{"paper_id":"5b9ffaf2-8942-4ae3-aa02-181b32393a3e","body_text":"1959\n© Aluna Publishing\n   Wiadomości Lekarskie Medical Advances, VOLUME LXXVIII, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2025\nINTRODUCTION\nWhile efforts are underway to develop biomarker-based \ntests and improve non-invasive imaging, the current \ndiagnostic pathway remains a complex interplay of \nclinical assessment and surgical confirmation, under -\nscoring the urgent need for advancements to reduce \ndiagnostic timelines.\nGiven the high accuracy of the results obtained with \npolarimetry in transparent media, a search was started \nfor modifications of the method to obtain high-quality \nresults in tissues and biological fluids with different \ndensities. To increase the contrast and improve the \nability to visualize tissues, optical visualization was used \nusing a multiply scattering (depolarizing) component \nof the light beam, which gave a positive result and \nthe ability to evaluate various biological media [1-3]. \nThe results depend on the polarization state of the \nincident light beam. Thus, a number of modifications \nhave been developed, including linear or circular \npolarization, Stokes polarimetry or Muller matrix \npolarimetry, detection geometry (transmission versus \nreflection), spectroscopic methods for studying light, \nsuch as point spectroscopy and spectral imaging (using \ndifferent wavelengths, diffuse reflection, fluorescence, \nRaman scattering) [1,4,5], interferometric methods, \npolarization-guided imaging, optical polarization, laser \npolarimetry. Each method has its own characteristics. \nWhen using different techniques, the anisotropy of \nbiological objects is taken into account, since almost \nall biological tissues have optical anisotropy [2]. \nBirefringence of biological tissues is mainly due to \nthe linear anisotropy of fibrous structures that form \nextracellular environments. The refractive index is \nmore important along the fibers than across them. \nIn this case, we have parallel cylinders forming a \nuniaxial birefringent medium with an optical axis \nthat is parallel to the axis of the cylinders (shape \nbirefringence), and is characteristic of many biotissues, \nsuch as the cornea, cartilage, tendons, sclera, dura \nmater, muscles, nerves, retina, bone, teeth, and other \nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix \nintroscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study \nof dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid\nOksana  V.  Bakun,  Oksana  I.  Yurkiv,  Ksenia V. Slobodian, Volodymyr  A.  Doroshko,  Oksana V. Kolesnik, \nAlla I. Peryzhniak, Yuliya F .  Marchuk\nBUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY , CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE\nABSTRACT\nAim: To assess the effectiveness of early diagnosis of endometriosis using polarization-phase Muller-matrix introscopy methods of scattering dehydrated \nfilms of peritoneal fluid.\n Materials and Methods: Two groups of samples were studied: peritoneal fluid obtained during diagnostic laparoscopy – control group 3.1 - 68 samples; \nperitoneal fluid obtained during diagnostic laparoscopy in women with endometriosis associated with infertility – experimental group 3.2 - 59 samples.\nResults: By statistical analysis of a series of thesiograms of the distributions of the optical anisotropy parameters of biological preparations, the following \nmost effective markers for the diagnosis of endometriosis by the method of polarization-phase Muller-matrix introscopy were experimentally established. \nDehydrated films of peritoneal fluid:linear birefringence - unsatisfactory (– 74.6% - 80.1%) diagnostic accuracy - groups “3.1” - “3.2”; circular birefringence - \nexcellent (– 97.6% - 98.4%) and good (– 88.1% - 88.9%) diagnostic accuracy - groups “3.1” - “3.2”; linear dichroism - good (– 90.5%) diagnostic accuracy of \nendometriosis - groups “3.1” - “3.2”; circular dichroism - very good (– 90.5% - 94.5%) diagnostic accuracy - groups “3.1” - “3.2\nConclusions: The conducted cycle of stusies of the diagnostic effectiveness of the new in biomedical practice method polarization-phase Muller-matrix intros-\ncopy of the polycrystalline component of biological preparations (peritoneal fluid) revealed a high level of accuracy of early diagnosis of genital endometriosis.\n  KEY WORDS: endometriosis, assisted reproductive technologies, infertility, polarization-phase Muller-matrix introscopy\nWiad Lek. 2025;78(10):1959-1970. doi: 10.36740/WLek/213598 DOI\nORIGINAL ARTICLE CONTENTS\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1960\nbiotissues with uniaxial and/or biaxial birefringent \nstructures [5].The traditional microscopic description \nof the morphological structure of biological tissues of \nhuman organs was first developed and supplemented \nin the practice of biomedical research in systematic \nstudies of polarization, phase and laser (fluorescence) \nmicroscopy. As a result, a new direction for biomedical \nand clinical diagnostics was formed - polarization-phase \nintroscopy of the morphological structure of biological \npreparations of human organ tissues.\nThe foundations of this diagnostic direction are based \non determining the relationships between polarization, \nStokes-polarimetric and Muller-matrix microscopic \nimages of the polycrystalline structure of biological \npreparations of human organ tissues (thesiograms) and \nvarious pathological conditions of human organs [1-5].\nAIM\nTo assess the effectiveness of early diagnosis of \nendometriosis using polarization-phase Muller-matrix \nintroscopy methods of scattering dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS \nTwo groups of samples were studied: peritoneal fluid \nobtained during diagnostic laparoscopy – control \ngroup 3.1 - 68 samples; peritoneal fluid obtained during \ndiagnostic laparoscopy in women with endometriosis \nassociated with infertility – experimental group 3.2 - 59 \nsamples.\nDATA PROCESSING\nFundamentals of statistical analysis\nFor an objective evaluation of complex, coordinately \ninhomogeneous distributions of the magnitude of all \ntypes of thesiograms (hereinafter we will denote these \nsets Q), we used statistical analysis, which consists of \nthe following steps:\n● Definition of histograms of distributions of the value \nQ.\n● Calculation of the set of central statistical moments \nof the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th orders, which characterize \nthe average ( 1Z ), dispersion ( 2Z ), asymmetry ( 3Z ) \nand kurtosis ( 4Z ) distributions Q by the number of \ndiscrete pixels P .\n1st order statistical moment 1Z or the mean of the set \nQ determines its average value\n (1)\n2nd order statistical moment 2Z or the variance of a \nset of values Q determines the degree of its deviation \nfrom the mean value 1Z (ratio (1)).\n (2)\n3rd order statistical moment 3Z or asymmetry charac-\nterizes the deviation from normality of random values Q\n (3)\nThe value of this statistical parameter 3Z characterizes \nthe dynamics of changes in the parameters of thesio -\ngrams of optical anisotropy.\n4th order statistical moment4Z or kurtosis characterizes \nthe dynamics of changes in the distributions of the mag-\nnitude of local values of the set of thesiogram points Q\n (4)\nETHICS\nEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Medical \nEthics Committee of the Bukovinian State Medical University, \nChernivtsi, Ukraine (approval ID: No. 6 from 8.10.2024). \nRESUL TS\nThe series of fragments in Fig. 1 presents algorithmically \nreproduced thesiograms and 3D distributions of the linear \nbirefringence value of samples of dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid of patients from control group 3.1 (fragments \n(1),(2)) and experimental groups 3.2 (fragments (3),(4))\nInstalled:\n•\t the presence of linear birefringence of supramolecular \nnetworks of tertiary and quaternary structure of \nproteins of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of \npatients from all groups (Fig. 1, fragments (1), (3));\n•\t increase in the value of linear birefringence of \ndehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients with \nendometriosis (group 3.2), - (Fig. 1, fragments (2) (4)).\nStatistical analysis of the structure of thesiograms of the linear \nbirefringence distributions of supramolecular protein networks \nof peritoneal fluid of patients from all groups is given in Table 1. \nA slight decrease in linear birefringence was found in \npatients with endometriosis due to the destruction of \n\n1961\nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix introscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study...\ntertiary and quaternary proteins of the peritoneal fluid of \npatients from the experimental group 3.2. Higher-order \nstatistical moments can be used as diagnostic markers \nof endometriosis, which turned out to be quite sensitive \nto changes in the tertiary and quaternary structure of \nproteins in samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid.\nHigher-order statistical moments, which have been \nshown to be sufficiently sensitive to changes in the \ntertiary and quaternary structure of proteins in samples \nof dehydrated peritoneal fluid films, can be used as \ndiagnostic markers for endometriosis.\nOPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE \nDIAGNOSTIC POWER OF THE METHOD \nOF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LINEAR \nBIREFRINGENCE THESIOGRAMS OF \nSUPRAMOLECULAR PROTEIN NETWORKS OF \nDEHYDRATED FILMS OF PERITONEAL FLUID\nThe diagnostic and clinical effectiveness of using a set \nof statistical markers of algorithmically reproduced \nthesiograms of coordinate distributions of the magni-\ntude of linear birefringence in detecting pathological \nchanges - destruction of the tertiary and quaternary \nstructure of supramolecular protein networks of sam-\nples of dehydrated polycrystalline films of peritoneal \nfluid of patients is illustrated by the values of the op -\nerating characteristics, the values of which are given \nin Table 2. \nWe have established the following ranges of the \ndiagnostic power of the method of polarization-phase \nMuller matrix introscopy of linear birefringence of \nsupramolecular protein networks of patients’ perito -\nneal fluid:\n•\tunsatisfactory (– 74.6% - 80.1%) accuracy of \nendometriosis diagnosis - groups “3.1” – “3.2”\nThus, it can be stated that the method of polarization-phase \nMuller matrix introscopy of changes in linear birefringence \nof supramolecular networks of dehydrated filmsof patients’ \nperitoneal fluid did not show sufficient efficiency for \ndiagnosing endometriosis, as well as for accurately assessing \nthe effectiveness of its treatment. Therefore, the next step \nwas to study the effectiveness of this polarization-optical \ntechnique by determining other markers that characterize \nthe optical activity or chiral properties of molecular \ncomplexes of patients’ peritoneal fluid.\nTable 1. Statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders, which characterize the coordinate distributions of the linear birefringence of dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid of patients\nParameters Group 3.1 Group 3.2\nSM1×10-3 0.08±0.006 0.06±0.004\np2 p≤0.05\nSM2×10-3 0.06±0.003 0.04±0.002\np2 p≤0.05\nSM3 1.27±0.069 1.55±0.081\np2 p≤0.05\nSM4 1.82±0.097 2.19±0.12\np2 p≤0.05\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\nTable 2. Specificity, sensitivity, accuracy of the method for statistical analysis of linear birefringence thesiograms of peritoneal fluid films of patients\nGroups “1 – 2”\nParameters Sensitivity,Se,%\nN=57\nSpecificity,Sp,%\nH=69\nPrecision,Ac,%\nN+H=126\nSM1\nA=44 B=52 A+B=96\n77.2 75.3 76.2\nSM1\nA=43 B=51 A+B=94\n75.4 73.9 74.6\nSM3\nA=46 B=54 A+B=100\n80.7 78.3 79.4\nSM4\nA=47 B=55 A+B=102\n82.5 79.7 80.1\nNote.  SM1, SM2, SM3, SM4 – unsatisfactory accuracy\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1962\nmanifestations of circular birefringence. A reduced or \nincreased number of leukocytes in the peritoneal fluid \nof patients is an important clinical indicator of the pres-\nence of a pathological process. Therefore, an increase \nin the level of circular birefringence of the dehydrated \nCIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE THESIOGRAMS \nOF DEHYDRATED PERITONEAL FLUID FILMS\nIn this section, we used the following model approxima-\ntion. Leukocytes, which are part of the peritoneal fluid \nof patients, are spherical protein formations and have \nFig. 1. Thesiograms ((1),(3), and 3D (2),(4),) of the distribution of the linear birefringence value of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients \nfrom group 3.1 ((1),(2)), group 3.2 ((3),(4))\nPicture taken by the authors\n\n1963\nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix introscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study...\nfluid of patients from control group 3.1 (fragments \n(1),(2)) and experimental groups 3.2 (fragments (3),(4)) \nare shown in a series of fragments in Fig. 2.\nAnalysis of the obtained experimental data revealed \nthe presence of:\nfilm of peritoneal fluid can serve as additional objective \ncriteria for endometriosis.\nAlgorithmically reproduced thesiograms and 3D \ndistributions of the circular birefringence of chiral protein \ncomplexes of samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal \nFig. 2. Thesiograms ((1),(3)) and 3D ((2),(4)) of the circular birefringence value distributions of chiral molecular complexes of dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid of patients from group 3.1 ((1),(2)), group 3.2 ((3),(4))\nPicture taken by the authors\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1964\nFig. 3. Thesiograms ((1),(3)) and 3D ((2),(4)) distributions of the linear dichroism value of samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients \nfrom control group 3.1 (fragments (1),(2)) and experimental groups 3.2 (fragments (3),(4))\nPicture taken by the authors\n•\t increase in the level of circular birefringence of optically \nactive supramolecular structures of peritoneal fluid samples \nfrom patients with endometriosis (Fig. 2, fragments (2), (4)).\nObjectively, the differences between the maps \nof thesiograms of coordinate distributions of the \n•\t coordinate distributions of the circular birefringence \nvalue of the supramolecular polycrystalline chiral \nstructure of leukocytes of dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid of patients from all groups (Fig. 2, \nfragments (1), (3));\n\n1965\nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix introscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study...\nFig. 4. Thesiograms ((1),(3)) and 3D ((2),(4)) distributions of the circular dichroism value of samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients \nfrom control group 3.1 (fragments (1),(2)) and experimental groups 3.2 (fragments (3),(4))\nPicture taken by the authors\nThe following scenarios were identified:\n•\t changes in the polycrystalline structure of \nsupramolecular networks of leukocytes in the peritoneal \nfluid of patients and increased circular birefringence in \nendometriosis.\nmagnitude of circular birefringence of dehydrated \nfilms of peritoneal fluid of patients illustrate the av -\nerage and spread of the values of the set of central \nstatistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders, which are \ngiven in Table 3.\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1966\n•\texcellent (– 97.6% - 98.4%) and good (– 88.1% - 88.9%) \naccuracy of endometriosis diagnosis - groups “3.1” – “3.2”\nWe have already noted that biological films also have \noptically anisotropic absorption. Therefore, we will \nconsider the effectiveness of the method of polarization-\nphase Muller matrix introscopy of linear and circular \ndichroism of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid.\nLINEAR DICHROISM THESIOGRAMS OF \nSUPRAMOLECULAR ALBUMIN NETWORKS \nOF DEHYDRATED PERITONEAL FLUID FILMS\nThe anisotropically absorbing components of peri-\ntoneal fluid include aantibodies, immunoglobulins. \nThe tertiary and quaternary structure of an antibody \nin most cases includes two heavy chains and two \nlight chains. As a result, they acquire the properties \nof linear dichroism.\nThe series of fragments in Fig. 3 presents \nalgorithmically reconstructed by the Muller matrix \nintroscopy method thesiograms and 3D distributions \nof the linear dichroism value of supramolecular \nnetworks of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of \n•\tDiagnostic, statistically significant  markers of this \npathological process are the increase in the mean and \nvariance of the circular birefringence thesiograms.\n•\tSimilarly, a set of 1st–2nd order statistical \nmoments can be used to monitor the effectiveness of \nendometriosis treatment.\nOPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF \nCIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE THESIOGRAM \nANALYSIS OF DEHYDRATED PERITONEAL \nFLUID FILMS\nThe diagnostic effectiveness of using statistical markers \nof the distribution of the circular birefringence value of \ndehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients in de -\ntecting pathological changes is illustrated by the values \nof the operational characteristics (Table 4).\nThe following parameters of the diagnostic power \nof statistical analysis of algorithmically reproduced \nthesiograms were experimentally established:\nThe following parameters of the diagnostic power \nof statistical analysis of algorithmically reproduced \nthesiograms were experimentally established:\nTable 3. Statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders, which characterize the distributions of the magnitude of circular birefringence of dehydrated \nfilms of peritoneal fluid of patients\nParameters Group 3.1 Group 3.2\nSM₁ × 10-³ 0.07±0.004 0.12±0.007\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₂ × 10-³ 0.05±0.003 0.08±0.005\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₃ 1.44±0.088 1.13±0.062\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₄ 2.33±0.13 1.98±0.104\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\nTable 4. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the method for statistical analysis of circular birefringence maps of peritoneal fluid films\nGroups “1 – 2”\nParameters Sensitivity,\nN=57\nSpecificity,\nH=69\nPrecision,\nN+H=126\nSM₁\nA=56 B=68 A+B=124\n98.3 98.6 98.4\nSM₂\nA=56 B=67 A=B=123\n98.3 97.1 97.6\nSM₃\nA=51 B=61 A+B=112\n89.5 88.4 88.9\nSM₄\nA=51 B=60 A+B=111\n89.5 87 88.1\nNote. SM1, SM2 – excellent accuracy; SM 3, SM4 – good accuracy\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\n\n1967\nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix introscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study...\nCIRCULAR DICHROISM THESIOGRAMS OF \nSUPRAMOLECULAR ALBUMIN NETWORKS \nOF DEHYDRATED PERITONEAL FLUID FILMS\nExperimentally determined thesiogram maps and 3D dis-\ntributions of the circular dichroism value of chiral protein \ncomplexes of supramolecular polycrystalline networks of \ndehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients from control \ngroup 3.1 (fragments (1),(2)) and experimental group 3.2 \n(fragments (3),(4)) are shown in a series of fragments in Fig. 4.\nThe presence of a polycrystalline chiral structure of op-\ntically anisotropic absorption of molecular complexes of \nsamples of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid of patients \nfrom all groups was established (Fig. 4, fragments (1), (3)). It \nwas found that for samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal \nfluid of patients with endometriosis there is a slight increase \nin the level of circular dichroism of molecular structures. \nQuantitatively, the processes of change in circular dichro-\nism are illustrated by statistical moments of the 1st - 4th \norders, which characterize thesiograms of supramolecular \nnetworks of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid (Table 7).\nAnalysis of algorithmically reproduced thesiograms of \nsupramolecular networks of dehydrated peritoneal fluid \nfilms revealed a correlation of the prognostic scenario \nof changes in optically anisotropic (chiral) absorption \nof protein complexes and an increase in the value of \ncircular dichroism in the presence of endometriosis. At \nthe same time, statistically significant (markers of this \npathological process are an increase in the value of the \ncentral statistical moments of the 1st and 2nd orders.\nOPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS \nOF THE DIAGNOSTIC POWER OF THE \nMETHOD OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF \nCIRCULAR DICHROISM THESIOGRAMS OF \nSUPRAMOLECULAR GLOBULIN NETWORKS \nOF DEHYDRATED PERITONEAL FLUID FILMS\nExperimental results of information analysis of circular \ndichroism thesiograms of dehydrated peritoneal fluid \nfilms are given in Table 8.\npatients from control group 3.1 (fragments (1),(2)) and \nexperimental groups 3.2 (fragments (3),(4)).\nThe Muller matrix introscopy method revealed the \nmechanisms of optically anisotropic absorption of de-\nhydrated films of peritoneal fluid, which is illustrated \nby algorithmically reproduced linear dichroism thesio-\ngrams (Fig. 3, fragments (1), (3)).\nFor dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid from patients \nwith endometriosis (Fig. 3, fragments (2), (4)), a decrease \nin the linear dichroism of supramolecular polycrystalline \nnetworks was found (Table 5).\nThe results of statistical analysis of linear dichroism \nthesiograms revealed:\n•\treduction in the value of linear dichroism due to the \ndestruction of tertiary and quaternary proteins of the \nperitoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis (study \ngroup 3.2).\nThe following diagnostic statistical markers of \nendometriosis have been established - asymmetry and \nexcess of the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins \nin samples of dehydrated films of peritoneal fluid.\nOPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE \nDIAGNOSTIC POWER OF THE METHOD \nOF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LINEAR \nDICHROISM THESIOGRAMS OF PERITONEAL \nFLUID FILMS\nThe parameters of the effectiveness of the differential \ndiagnosis of endometriosis, as well as monitoring the \neffectiveness of its treatment, illustrate the values of \nthe operational characteristics, which are given in \nTable 6.\nThe following parameters of the diagnostic power of \nthe method of polarization-phase Muller matrix recon-\nstruction of linear dichroism thesiograms of supramo-\nlecular protein networks of dehydrated peritoneal fluid \nfilms were experimentally established:\n•\tgood (– 90.5%) and very good (– 92.1% - 93.7%) \naccuracy of endometriosis diagnosis - groups “3.1” – “3.2” .\nTable 5. Statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders, which characterize the linear dichroism distributions of dehydrated peritoneal fluid films\nParameters Group 3.1 Group 3.2\nSM₁ × 10-³ 0.07±0.004 0.12±0.007\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₂ × 10-³ 0.05±0.003 0.08±0.005\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₃ 1.44±0.088 1.13±0.062\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₄ 2.33±0.13 1.98±0.104\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1968\nThe following parameters of the diagnostic power of \nthe method of statistical analysis of circular dichroism \nthesiograms of supramolecular networks of dehydrated \nfilms of peritoneal fluid were established (Table 8):\n•\tvery good (– 90.5% - 94.5%) accuracy of early \ndiagnosis of endometriosis - groups “3.1” – “3.2” .\nDISCUSSION\nIn our work, we will use the basic principles of the theory \nof Muller matrix thesiography of optically anisotropic \nmacro-, micro- and molecular structures of biological \ntissues in application to the development of objective \ncriteria (markers) for early (preclinical) diagnosis of \nendometriosis and assessment of the effectiveness \nof its treatment.Peritoneal fluid is composed of water, \nelectrolytes, antibodies, leukocytes, and biochemicals.\nAccording data other authors [1,3], antibodies, \nimmunoglobulins are large globular proteins secreted \nby plasma cells of the immune system. They have a \nY-shaped shape, at two ends of the molecule there \nare two identical antigen binding sites, and the third \nend can be one of several types, depending on which \nantibodies are classified into one or another class. The \ntertiary and quaternary structure of one antibody in \nmost cases includes two heavy chains and two light \nchains. As a result, they acquire the properties of linear \nbirefringence and dichroism.\n• The parameters of these anisotropy mechanisms, \nwhich form the thesiogram of the hydrated peritoneal \nfluid film, represent a set of early (pre-clinical) signs of \nthe presence of endometriosis.\n• Leukocytes are spherical protein formations and \nexhibit circular birefringence and circular dichroism.\n• A decreased or increased number of leukocytes \nin the blood is an important clinical indicator of the \npresence of a pathological process. Therefore, an \nincrease in the level of circular birefringence and circular \ndichroism of the thesiogram of the hydrated film of \nperitoneal fluid can serve as additional objective criteria \nfor endometriosis.\nPeritoneal fluid is composed of water, electrolytes, \nantibodies, leukocytes, and biochemicals. Leukocytes \nare spherical protein formations and have manifestations \nof circular dichroism. A reduced or increased number of \nleukocytes in the blood is an important clinical indicator \nof the presence of a pathological process. Therefore, \nan increase in the level of circular dichroism of the \nTable 6. Specificity, sensitivity, accuracy of the method of statistical analysis of linear dichroism maps of peritoneal fluid films\nParametersz Sensitivity, Se, % \nN=57\nSpecificity, Sp, % \nH=69\nPrecision, Ac, % \nN+H=126\nSM₁ A=54 \n94.7\nB=64 \n92.8\nA+B=118 \n93.7\nSM₂ A=53 \n92.3\nB=63 \n91.3\nA+B=116 \n92.1\nSM₃ A=52 \n91.2\nB=62 \n89.9\nA+B=114 \n90.5\nSM₄ A=53 \n92.3\nB=63 \n91.3\nA+B=116 \n92.1\nNote. SM1, SM2, SM4 – very good accuracy; SM 3 – good accuracy\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\nTable 7. Statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders, which characterize the distributions of the circular dichroism value of dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid\nParameters Group 3.1 Group 3.2\n1 2 3\nSM₁ 10-3 0.067±0.004 0.11±0.007\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₂ 10-3 0.035±0.003 0.068±0.005\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₃ 1.57±0.089 1.21±0.065\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSM₄ 2.52±0.14 2.19±0.12\np₂ p ≤ 0.05\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\n\n1969\nUsage of methods polarization-phase mueller-matrix introscopy for early diagnosis of endometriosis based on study...\nmarkers for the diagnosis of endometriosis by the \nmethod of polarization-phase Muller-matrix introscopy \nwere experimentally established. Dehydrated films of \nperitoneal fluid: linear birefringence - unsatisfactory (– \n74.6% - 80.1%) diagnostic accuracy - groups “3.1” - “3.2”; \ncircular birefringence - excellent (– 97.6% - 98.4%) and \ngood (– 88.1% - 88.9%) diagnostic accuracy - groups \n“3.1” - “3.2”; linear dichroism - good (– 90.5%) diagnostic \naccuracy of endometriosis - groups “3.1” - “3.2”; circular \ndichroism - very good (– 90.5% - 94.5%) diagnostic \naccuracy - groups “3.1” - “3.2.\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe conducted cycle of stusies of the diagnostic ef-\nfectiveness of the new in biomedical practice method \npolarization-phase Muller-matrix introscopy of the \npolycrystalline component of biological preparations \n(peritoneal fluid) revealed a high level of accuracy of \nearly diagnosis of genital endometriosis.\ndehydrated film of perineal fluid can serve as additional \nobjective criteria for endometriosis. These data have \ncorrelation with our research.\nThe highest level of linear birefringence for histolog-\nical sections of endometrial biopsy; the minimum level \nof optical anisotropy of this type for  dehydrated films \nof peritoneal fluid. \nThe growth of phase shift dispersion due to \nextracellular matrix anisotropy is accompanied by \nreversed changes in the statistical moments of the 3rd \nand 4th orders. \nOn this basis, the principles of Jones-matrix \nclassification of the polarization-phase properties of \nthe basic types of histological sections of biological \ntissues according to the ranges of change of a set of \nstatistical moments characterizing the corresponding \nmatrix elements are established and substantiated.\nBy statistical analysis of a series of thesiograms of the \ndistributions of the optical anisotropy parameters of \nbiological preparations, the following most effective \nREFERENCES\n 1.  Trifonyuk L, Sdobnov A, Baranowski W et al. Differential Mueller matrix imaging of partially depolarizing optically anisotropic biological \ntissues. Lasers Med Sci. 2020;35(4):877-91. doi:10.1007/s10103-019-02878-2.  DOI\n 2.  Ushenko VA, Sdobnov AY , Mishalov WD et al. Biomedical applications of Jones-matrix tomography to polycrystalline films of biological \nfluids. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences. 2019;12(6):1950017. doi:10.1142/S1793545819500172.  DOI\n 3.  Ushenko VA, Hogan BT, Dubolazov A et al. Embossed topographic depolarisation maps of biological tissues with different morphological \nstructures. Sci Rep. 2021[cited 2024;11(1):3871.  doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83017-2. DOI\n 4.  Peyvasteh M, Dubolazov A, Popov A et al. Two-point Stokes vector diagnostic approach for characterization of optically anisotropic \nbiological tissues. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2020;53(39):395401. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab9571   . DOI\n 5.  Dubolazov A, Ushenko V, Litvinenko O et al. Polarization-interference mapping of the distributions of the parameters of the Stokes vector \nof the object field of a biological optically anisotropic layer. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. \n2020;11369:113691N. doi:10.1117/12.2553953. DOI\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST\nThe Authors declare no conflict of interest\nTable 8. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the method for statistical analysis of circular dichroism maps of dehydrated peritoneal fluid films\nGroups “1 – 2”\nParameters Sensitivity Se (%) \nN = 57\nSpecificity Sp (%) \nH = 69\nPrecision Ac (%) \nN + H = 126\nSM₁ A = 55 \n96.5\nB = 64 \n92.8\nA + B = 119 \n94.4\nSM₂ A = 54 \n94.7\nB = 64 \n92.8\nA + B = 118 \n93.7\nSM₃ A = 52 \n91.2\nB = 62 \n89.9\nA + B = 114 \n90.5\nSM₄ A = 52 \n91.2\nB = 62 \n89.9\nA + B = 114 \n90.5\nNote. SM1, SM2, SM3, SM4 – very good accuracy\nSource: compiled by the authors of this study\n\nOksana  V.  Bakun et al. \n1970\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR\nOksana V. Bakun\nBukovinian State Medical University\n129 Golovna St., 58000 Chernivtsi, Ukraine\ne – mail: kupchanko06@gmail.com \nORCID AND CONTRIBUTIONSHIP\nOksana V. Bakun: 0000-0002-4742-2265  \nVolodymyr A. Doroshko: 0000-0003-4906-0330  \nOksana V. Kolesnik: 0000-0001-9087-2635  \nKsenia V. Slobodian: 0000-0001-7872-6731  \nOksana I. Yurkiv: 0000-0003-2958-3564  \nAlla I. Peryzhniak: 0000-0003-0139-0058  \nYuliya F. Marchuk: 0000-0002-3702-1994  \n – Work concept and design,  – Data collection and analysis,  – Responsibility for statistical analysis,  – Writing the article,  – Critical review,  – Final approval of the article\nRECEIVED: 18.05.2025\nACCEPTED: 22.09.2025\n CREATIVE COMMONS 4.0","source_license":"public-domain-us","license_restricted":false}