{"paper_id":"748bb1e3-3a18-47a8-b4ab-530a9d9121e8","body_text":"Abstract\nOvaries are oval soft tissue structures, seen as isoechoic stroma and anechoic follicles on ultrasound. Secondary antral follicles are follicles of 2–9 mm. One or two of these may attain dominance on approximately day 5 of the cycle. After dominance, it grows at the rate of 2–3 mm per day to reach a diameter of 18–24 mm. Perifollicular vascularity covering three-fourth of the follicular circumference with RI of ≤0.48 and PSV of ≥10 cm/s. Corpus luteum is the structure formed after rupture of the follicle and has thick isoechoic walls and hemorrhagic echogenecities. When functionally efficient, it shows pericorpus luteal flow with RI of ≤0.5. High resistance in the corpus luteal flow indicates corpus luteal insufficiency. Hyperechogenecity wall of the follicle with low level echoes and higher resistance than normal corpus luteum indicates luteinized unruptured follicle. Hemorrhagic cyst mimics corpus luteum on B mode but does not show flow on Doppler.\nAmong the other common pathologies seen are Endometrioma which is identified by thick isoechoic walls with hyperechoic flecks, ground glass echogenicity, fluid-fluid level, pain on probe pressure, and adhesions. Dermoid has cystic and solid components, hairballs tooth like shadows with posterior shadowing, tip of the iceberg sign, hyperechoic lines, etc. Polycystic ovaries are identified by ovarian size of larger than 10 cc and more than 20 follicles per ovary with stromal abundance.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nHackeloer BJ, Fleming R, Robinson HP. Correlation of ultrasonic and endocrinological assessment of human follicular development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135:122.\nKurjak A, Kupesic-Urek S. Infertility. In: Kurjak A, editor. Transvaginal Color Doppler. Nashville: Parthenon Publishing; 1991. p. 33–8.\nCoulam CB, Stern JJ, Soenksen DM, Britten S, Bustillo M. Comparison of pulsatility indexes on the day of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod. 1995;10:82–4.\nVlaisavljevic V, Reljic M, Gavric LV, Zarula D, Sergent N. Measurement of perifollicular blood flow of the dominant preovulatory follicle, using three dimensional power doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(5):520–6.\nBlerkom V, Antezak M, Schrader R. The developmental potential of human oocyte is related to the dissolved oxygen content of follicular fluid: association with vascular endothelial growth factor levels and perifollicular blood flow characteristics. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(5):1047–55.\nFeichtinger W. Transvaginal three dimensional imaging for evaluation and treatment of infertility. In: Merz E, editor. 3D ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. p. 37–43.\nGlock JL, Brumsted JR. Colour flow pulsed Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing luteal phase defect. Fertil Steril. 1995;64:500–4.\nAsch E, Levine D. Variations in appearance of endometriomas. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(8):993–1002.\nPatel MD, Feldstern VA, Chen DC, et al. Endometriomas: diagnostic performances of US. Radiology. 1999;210:739–45.\nRaine-Fenning N, Jayaprakasan K, Deb S. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic characteristics of endometriomata. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31:718–24.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nPanchal, S., Nagori, C. (2023). Ultrasound Imaging of the Ovary in Infertility. In: Ghumman, S. (eds) Atlas of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0020-6_3\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0020-6_3\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Singapore\nPrint ISBN: 978-981-99-0018-3\nOnline ISBN: 978-981-99-0020-6\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}