{"paper_id":"7ed1c241-6891-4aca-bef2-876e408072c8","body_text":"Irreversibility Minimization and Heat Transfer Enhancement in MHD Mixed Convection of Hybrid Nanofluid within a Porous Cavity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Irreversibility Minimization and Heat Transfer Enhancement in MHD Mixed Convection of Hybrid Nanofluid within a Porous Cavity N. Vinodhini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9175453/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study numerically investigates magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection heat transfer of a Cu–GO/blood hybrid nanofluid confined within a differentially heated square cavity under a uniform transverse magnetic field. The analysis addresses the combined influence of magnetic field intensity, internal heat generation or absorption, and hybrid nanoparticle dispersion in a blood-based fluid, a configuration relevant to biomedical and microscale thermal management systems. The vertical cavity walls are maintained at constant but unequal temperatures, while the horizontal walls are thermally insulated. Blood is modeled as the base fluid with uniformly dispersed copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance thermal transport. The governing incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations, formulated using the Boussinesq approximation, are solved numerically to examine the effects of Reynolds number, Richardson number, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and heat source or sink strength. The results reveal that increasing magnetic field intensity significantly suppresses convective circulation and reduces the average Nusselt number due to Lorentz force damping, whereas higher hybrid nanoparticle concentrations enhance heat transfer through improved effective thermal conductivity. The interaction between buoyancy and imposed flow is shown to be strongly influenced by magnetic field strength and internal heat generation or absorption. These findings provide useful insight into magnetic control of mixed convection heat transfer in blood-based hybrid nanofluids and support the design of advanced biomedical thermal regulation and microscale heat transfer applications. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Physics Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) inlet-driven motion Blood-based fluid Copper nanoparticles Graphene oxide MHD convection heat sink/source Finite difference method Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 07 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 06 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 03 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9175453\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":620667000,\"identity\":\"d11d75b1-20db-4565-b4ff-97f6c4a53846\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"N. 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The analysis addresses the combined influence of magnetic field intensity, internal heat generation or absorption, and hybrid nanoparticle dispersion in a blood-based fluid, a configuration relevant to biomedical and microscale thermal management systems. The vertical cavity walls are maintained at constant but unequal temperatures, while the horizontal walls are thermally insulated. Blood is modeled as the base fluid with uniformly dispersed copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance thermal transport. The governing incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations, formulated using the Boussinesq approximation, are solved numerically to examine the effects of Reynolds number, Richardson number, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and heat source or sink strength. 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