{"paper_id":"7670a7a3-4d88-4fc6-8aeb-18c641a73769","body_text":"Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for Disorders of the Female Upper Genital Tract: A Comprehensive Review\nAbstract\nThe female reproductive system is susceptible to a range of disorders, including uterine fibroids, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and various gynecological cancers. Traditional drug delivery methods often face challenges such as limited bioavailability, systemic side effects, and poor targeting due to biological barriers like mucus layers, fluctuating pH, and immune responses. Nanotechnology offers a transformative approach to overcome these limitations by enabling site-specific and controlled drug release. This review explores the anatomy of the female upper genital tract (UGT), common associated disorders, and the barriers that hinder effective drug delivery. It highlights the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems—such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions—to improve therapeutic outcomes. Nanoparticles can penetrate mucosal barriers, increase drug retention time, and allow targeted therapy through surface modification and responsive release mechanisms. Specific applications of nanocarriers in treating cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, as well as non-malignant conditions like PCOS, fibroids, and salpingemphraxis, are discussed in detail. Examples include gold and zinc oxide nanoparticles for cancer treatment, curcumin-loaded NPs for PCOS, and magnetic NPs for targeted gene delivery. Despite promising preclinical results, concerns regarding toxicity, hormonal disruption, and regulatory challenges remain and warrant further clinical evaluation. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense potential to revolutionize female reproductive healthcare by offering non-invasive, efficient, and safer alternatives to conventional therapies. Continued interdisciplinary research is essential to translate these innovations into clinically viable treatments for improving women’s reproductive health outcomes.\nKeywords: Nanoparticles, mucosal barriers, cancer treatment.\nKeywords:\nNanoparticles, Genital disorder, Mucosal barrier, Cancer treatmentDOI\nhttps://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i8.7313References\n1. Chen YJ, Wang CH, Huang CY, Chen KY, Chen YH. The application of nanomedicine in female reproductive health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13748.\n2. Van Staden D, Gerber M, Lemmer HJR. The Application of Nano Drug Delivery Systems in Female Upper Genital Tract Disorders. Pharmaceutics. 2024 Nov 19;16(11):1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111475 PMid:39598598 PMCid:PMC11597179\n3. 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J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023; 78:104009.\nPublished\nPDF Downloads: 454\nPDF Downloads: 139\nHow to Cite\nIssue\nSection\nCopyright (c) 2025 Subhashini B Hawaldar , Sayan Das , Manoj M, Jagadish G, Prajwal R, Pritam Kundu, Ahasanuzzaman\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.\nAuthors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:\n- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.\n- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.\n- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}