{"paper_id":"87ee2a34-bae7-49e1-ac97-e6041c9c53dc","body_text":"Female urethral carcinoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for <1% of all cancer types in women [ 1 , 2 ]. This tumor exhibits a wide range of morphological traits and is divided into three histological subtypes: urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Unlike bladder tumors, urethral tumors differ both clinically and morphologically by sex, reflecting the distinct anatomic and histologic differences between the male and female urethra [ 3 , 6 ]. For example, in urethral cancer, the prevalence of both urothelial carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma is higher in men than in women, whereas adenocarcinoma is more frequent among women. Adenocarcinoma accounts for approximately 10–30% of female urethral carcinoma cases, although estimates vary across the literature [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The tumor stage of female urethral adenocarcinoma has traditionally been determined using the same classification as its male counterpart [ 7 ]; however, a recent study suggested that it should be determined using female-specific criteria that consider the female urethral anatomy [ 6 ]. These findings have substantially increased interest in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing urethral adenocarcinomas in women.\nBecause of the rarity of female urethral adenocarcinoma, little information is available about its immunohistochemical and morphological features. This malignancy has been the subject of relatively few investigations, most of which have focused on single to several cases [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Even though a few studies have examined a relatively large number of cases [ 1 , 4 , 6 ], none of them performed any exhaustive immunohistochemical or rigorous morphological characterization Therefore, we designed a study with the aim to obtain a complete picture of its immunohistochemical and morphological features. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to perform semi-comprehensive immunohistochemical and detailed morphological evaluations of consecutive cases of female urethral adenocarcinoma. This study will help correctly diagnose this rare tumor type and represent an important basis for future investigations on the details and origin of female urethral adenocarcinoma.\n\nWe enrolled nine consecutive Japanese female patients with urethral adenocarcinoma. All patients had undergone tumor resection between January 1995 and November 2020 at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan. No patient had received prior therapy before the tumor resection. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the JFCR (approval number 2018-1177). The requirement for informed consent specific to this study was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study.\nUsing 4 μm thick hematoxylin-and-eosin stained, formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, we determined whether each tumor displayed the following morphological features: clear cytoplasm [ 13 ], nuclear pleomorphism, columnar cell appearance, hobnail cell or signet cell appearance [ 14 ], papillary or tubular growth, cribriform pattern, trabecular structure, intracellular or extracellular mucin production, background intestinal metaplasia or endometriosis, necrosis, calcification, and psammoma bodies.\nImmunohistochemistry was performed on 4 μm thick FFPE sections. The following primary antibodies were used: PAX8 (BC12, diluted 1:500; Abcam, Cambridge, UK); CK7 (OVTL12/30, diluted 1:200; Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA); CK20 (IT-Ks20.8, diluted 1:100; PROGEN Biotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany); CDX2 (DAK-CDX2, diluted 1:100; Dako); MUC2 (Ccp58, ready to use; Leica Biosystems, St. Louis, MO, USA); GATA3 (HG3.31, diluted 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); PSAP (PASE/4LJ, diluted 1:3000; Dako); Uroplakin 2 (BC21, ready to use; Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan); ER (SP1, ready to use; Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, AZ, USA); PgR (IE2, ready to use; Roche Tissue Diagnostics); p63 (4A4, diluted 1:100; Abcam); HNF4α (H1415, diluted 1:400; Perseus Proteomics, Tokyo, Japan); Napsin A (IP64, diluted 1:800; Leica Biosystems); HNF1β (polyclonal, diluted 1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); CD10 (56C6, diluted 1:100; Leica Biosystems); p16 (E6H4, ready to use; Roche Tissue Diagnostics); MUC5AC (CLH2, ready to use; Leica Biosystems); TFF1 (polyclonal, diluted 1:800; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA); Glypican 3 (1G12, ready to use; Nichirei); SATB2 (SATBA4B10, diluted 1:200; Santa Cruz Biotech); WT1 (WT49, diluted 1:30; Leica Biosystems); TTF1 (8G7G3/1, diluted 1:1000; Dako); HER2 (4B5, ready to use; Roche Tissue Diagnostics); EGFR (EGFR.113, diluted 1:20; Leica Biosystems); and PD-L1 (SP142, ready to use; Roche Tissue Diagnostics). Immunohistochemical staining was performed using Roche Benchmark ULTRA (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) automated system for ER, PgR, HER2, p16, and PD-L1, and Leica Bond III automated system (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) for the others. The staining intensity (absent, 0; weak, 1; moderate to strong, 2) was assessed to calculate the H-score (1 to 200), defined as the product of the percentage of immunopositive tumor cells and the staining intensity. Three different cut-off values were used: −, +/−, and +, assigned to H-scores of 0, 1–10, and >10, respectively.\n\nTable 1  summarizes the clinical features of the nine cases. The patient age ranged from 33 to 72 years. Of the nine patients, seven had tumors in the distal urethra, one in the proximal urethra, and one over the whole urethra. During the 2- to 16-year follow-up period, four patients had post-surgery recurrences, and two died due to the recurrence.\nThe immunohistochemical features of the nine cases are presented in  Table 2 . CDX2, a nuclear transcription factor for intestinal differentiation [ 15 ], was expressed in seven out of nine cases (77%) ( Figure 1 a). PAX8, a nuclear transcription factor associated with organogenesis of the thyroid gland, kidney, and Müllerian system [ 16 ], was expressed in two out of nine cases (22%) ( Figure 2 a). All CDX2-expressing tumors were PAX8-negative, and all PAX8-expressing tumors were CDX2-negative, indicating a mutually exclusive relationship between CDX2 and PAX8 expression. The CDX2-expressing tumors were all positive for CK7 ( Figure 1 b), CK20 ( Figure 1 c), HNF4α ( Figure 1 d), and TFF1 (7/7, 100%) and frequently positive for other intestinal markers, including SATB2 (4/7, 57%), MUC2 (6/7, 85%), and MUC5AC (3/7, 42%). The PAX8-expressing tumors were all positive for CK7 ( Figure 2 b), Napsin A ( Figure 2 c), and HNF1β (2/2, 100%) and negative for CK20 ( Figure 2 d), HNF4α, SATB2, TFF1, MUC2, and MUC5AC (0/2, 0%).  Table S1  summarizes the immunohistochemical analysis results for CK7, CK20, CDX2, HNF4α, SATB2, MUC2, MUC5AC, TFF1, PAX8, Napsin A, HNF1β, CD10, GATA3, p16, PSAP, Glypican 3, Uroplakin 2, WT1, TTF1, ER, PgR, HER2, EGFR, and PD-L1 expression.\nTable 3  shows the morphological features of the nine cases. The CDX2-expressing and PAX8-expressing tumors displayed their own unique set of morphological characteristics.\nThe CDX2-expressing tumors showed a wide range of morphological characteristics of intestinal-type adenocarcinomas with variable degrees of differentiation. Well-differentiated components formed tubular or papillary structures ( Figure 1 e,f), moderately differentiated components exhibited a cribriform pattern ( Figure 1 g), and poorly differentiated components exhibited intra- and extracellular mucin production ( Figure 1 h).\nThe PAX8-expressing tumors morphologically resembled gynecological organ-derived clear cell carcinoma. In all PAX8-expressing tumors (2/2), hobnail-like tumor cells with clear cytoplasm formed tubular or papillary patterns ( Figure 2 e,f).\nAbundant mucin was present in 71% (5/7) of the CDX2-expressing tumors and absent in the PAX8-expressing tumors (0/2, 0%). Columnar tumor cells were observed in all and one of the CDX2-expressing (7/7, 100%) and PAX8-expressing tumors (1/2, 50%), respectively. Clear cytoplasm and hobnail-like cell features were observed in all PAX8-expressing tumors (2/2, 100%) but none of the CDX2-expressing tumors (0/7, 0%).\nRegarding metaplastic change in the background epithelium, intestinal metaplasia was observed in one of the seven CDX2-expressing tumor cases (1/7, 14%) but none of the PAX8-expressing cases (0/2, 0%). Endometriosis was not evident in any of the nine cases (0/9, 0%).\n\nFemale urethral adenocarcinoma has gained increased attention as a rare and distinct neoplasm, owing to its unique pathogenesis compared with its male counterpart. Because of the limited number of cases studied thus far, the immunohistochemical and morphological features of this malignancy remain inadequately understood. In the present study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a consecutive case series of female urethral adenocarcinoma, employing a comprehensive immunohistochemical approach accompanied by meticulous morphological evaluations. Our findings unveiled two discrete subtypes of female urethral adenocarcinoma: those expressing CDX2 and those expressing PAX8. These subtypes exhibit distinguishing immunohistochemical and morphological features, which may be associated with their respective tumor origins. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of female urethral adenocarcinoma pathogenesis by suggesting that this malignancy encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, potentially arising through distinct molecular pathways. In addition, the comprehensive immunoprofiling data generated for female urethral adenocarcinoma may facilitate accurate diagnosis and classification of this rare neoplasm.\nThe pathological features of female urethral adenocarcinoma have not yet been extensively studied on a large scale. However, there exist several case reports that describe its immunohistochemical and morphological features and propose their potential associations with tumor origins. For example, in a CDX2-expressing female urethral adenocarcinoma case [ 17 , 18 ], intestinal metaplasia was observed in the background epithelium adjacent to the tumor, suggesting a potential origin from intestinal metaplasia. Although our study also identified intestinal metaplasia in one of seven CDX2-expressing cases, limited tissue samples hindered an investigation into background epithelium in some cases. Mehra et al. reported a case study of female urethral adenocarcinoma resembling clear cell carcinoma of the female genital tract and displaying positive immunostaining for CK7 and PAX8 [ 19 ], consistent with the PAX8-expressing tumors in our study. Further investigation revealed potential gene fusions, including ANKRD28–FNDC3B, in the PAX8-expressing tumors [ 19 ]. This type of adenocarcinoma is assumed to be of Müllerian origin, although this hypothesis is still debated and lacks definitive evidence [ 4 , 20 ]. Skene’s gland adenocarcinoma of the female urethra has been reported in case reports [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Skene’s gland is homologous to the male prostate and localized in the distal urethra, and Skene’s gland adenocarcinoma is characterized by positive immunostaining for PSA and NKX3.1, similar to male prostate adenocarcinoma. None of our nine cases showed positive immunostaining for PSA or NKX3.1. Mesonephric (Wolffian-derived) adenocarcinoma of the female urethra, characterized by positive PAX8, GATA3, and CD10 (luminal pattern) expressions, has been recently reported [ 25 ]. Neither of our PAX8-expressing tumors showed GATA3 positivity or CD10 luminal staining, although we detected CD10 cytoplasmic staining in one case.\nThe potential origin of female urethral adenocarcinoma includes intestinal metaplasia of the urothelium, Müllerian duct, Skene’s gland, Wolffian duct, and nephrogenic adenoma [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Because urethral cancer often occurs in the urethral diverticula, which can facilitate intestinal metaplasia of the urothelium, chronic inflammation in the diverticular may promote the development of female urethral adenocarcinoma [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The immunostaining results, along with morphological features, revealed two subtypes of female urethral adenocarcinomas, namely CDX2- and PAX8-expressing subtypes. CDX2-expressing tumors appear to arise from the intestinal metaplasia of the urothelium, whereas PAX8-expressing tumors potentially originate from the Müllerian duct. These results support the utility of immunohistochemistry, and the close relationship between the morphological characteristics and immunohistochemical profiles evokes a potential for morphological evaluations in hypothesizing the origin of female urethral adenocarcinoma. Intestinal-type adenocarcinomas arise from various organs and exhibit both intestinal marker expression (e.g., CDX2 and SATB2) and intestinal morphologies. For example, pulmonary enteric-type adenocarcinoma exhibits positive immunostaining for CDX2 and shares morphological characteristics with colorectal adenocarcinoma [ 37 ]. Further research with a large sample size is warranted to fully elucidate the distinct subtypes of female urethral adenocarcinoma and their potential origins.\nOur study builds on previous research that has explored the role of CDX2 and PAX8 expressions in female urethral adenocarcinoma, as summarized in  Table 4  [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 38 ]. CDX2-expressing tumors were characterized by mucinous features or intestinal-type morphology. On the other hand, one PAX8-expressing tumor resembled clear cell adenocarcinoma of the female genital tract similar to our PAX8-expressing tumors [ 19 ], whereas another PAX8-expressing tumor was positive for CDX2 and showed intraluminal mucin secretion [ 38 ]. The implications of CDX2 and PAX8 expression are still under investigation, and the roles of these transcription factors in female urethral adenocarcinoma need to be further investigated.\nImmunostainings are often helpful in identifying the primary site of an unknown primary cancer [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. The combination of CK7 and CK20 immunostainings aids in localizing the primary site. For example, urothelial carcinoma, especially the luminal type, commonly displays CK7-positive and CK20-positive profiles. In addition, nuclear transcription factors can assist in determining the primary site. For example, CDX2 positivity indicates intestinal differentiation or origin, while PAX8 positivity supports origin in the thyroid gland, kidney, or Müllerian system. Therefore, a CK7-positive/CK20-positive/CDX2-positive or CK7-positive/CK20-negative/PAX8-positive immunoprofile of female urethral adenocarcinoma can serve as a diagnostic clue while searching for the primary site of an unknown primary cancer.\nTo advance this study, further investigations and addressing potential limitations are necessary. Additional cases of female urethral adenocarcinoma, such as Skene’s gland- or Wolffian duct-derived and diverticulitis-associated tumors, should be examined to compare their immunohistochemical and morphological features with CDX2-expressing and PAX8-expressing subtypes. The molecular characteristics should be investigated for each subtype to provide molecular-based evidence of tumor origins or distinctions. The prognostic relevance and response to specific treatments should also be examined for each subtype, as subtype-specific strategies may better treat the disease if prognosis or response to particular therapies differs. However, this study had some limitations, including a relatively small patient population, which precludes statistical assessment of the results, despite being the largest study to perform semi-comprehensive immunoprofiling and detailed morphological evaluations of this tumor. Additionally, the restricted investigation of the background epithelium might hinder the identification of intestinal metaplasia or Müllerian benign lesions, such as endometriosis. Thorough investigation of background tissues is necessary in future research.\nInflammation is increasingly recognized as a key player in various stages of tumor progression, including initiation, malignant transformation, and metastasis [ 43 , 44 ]. In the context of urethral adenocarcinoma, particularly in women, tissue-associated inflammation contributes to these dynamics [ 4 ]. Its role in the outcomes of female patients with urethral adenocarcinoma is outside the scope of this work but can potentially provide important insights into the clinical behavior of female urethral adenocarcinoma. We recognize this as a potential limitation, and future research should explore this aspect.\nIn conclusion, by examining a sequential series of nine female urethral adenocarcinoma cases, we revealed the presence of CDX2- and PAX8-expressing subtypes. CDX2-expressing tumors exhibited expressions of intestinal markers and morphologically resembled intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, implying their development via intestinal metaplasia. PAX8-expressing tumors resembled clear cell carcinoma of the gynecological organs, both immunohistochemically and morphologically, suggesting their derivation from the Müllerian duct. Since several subtypes of female urethral adenocarcinoma are supposed to exist, thorough immunohistochemical and morphological studies on a high number of cases are warranted to validate our findings and provide insights into tumor origins.","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}