{"paper_id":"6e80eabd-08b8-4c9f-88e0-ad1fe5a9e240","body_text":"Abstract\nWhile non-malignant, endometriosis shares similar features with cancer. Several epidemiologic studies were conducted in an attempt to quantify cancer risk in endometriosis patients. The results from a meta-analysis of studies on the associations between endometriosis and cancer published up to 2019 are presented and discussed. The chapter also considers the methodologic complexities inherent to this area of research and their impact on interpretation of the findings. The potential mechanisms underlying these associations are also discussed, along with recommendations for information to patients, cancer screening, and long-term management of endometriosis patients with regards to their cancer risk.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nChange history\n10 September 2022\nCorrection to:\nReferences\nMissmer SA. Commentary: endometriosis--epidemiologic considerations for a potentially 'high-risk' population. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(4):1154–5.\nMc CK, Froats ER, Falk HC. Epidermoid carcinoma arising in an endometrial cyst of the ovary. Arch Pathol (Chic). 1946;41:335–7.\nGarry R. Endometriosis: an invasive disease. Gynecol Endoscop. 2001;10:79–82.\nZondervan KT, et al. Endometriosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):9.\nShafrir AL, et al. Risk for and consequences of endometriosis: a critical epidemiologic review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;51:1–15.\nKvaskoff M, et al. Endometriosis: a high-risk population for major chronic diseases? Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(4):500–16.\nKvaskoff M, et al. Endometriosis and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2020;27:393.\nSterne JA, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.\nSaavalainen L, et al. Risk of gynecologic cancer according to the type of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(6):1095–102.\nBuis CC, et al. Increased risk for ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumours in subfertile women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28:3358.\nKobayashi H, et al. Risk of developing ovarian cancer among women with ovarian endometrioma: a cohort study in Shizuoka, Japan. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17(1):37–43.\nZondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1244–56.\nVaughan S, et al. Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(10):719–25.\nDunselman GA, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(3):400–12.\nLac V, et al. Iatrogenic endometriosis harbors somatic cancer-driver mutations. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(1):69–78.\nLac V, et al. Oncogenic mutations in histologically normal endometrium: the new normal? J Pathol. 2019;249(2):173–81.\nRuderman R, Pavone ME. Ovarian cancer in endometriosis: an update on the clinical and molecular aspects. Minerva Ginecol. 2017;69(3):286–94.\nAnglesio MS, et al. Cancer-associated mutations in endometriosis without cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(19):1835–48.\nFarland LV, et al. Laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study II. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1025–31.\nMogensen JB, et al. Endometriosis and risks for ovarian, endometrial and breast cancers: a nationwide cohort study. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;143(1):87–92.\nMavaddat N, et al. Polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast cancer and breast cancer subtypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;104(1):21–34.\nGlynn RJ, et al. Comparison of questionnaire-based breast cancer prediction models in the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2019;28(7):1187–94.\nBrinton LA, et al. Relationship of benign gynecologic diseases to subsequent risk of ovarian and uterine tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14(12):2929–35.\nFarland LV, et al. Endometriosis and the risk of skin cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 2017;28:1011.\nSaavalainen L, et al. A Nationwide Cohort Study on the risk of non-gynecological cancers in women with surgically verified endometriosis. Int J Cancer. 2018;143:2725.\nLi J, et al. Impact of endometriosis on risk of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;299(1):35–46.\nGandini S, et al. The risk of extra-ovarian malignancies among women with endometriosis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;134:72–81.\nNnoaham KE, et al. Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and work productivity: a multicenter study across ten countries. Fertil Steril. 2011;96:366.\nGhiasi M, Kulkarni MT, Missmer SA. Is endometriosis more common and more severe than it was 30 years ago? J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2020;27(2):452–61.\nMissmer SA. Why so null? Methodologic necessities to advance endometriosis discovery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2019;33(1):26–7.\nLee AW, et al. Evidence of a genetic link between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(1):35–43 e1-10.\nLu Y, et al. Shared genetics underlying epidemiological association between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24(20):5955–64.\nPainter JN, et al. Genetic overlap between endometriosis and endometrial cancer: evidence from cross-disease genetic correlation and GWAS meta-analyses. Cancer Med. 2018;7(5):1978–87.\nNational Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics review (CSR) 1975–2014. 2017; Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014 (accessed June 26, 2017).\nKvaskoff M, Horne AW, Missmer SA. Informing women with endometriosis about ovarian cancer risk. Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2433–4.\nAmerican Cancer Society. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer: Cancer Screening Guidelines | Detecting Cancer Early. 2018 15 September 2020];. Available from: www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-forthe-early-detection-of-cancer.html.\nBuys SS, et al. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305(22):2295–303.\nJacobs IJ, et al. Ovarian cancer screening and mortality in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):945–56.\nMallen A, et al. Surgical prevention strategies in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;151(1):166–75.\nBerek JS, et al. Prophylactic and risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: recommendations based on risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(3):733–43.\nParker WH, et al. Effect of bilateral oophorectomy on women's long-term health. Womens Health (Lond). 2009;5(5):565–76.\nAtsma F, et al. Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Menopause. 2006;13(2):265–79.\nRocca WA, et al. Accelerated accumulation of multimorbidity after bilateral oophorectomy: a population-based Cohort Study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(11):1577–89.\nChen X, Guo T, Li B. Influence of prophylactic oophorectomy on mood and sexual function in women of menopausal transition or postmenopausal period. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(5):1101–6.\nMelton LJ 3rd, et al. Fracture risk after bilateral oophorectomy in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(5):900–5.\nParker WH. Bilateral oophorectomy versus ovarian conservation: effects on long-term women's health. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2010;17(2):161–6.\nManchanda R, et al. Defining the risk threshold for risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for ovarian cancer prevention in low risk postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;139(3):487–94.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nKvaskoff, M., Missmer, S.A. (2022). Malignancy Risks Associated with Endometriosis: Epidemiology. In: Oral, E. (eds) Endometriosis and Adenomyosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97236-3_23\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97236-3_23\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Cham\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-030-97235-6\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-030-97236-3\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}