{"paper_id":"5f8d2e3e-c0d0-4df8-9cf5-1f0a618c40b2","body_text":"Abstract\nBackground\nDiaphragmatic endometriosis (DE) is a rare and often misdiagnosed condition. Most of the times it is asymptomatic and due to the low accuracy of diagnostic tests, it is almost always detected during surgery for pelvic endometriosis. Its management is challenging and, until now, there are not guidelines about its treatment.\nMethods\nWe describe a consecutive series of patients with DE managed by laparoscopy and videothoracoscopy (VATS) in our referral center in a period of 15 years. We developed a flow-chart classifying DE implants in foci, plaques and nodules and proposing an algorithm with the aim of standardizing the surgical approach.\nResults\n215 patients were treated for DE. Lesions were almost always localized on the right hemidiaphragm (91%), and the endometriotic implants were distributed as: foci in 133 (62%), plaques in 24 (11%) and nodules in 58 patients (27%), respectively. In all cases of isolated pleural involvement, concomitant diaphragmatic hernia or lesions of the thoracic side of the diaphragm VATS was performed, alone or combined with laparoscopy, resulting in a total of 26 procedures. Following the proposed algorithm, specific surgical techniques were identified as the better approaches for the different types of the lesion, such as Argon Beam Coagulation and diathermocoagulation for diaphragmatic foci, peritoneal stripping for plaques, and nodulectomy or full-thickness resection of diaphragm for nodules.\nConclusions\nIt is crucial to standardize the surgical approach of DE, according to the type of lesion, thus reducing the rate of under- or over-treatments and intra or postoperative complications. 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Fertil Steril 106(2):e1\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEthics declarations\nDisclosures\nMarcello Ceccaroni, Giovanni Roviglione, Antonino Farulla, Pietro Bertoglio, Roberto Clarizia, Andrea Viti, Daniele Mautone, Matteo Ceccarello, Anna Stepniewska, and Alberto Claudio Terzi declare that they have no conflict of interest.\nAdditional information\nPublisher's Note\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nThis article was updated to correct the author listing, where given names and surnames were reversed.\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nCeccaroni, M., Roviglione, G., Farulla, A. et al. Minimally invasive treatment of diaphragmatic endometriosis: a 15-year single referral center’s experience on 215 patients. Surg Endosc 35, 6807–6817 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-08186-z\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nVersion of record:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-08186-z","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}