{"paper_id":"79567286-0c91-45f0-bdfd-92d6541e686a","body_text":"Three articles address different aspects of NK cell development.\nIn the manuscript by the research group directed from  Wu et al. , autologous transplantation of rhesus macaque hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was performed to track the clonal distribution of T, B, myeloid and NK cell populations in blood and across tissues, including liver, spleen, lung, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The experimental setting relies on clonal tracking  via  introduction of high diversity genetic barcodes together with GFP into HSCs to follow immune cell development. Interestingly, authors observed tissue resident (TR) NK cell clones specific for some tissues such as lung or GI tract as well as TR NK cell clones shared across liver and spleen, and distinct from other tissues. This experimental model could be further utilized to study clonal changes in circulating NK cells and in NK cells infiltrating tissues in response to infections, vaccines, or immunotherapy.\nPersyn et al.  studied the role of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-2 in human NK cell differentiation. As such,  in vitro  NK cell differentiation cultures were settled by starting from cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) transduced with IRF2 knockdown or IRF2 overexpression vectors. Of interest, authors found that IRF2 knockdown strongly reduced NK cell proliferation during development. Also, they demonstrated that IRF2 is necessary for functional maturation of NK cells, as NK IRF2 -/- cells had a less mature phenotype and showed decreased cytotoxic potential, as well as a greatly reduced cytokine secretion. Thus, IRF2 plays an important role during development and functional maturation of human NK cells.\nAnother cutting edge topic that was addressed by  Bourayou and Golub  aims at explaining how inflammation could impact on NK cell development, maturation and effector functions. In particular, the authors firstly summarized known and emerging factors implicated in the regulation of NK cell maturation and then discussed how distinct inflammatory conditions could influence this process.\n\nNK cells have emerged as crucial innate immune cells involved in the physiology and pathology of both non-pregnant and pregnant uteri.  Xie et al.  have elaborated an interesting overview about past and recent advances in human uterine NK (uNK) cell research highlighting the role of uNK cells in both normal physiological conditions and in pregnancy. The mechanism of action of uNK cells in various reproductive diseases including recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, and endometriosis is discussed from multiple perspectives. In addition, the potential clinical usage of uNK cells as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for reproductive disorders is largely described.\n\nIn the manuscript by  Fionda et al. , the potential impact of age-related changes on NK cell phenotype and function during SARS-CoV-2 infection was investigated. Of interest, adult patients (below 65 years of age) had a reduced number of total NK cells, while elderly (over 65 years of age) showed a peculiar skewing of NK cell subsets towards the CD56 low CD16 high  and CD56 neg  phenotypes, expressing activation markers and check-point inhibitory receptors. IFN-γ production was severely compromised only in adult patients in a TGF-β−dependent manner. Authors suggest that TGF-β might limit an excessive NK cell activation that could amplify the systemic inflammatory response leading to a less severe infection course.\n\nIn a model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), tumor infiltrating NK cells were defined based on the analysis of cell surface markers and on functional assays ( Mele et al. ). The results obtained showed a NK cell phenotype predominantly characterized by increased expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A and by a concomitant reduction of a number of activating receptors (i.e: NKG2D, NKp30 and CD16). This  inhibitory  phenotype was associated with a reduced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity evaluated either as degranulation or as IFN-γ production. An interesting observation derived from this work concerns an increment of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related (GITR) costimulatory receptor not only on NK cells but also on tumor infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Thus, GITR could represent a potential therapeutic target for immunotherapeutic approaches combining GITR agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors.\n\nMestre-Duran et al.  showed that the functional capabilities and phenotype of NK cells activated  in vitro  through TLR4/9 agonists were not completely abolished by the inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway by ruxolitinib. This drug has been recently approved for treating acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. These findings could have clinical implications for the protective role of NK cells in the  graft versus leukemia  effect after bone marrow allogenic transplantation.\n\nIn the manuscript by  Chen et al. , a novel cluster of cyotoxic lymphocytes sharing T and NK cell features and expressiong high levels of secreted frizzled related protein 4 (SFRP4) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) (i.e: SFRP4 + IGFBP5 hi NKT cells) was discovered by single cell RNAseq analysis in the foci of patients with adenomyosis, an estrogen-dependent gynecological disease, in which chronic pain is a clinically unresolved issue.\nOf interest, it was observed that these SFRP4 + IGFBP5 hi NKT cells were capable of converting part of the stem cells found in affected tissues into neurogenic cells and were therefore, likely responsible of inducing pain.\n\nAll authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}