash;0.939\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.759\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.071\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.011*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.620\\u0026ndash;0.899\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf-CVP-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.557\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.077\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.578\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.405\\u0026ndash;0.709\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.567\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.085\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.511\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.400-0.735\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePmsf-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.760\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.078\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.011*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.607\\u0026ndash;0.913\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRVr-pre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.771\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.096\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.034*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.583\\u0026ndash;0.958\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRVr-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.583\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.121\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.514\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.346\\u0026ndash;0.820\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-CVP-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.793\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.078\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.004*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.640\\u0026ndash;0.946\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-CVP-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.784\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.067\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.006*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.653\\u0026ndash;0.914\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.809\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.071\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.003*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.670\\u0026ndash;0.948\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-0h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.767\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.070\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.009*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.630\\u0026ndash;0.905\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.806\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.069\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.003*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.671\\u0026ndash;0.941\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.827\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.064\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.001*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.702\\u0026ndash;0.952\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;RVr-pre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.821\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.088\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.012*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.648\\u0026ndash;0.994\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;RVr-pre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.883\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.064\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.003*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.758-1.000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAPACHE II\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;RVr-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.692\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.100\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.134\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.497\\u0026ndash;0.887\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSOFA\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;RVr-24h\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.813\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.074\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.014*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.668\\u0026ndash;0.957\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eValues are expressed as means\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation.*indicates significance (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; Pmsf, mean systemic filling pressure; Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP, difference between Pmsf and central venous pressure; RVr-pre, resistance to venous return before surgery.\\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn a study of critically ill patients, Pmsf measured after cardiac arrest was 15 mmHg[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Another study reported that Pmsf was 12 mmHg 1 minute after cardiac arrest and 5 mmHg 8 min after death; use of norepinephrine at the time of death was associated with higher Pmsf[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf can increase from 16 to 18 mmHg during infusion of vasoactive drugs[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Systemic venous stasis is the main clinical manifestation of constrictive pericarditis and is caused by right heart insufficiency [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf is an indicator of effective volume and venous return[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In our study, mean Pmsf values ranged between 13 and 23 mmHg in the first 48 hours after surgery and trended downward over time. These values are higher than those reported in other populations. The original Guyton study showed that RVr decreased and venous return increased after an increase in intravascular volume[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In our study of CP patients after pericardial stripping, RVr was curvilinear, with the highest point at nearly 24 hours, and tended to decrease after negative equilibrium treatment because cardiac obstruction and diastolic restriction were relieved and the high venous blood volume that had accumulated over a long period was rapidly returned to the heart. This is consistent with the pathophysiological features of CP (pericardial fibrosis leading to diastolic dysfunction and increased resistance)[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. We also found that Pmsf and RVr were significantly higher in the non-survival group than the survival group but Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP did not differ. In addition, none of these measures differed over time in either group. Previous studies have shown that in critically ill and postoperative cardiac patients, CVP and Lac are higher in patients who die[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR38\\\" citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In our study, CVP was higher in the non-survival group. Lac did not significantly differ between the groups, while it was higher in the non-survival group over time. CO and MAP were similar between the groups.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePositive fluid balance in critically ill and postoperative cardiac patients is associated with higher Pmsf[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf is used to assess volume responsiveness after cardiac surgery[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. High blood lactate and low lactate clearance are considered indicators of poor prognosis[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In our study, Pmsf at 24 hours was negatively correlated with lactate clearance at 6 hours; therefore, we concluded that high Pmsf is detrimental. In addition, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP increased with Pmsf in non-responding patients with no significant change in venous return driving pressure during the fluid load test in critically ill patients after surgery; however, venous return driving pressure increased in those with volume responsiveness[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]. We found that the difference in Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP between 48 hours and the time of admission was positively correlated with total negative fluid balance at 48 hours, suggesting a gradual decrease in the differential venous return driving pressure in patients with negative fluid balance. Regarding the relationship between venous return and organ function, a study comparing MAP\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP and MAP\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf found that MAP\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;Pmsf correlated better with acute kidney injury and better represented the backward pressure of renal perfusion pressure[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Pmsf is an upstream indicator of venous return. We investigated the relationship between Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP and renal function and found that in patients with preoperative pre-existing renal insufficiency, the differential venous return driving pressure at 48 hours versus that at 0 hours was positively correlated with serum creatinine at the time of transfer out of the ICU, suggesting that a large differential venous return driving pressure is not conducive to improved organ function. The venous return driving pressure difference was positively correlated with total negative fluid balance, suggesting that an appropriate negative balance is conducive to a decrease in venous return pressure difference, which may be beneficial for organ function recovery. Therefore, Pmsf and Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP can be used as prognostic indicators of perfusion and organ function.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhether Pmsf is an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping was also investigated in our study. APACHE II and SOFA are good predictors of disease severity[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. RVr before surgery had the best diagnostic performance for predicting 28-day mortality. In addition, Pmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, and RVr at 24 hours combined with APACHE II and SOFA, respectively, were also significant predictors. SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the best performance. Therefore, the venous return system appears to play a significant role in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe main limitation of this study is its single-center retrospective design. In addition, Pmsf was estimated using three indicators: CVP, MAP, and CO. Any changes in these measurements would have affected Pmsf. Furthermore, our study was limited to patients with CP who underwent pericardial stripping. Our findings may not be generalizable to other populations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study is the first to describe changes in the venous return system and its significance in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping. It confirms that the venous return system has good predictive value. Pmsf, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP, and RVr can be used as valid indicators for prognostic assessment in patients with constrictive pericarditis admitted after pericardial stripping.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eR. P. C., W, D. and D.W.L. discussed and performed the study. R.P.C. collected the clinical information from patients, was responsible for analysis and interpretation of data, and wrote the main manuscript. W. D. revised the manuscript and coordinated the work. All authors read, critically reviewed, and approved the final manuscript. W.D. takes responsibility for the paper as a whole. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThanks to the National Key R\\u0026amp;D Program of China (No.2022YFC2504503) and National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No.2022-PUMCH-A-266) for the financial support.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData availability\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe dataset used and analyzed for the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFootnotes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePublisher’s Note\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGuyton AC: \\u003cstrong\\u003eDetermination of cardiac output by equating venous return curves with cardiac response curves\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ePhysiol Rev \\u003c/em\\u003e1955, \\u003cstrong\\u003e35\\u003c/strong\\u003e(1):123-129.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGuyton AC: \\u003cstrong\\u003eRegulation of cardiac output\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eN Engl J Med \\u003c/em\\u003e1967, \\u003cstrong\\u003e277\\u003c/strong\\u003e(15):805-812.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGuyton AC, Lindsey AW, Kaufmann BN: \\u003cstrong\\u003eEffect of mean circulatory filling pressure and other peripheral circulatory factors on cardiac output.\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 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\\u003cstrong\\u003eComparing the performance of SOFA, TPA combined with SOFA and APACHE-II for predicting ICU mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A secondary analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eClin Nutr \\u003c/em\\u003e2020, \\u003cstrong\\u003e39\\u003c/strong\\u003e(9):2902-2909.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMierke J, Nowack T, Loehn T, Kluge F, Poege F, Speiser U, Woitek F, Mangner N, Ibrahim K, Linke A\\u003cem\\u003e et al\\u003c/em\\u003e: \\u003cstrong\\u003ePredictive value of the APACHE II score in cardiogenic shock patients treated with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eInt J Cardiol Heart Vasc \\u003c/em\\u003e2022, \\u003cstrong\\u003e40\\u003c/strong\\u003e:101013.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"venous return, hemodynamic monitoring, intensive care unit, pericardial stripping surgery, mortality\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study aimed to explore changes in the venous return system in patients with Constrictive pericarditis (CP) after pericardial stripping and examine their value in predicting mortality. An 8-year single-center retrospective cohort study including patients with CP after pericardial stripping surgery. Hemodynamic parameters were analyzed in 90 patients at 11 time points including before and after surgery and every 4 to 9 hours in the first 48 hours in the ICU (0h, t1-t3, 24h, t4-t6, 48h). Mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsf) and resistance to venous return (RVr) were significantly higher in patients who died (non-survival group) than survivors (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.016 and 0.022, respectively). Pmsf at 0h, Pmsf at 24h, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP at 0h, RVr before surgery, RVr at 24h, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were evaluated as predictors of 28-day mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was largest for RVr before surgery (0.771; 95% confidence interval, 0.583\\u0026ndash;0.958; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.034). SOFA combined with RVr before surgery had the best performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.883; 95% confidence interval, 0.758\\u0026ndash;1.000; \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.003). Pmsf, Pmsf\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;CVP, and RVr can be used as valid indicators for prognostic assessment in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"The prognostic value of venous return system in patients with constrictive pericarditis after pericardial stripping: a retrospective cohort study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-02-06 17:07:12\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920368/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"4f76fb7d-5782-4a0a-9e38-01f1a0d86e84\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 6th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-02-14T04:46:17+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-02-06 17:07:12\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3920368\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3920368\",\"identity\":\"rs-3920368\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}