{"paper_id":"53d322ca-1c8e-4b31-a76d-c6af7efbcf49","body_text":"Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review Amy Creaser, Natalie King, Buse Apel, Lanre Lawal, Toral Shah, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This scoping review aimed to identify evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women from underserved communities living with and beyond cancer. Background Managing weight after a cancer diagnosis is complex, but may improve outcomes. However behavioural weight management interventions often fail to reach underserved women with cancer. Inclusion criteria : Sources were included if they reported barriers and/or enablers of, female adults with cancer from ethnic minority and/or lower socioeconomic status backgrounds, engaging in weight management interventions. Methods The Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. Database searches conducted in December 2024 were updated in January 2026. Study, participant and intervention characteristics, and engagement barriers and enablers were narratively summarised. Results Twenty-nine studies were identified; most conducted in the United States (n = 26), used qualitative methods (n = 12),engaged African American or Black women (n = 11) and focused on breast cancer (n = 19). Structural, cultural, and contextual barriers to engagement in weight management interventions were identified. Social support, flexible delivery, and culturally-tailored, holistic approaches enabled engagement. Conclusions Research in this area is growing but remains concentrated in specific populations. Future research should co-design strategies to enhance equitable access and sustained engagement, and explore barriers and enablers across more diverse populations. Nutrition & Dietetics Oncology barriers enablers cancer survivorship underserved populations weight management scoping review Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Excess body weight is a modifiable determinant of poorer health outcomes in people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) [ 1 ]. This includes an increased risk of cancer recurrence, cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, and adverse survivorship outcomes [ 2 , 3 ]. In women LWBC, excess weight has also been linked to higher incidence of treatment-related complications, including lymphedema [ 4 ], poorer health-related quality of life [ 5 ], and worse physical and psychosocial functioning [ 6 , 7 ]. Consequently, international cancer prevention and survivorship guidelines recommend that adults LWBC attain and maintain a healthy body weight and avoid weight gain through healthy dietary and physical activity (PA) behaviours [ 8 ]. Weight management following a cancer diagnosis is, however, multifaceted and complex. Weight gain during and after treatment is common and influenced by a combination of biological, treatment-related, behavioural, and social factors, including age, menopausal status, cancer type and stage, treatment, and pre-diagnosis weight status [ 9 , 10 ]. Socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity also play a role, with women from ethnic minority backgrounds, particularly Black women, and of lower SES at greater risk of post-diagnosis weight gain and obesity-related complications [ 11 , 12 ]. For example, a cohort study of 956 women diagnosed with stage 0–III breast cancer before the age of 40 found that lower financial comfort and Black ethnicity were independently associated with weight gain one-year post-diagnosis, with financial disadvantage continuing to predict weight gain up to three years post-diagnosis [ 13 ]. These disparities are particularly concerning given the established links between excess weight and poorer cancer outcomes. Although behavioural strategies, including dietary modification and increased PA, can reduce weight and body fat, as well as improving health-related quality of life and mental health [ 14 ], participation in interventions that support such behaviours remains inequitable. Weight management interventions disproportionately engage White women of higher SES, while women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES are often underrepresented [ 14 , 15 ]. Underserved women LWBC are less likely to enrol in, adhere to, or complete behavioural weight management interventions [ 16 ] and the intersectionality of ethnicity, SES, obesity, and cancer brings an additional dimension to the challenge of how to sustainably engage them. Outside of the cancer setting, tailored approaches that incorporate cultural values, linguistic relevance and lived experience have shown promise in supporting health behaviour change in underserved populations, including improvements in dietary behaviours and PA [ 17 ]. However, effective tailoring requires a nuanced understanding of the specific barriers and enablers that shape engagement. To inform equitable intervention design and implementation to support weight management post-diagnosis, it is therefore critical to comprehensively explore the factors influencing and preventing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC [ 18 ]. Consequently, this scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify and present available sources of evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women from ethnic minority and of lower SES backgrounds LWBC. A scoping review was selected to systematically map the extent, nature, and characteristics of the existing literature, given the uncertainties of study designs, populations, and intervention modalities utilised in the literature to date [ 19 ]. Key gaps identified will inform both future research and intervention development to support underserved women LWBC. Methods This scoping review was conducted in accordance with an a priori protocol published on the Open Science Framework on 3rd February 2025 [ 20 ]. The scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (the PRISMA-ScR; [ 21 ]. A checklist, informed by PRISMA-ScR [ 21 ] which outlines the items reported in this scoping review is included in Additional file 1. Inclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were developed using the Participants, Concepts and Context (PCC) criteria [ 22 ]. Table 1 provides an overview of this review’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria following the PPC criteria [ 22 ] Participants Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria • Female adults (≥ 18 years) • Living with or beyond cancer (diagnosed in adulthood) • Ethnic minority or low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds* • Exclusively included males, or male-specific cancers • Sources that do not stratify findings of interest by ethnicity and/or SES (if other participants are included) Concept • Behavioural weight management intervention via PA and/or diet • Barriers and enablers to engagement in a behavioural weight management intervention • Intervention not targeting behavioural weight management via a PA and/or diet component • Effectiveness of a behavioural weight management intervention • Barriers and enablers to PA and/or diet, but not a weight management intervention Context • All settings and countries Types of sources • Peer-reviewed studies published in academic journals • Pre-prints • Conference abstracts • Dissertations and theses • Reports • Reviews (e.g. systematic and scoping reviews) • Protocols • Case studies *Sources that engaged the target population, as well as other participants (e.g. males, White ethnicity, higher SES) were included if the study findings were stratified by sex/gender, ethnicity and/or SES. Participants Sources of evidence were included if they engaged female adults (≥ 18 years) LWBC from underserved communities. Participants must have been diagnosed with cancer in adulthood and could have comorbidities. Underserved communities for the purposes of this review were defined as women from ethnic minority backgrounds and/or of lower SES backgrounds. Socioeconomic status (SES) could be measured using individual-level (e.g. income, education) and/or area-level (e.g. neighbourhood, post/zip code) indicators [ 23 ]. Sources including the target population alongside other participants (e.g. males, White ethnicity, higher SES) were included if findings were stratified by sex/gender and ethnicity and/or SES; only data relevant to the target population were extracted. Concepts Sources of evidence were included if they examined barriers and/or enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions. Behavioural weight management interventions were defined as a programme designed to support the attainment and maintenance of a healthy body weight through diet and/or PA. Sources of evidence were considered relevant if the intervention explicitly stated a purpose of weight management or weight loss, or if this intent was implicit, as indicated by the measurement of weight as a primary or secondary outcome or described within the study narrative. Sources targeting additional health behaviours (e.g., smoking cessation) were included if diet and/or PA for weight management were also addressed; only weight management-related findings were extracted. Barriers referred to factors hindering engagement, and enablers as factors facilitating or encouraging engagement [ 24 ]. Barriers and enablers could be reported at any stage (prior to, during, after, or without participation in an intervention) and by any informant, including participants, intervention deliverers, or researchers. Context Sources conducting research in any setting or country and written in any language were included. During full-text screening, non-English sources were translated using Google Translate to assess initial eligibility. Where relevant, full texts were translated into English by an appropriate individual; if this was not possible, the source was excluded. Types of sources Peer-reviewed journal articles and non-peer-reviewed sources (pre-prints, conference abstracts, dissertations, theses, reports, and text/opinion pieces) were included. Reviews, protocol papers, and case studies were excluded. All study designs, outcome measures, and quantitative and qualitative findings were eligible. Search strategy An initial Embase search was conducted by a university information specialist (N.K) to identify relevant keywords and subject headings. The strategy was refined through meetings with the research team, and a project management group reviewed the draft strategy with no amendments suggested. The final search strategies aligned with the PPC criteria [ 22 ], incorporating participants (cancer patients AND ethnic minority OR socioeconomic status) and concepts (AND weight management interventions). No date or language restrictions were applied. Six databases were searched in December 2024: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL, with an updated search conducted on 9th January 2026. Database-specific strategies are presented in Additional file 2. Searches were peer reviewed using the PRESS checklist [ 25 ]. Source of evidence selection Search results were deduplicated in EndNote version 21.1 [ 26 ], and screened in Covidence [ 27 ]. Eligibility assessment followed two-stage process: (1) title and abstract and, (2) full text screening, conducted independently by two authors, split between authors A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K., R.B., J.S., and J.W. Authors referred to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the scoping review protocol [ 20 ]. A pilot screening of 100 records was undertaken at the title/abstract stage, with discrepancies discussed and resolved [ 28 ]. Disagreements at all stages were resolved through discussion between authors. Full-text exclusions were categorised using a predefined decision tree (‘wrong publication type’, ‘wrong demographic’, ‘not a behavioural weight management intervention’, ‘wrong outcome’; Additional file 3), with reasons recorded in Covidence. When multiple sources reported the same research, the source providing the most comprehensive information was included, and the remaining sources were considered duplicates (e.g. journal articles were included in preference to conference abstracts). Reference lists of included sources were screened, and the FORALL Project Management Group reviewed included sources; no additional sources were identified. Data extraction Data were extracted using a standardised form developed in line with the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [ 29 ] in Covidence [ 27 ]. Four authors (A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K.) conducted data extraction. The form was piloted on seven sources by two authors to assess usability and accuracy, with refinements discussed prior to full extraction. Remaining sources were extracted by one author (A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K.) and checked by a second author (A.C., or B.A.). The extraction form is provided in Additional file 4. Quality appraisal was not conducted, as included sources were heterogeneous and quality assessment is not recommended for scoping reviews [ 22 , 29 ]. Data analysis and presentation As scoping reviews aim to map the evidence rather than synthesise findings [ 19 , 22 ], results were summarised using a descriptive, narrative approach, organised according to similarities across included sources. Results Search results The database searches yielded 18,983 records. Once duplicates were removed there were 11,362 screened and with 29 sources of evidence being included in the review. Figure 1 displays the PRISMA diagram. Characteristics of included sources Table 2 provides an overview of included sources of evidence, and Fig. 2 provides an overview of evidence types by publication date. Of the 29 sources, 22 (75.86%) were peer-reviewed journal articles [ 16 , 30 – 50 ], four (13.79%) conference abstracts [ 51 – 54 ], and one (3.45%) were a report [ 55 ], dissertation [ 56 ], and text/opinion piece [ 57 ], respectively. The largest number of publications were in 2020 (n = 6; 20.69%). Methodologies included qualitative (n = 12; 41.38%) [ 30 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 ], randomised controlled trials (RCT; n = 5; 17.24%) [ 16 , 33 , 39 , 45 , 51 ], mixed methods (n = 4; 13.79%) [ 31 , 43 , 48 , 54 ], pilot studies (n = 4; 13.79%) [ 32 , 36 , 41 , 49 ], surveys (n = 2; 6.9%) [ 44 , 50 ], and a feasibility study [ 37 ] and forum workshop [ 57 ] (n = 1; 3.45% respectively). Most sources (n = 26; 89.66%) were conducted in the United States, one (3.45%) in the Netherlands [ 34 ], and two (6.9%) did not specify a location [ 51 , 53 ]. Thirteen sources (43.83%) implemented a weight management intervention [ 16 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 51 , 54 ], while 16 (55.17%) did not, and explored barriers and/or enablers to understand experiences and/or contribute to intervention development/adaptations [ 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 43 , 46 – 48 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 55 – 57 ]. Intervention duration ranged from 4 weeks (mixed-methods study [ 54 ]) to 6 months (mostly RCTs or pilot studies [ 16 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 51 ]). Interventions were underpinned by the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; [ 32 , 36 , 42 , 45 ]), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; [ 45 ]), Control Theory [ 32 ], Acceptance-Based Therapy [ 37 ], and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM; [ 41 ]). Delivery modes included digital or eHealth-based [ 32 , 36 , 42 ], community or group-based [ 16 , 33 , 44 , 49 ], and hybrid or home-based coaching [ 37 , 45 ] approaches. Some sources incorporated cultural and linguistic tailoring, such as bilingual sessions [ 16 , 33 , 49 ] and culturally grounded lifestyle approaches [ 45 ]. Participants Sample sizes ranged from 5 participants in a qualitative study [ 46 ] to 246 in an RCT [ 39 ]. The mean age of participants ranged from 45.2 [ 34 ] to 66.1 years [ 48 ]. Recruitment primarily occurred through clinic/hospital settings (n = 18; 62.07%; 12 exclusively) and community settings (n = 7; 24.14%; 1 exclusively). Additional file 5 outlines included sources’ inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eleven sources engaged exclusively African American or Black women [ 32 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 45 – 47 , 52 , 54 , 55 ], three included exclusively Hispanic women [ 33 , 53 , 56 ], and three included women from African or Hispanic descent [ 16 , 48 , 51 ]. Other populations included Native Hawaiian and/or Filipino women [ 31 ] and non-Western immigrant women living in the Netherlands [ 34 ]. With the exception of one study conducted with women living in the Netherlands (focused on non-Western migrants), there were no European studies, and no studies from Australia or New Zealand. There were no studies focused on Black women outside of the USA and no studies focused on Asian women. Nine sources required English proficiency to participate [ 30 – 32 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 45 , 47 , 50 ]. Body mass index inclusion criteria included ≤ 25 kg/m² [ 53 ], ≥ 25 kg/m² [ 16 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 ], ≥ 30 kg/m² [ 37 , 40 , 50 ], 25–40 kg/m² [ 45 ], and 30–45 kg/m² [ 46 ]. Whereas 15 sources did not report body mass index (BMI) as an inclusion or exclusion criteria. Eighteen sources reported SES indicators of their sample, such as lower household income (e.g. < $ 15,000 USD [ 33 ]), employment status (e.g. 53% on leave from work post-treatment [ 41 ]) and educational levels (e.g. 22% completing high school [ 33 ]). Additional indicators of lower SES included the use of government food assistance programmes [ 33 , 56 ], food insecurity [ 37 ], and recruitment through safety-net hospitals, where patients are predominantly uninsured or underinsure [ 38 ]. Eighteen sources (62.07%) involved women LWBC of the breast [ 16 , 31 – 37 , 39 – 42 , 45 – 47 , 51 , 55 , 56 ], three sources engaged women diagnosed with endometrial cancer [ 44 , 50 , 52 ], and three included breast cancer alongside other cancer types (endometrial [ 54 ], ovarian or endometrial [ 48 ], and gynaecologic [ 53 ]). Four sources included underserved women with any cancer [ 38 , 43 , 49 , 57 ] and three involved professionals working with breast cancer survivors [ 30 , 37 , 38 ] (Kiplagat et al. [ 37 ] and Kizub et al. [ 38 ] also engaged women with lived experience). Inclusion criterion included being ≥ 3 months [ 33 , 53 ], ≥ 90 days [ 56 ], ≥ 6 months [ 16 , 32 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 51 ], 2-years [ 40 ] post-treatment, with Sheppard et al. [ 45 ] also excluding women over five years post-treatment, and Sinclair et al. [ 46 ] including women between two weeks and six years post-treatment. [Table 2 ] Table 2 Study characteristic of included sources Authors and publication date Type of source Aim(s) Country Study design Participant characteristics Intervention description Data collection and analysis Aflague et al. 2023 [ 30 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore culturally acceptable ways of engaging breast cancer survivors in lifestyle interventions, examine the relevance of evidence-based strategies to support weight loss and determine ideal intervention settings USA Qualitative Community and professional stakeholders working with breast cancer survivors in Guam and Hawaii (n = 19; 17 female) No intervention delivered Semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using grounded theory Aflague et al. 2023 [ 31 ] Peer-reviewed paper To identify multilevel barriers and facilitators to nutrition and physical activity interventions among Native Hawaiian, CHamoru, and Filipino breast cancer survivors, to inform the development of a lifestyle intervention USA Mixed methods Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and CHamoru women with a history of breast cancer in Guam and Hawaii (n = 28; 79% ≥50 years) No intervention delivered Focus groups and demographic surveys; Data analysed using grounded theory and thematic analysis informed by socioecological model Allicock et al. 2021 [ 32 ] Peer-reviewed paper To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an app-based diet and physical activity intervention, ‘Creating Healthy Actions through Technology (CHAT)’ for African American breast cancer survivors USA Pilot African American breast cancer survivors ≥ 6 months post-treatment (n = 22; mean age of 52.23 years, 95.45% BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m², 59.09% ≥graduate college, 67% annual income ≥ $ 30,000, 81% employed full or part time) Four-week digital lifestyle intervention using the CHAT smartphone app, incorporating daily self-monitoring of diet and physical activity via ecological momentary assessments, tailored feedback messages, and a health education newsletter, underpinned by Social Cognitive and Control Theory. Comparator received app and newsletter without tailored feedback Ecological momentary assessments via mobile app; Data analysed using descriptive statistical analysis Aycinena et al. 2017 [ 16 ] Peer-reviewed paper To identify clinical, demographic, and psychosocial factors associated with enrolment and adherence in a weight loss intervention for Hispanic and Black breast cancer survivors, La Vida Activa/An Active Life study USA Randomised controlled trial Hispanic and African-descent breast cancer survivors (stage 0–III) who were overweight and sedentary (n = 42; mean age of 50.7 years for enrollers and 53.1 years for non-enrollers, mean BMI 33.2 kg/m² for enrollers and 33.8 kg/m² for non-enrollers) Six-month bilingual, culturally adapted lifestyle intervention combining Curves® circuit-based exercise (3×/week) with group nutrition education delivered in fitness centres. Waitlist control Questionnaire; Data analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-tests and chi-square) Bernard-Davila et al. 2015 [ 33 ] Peer-reviewed paper To examine barriers and facilitators to enrolment in a behavioural intervention for Spanish-speaking Hispanic breast cancer survivors. USA Randomised controlled trial Spanish-speaking Hispanic breast cancer survivors’ post-treatment (n = 102; mean age of 56.4 years for enrollers and 59.3 years for non-enrollers, 77.5% Dominican, 22% completed high school, 70.6% annual household income below the New York City median of > 15,000 per year, 59.8% enrolled in nutrition assistance programme, 20.6% employed full time) 12-week culturally tailored, Spanish-language group dietary intervention delivered through cooking and nutrition education sessions at a university teaching kitchen. Comparator group received written dietary advice Screening questionnaires and medical record review; Data analysed using inferential statistical analysis (chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA) de Kruif et al. 2020 [ 34 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore non-Western immigrant women’s experiences of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and weight- and lifestyle-related changes Netherlands Qualitative Non-Western immigrant women with early-stage breast cancer receiving chemotherapy living in the Netherlands (n = 28; mean age of 45.2 years, 42% Turkish, 21% Moroccan, 53% employed) No intervention delivered Semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis Fasano et al. 2024 [ 35 ] Peer-reviewed paper To examine breast cancer patients’ experiences and perspectives on weight management in a racially diverse clinical setting USA Qualitative Women with non-metastatic breast cancer who were overweight/obese and had completed treatment (n = 17; median age of 58 years, median BMI 34.6 kg/m², 70.6% identified as non-Hispanic Black) No intervention delivered Semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis Ferrante et al. 2020 [ 36 ] Peer-reviewed paper To assess feasibility and potential efficacy of commercial mHealth/eHealth tools for weight loss in African American breast cancer survivors USA Pilot African American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n = 37; mean age of 61.54, mean BMI 36.73 kg/m², 51.43% college graduates and retired) Six-month digital weight loss intervention using the SparkPeople platform and Fitbit activity tracker, embedding self-monitoring of diet and physical activity, goal setting, and behavioural support, underpinned by Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control Structured and open-ended surveys; Data analysed using descriptive analysis with thematic summarisation of open-text responses Greenlee et al. 2009 [ 51 ] Conference abstract To explore facilitators and barriers to recruiting Hispanic and Black women into a randomized waitlist-controlled pilot study Not stated Randomised controlled trial Hispanic and Black breast cancer survivors who were overweight and sedentary (n = 50; 70% ≥high school education) Six-month Curves® circuit-based exercise and low-fat, high-vegetable nutrition programme. Waitlist control Eligibility screening and enrolment data; Data analysis procedure not reported Kiplagat et al. 2022 [ 37 ] Peer-reviewed paper To adapt a scalable lifestyle intervention and evaluate its feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy for minority breast cancer survivors USA Feasibility Black breast cancer survivors and healthcare providers (intervention n = 30; focus groups n = 18): Focus Groups: mean BMI 29.13 kg/m², 87.5% foreign-born. Intervention: mean BMI 36.5 kg/m², 93% foreign-born from the Caribbean, 43% ≥high school education, almost half reported food insecurity in the past year 16-week home-based lifestyle intervention combining diet and physical activity goal setting with acceptance-based therapy, delivered via lay health coaching and telephone/video sessions, including self-monitoring and SMART goals. No comparator group Focus group and acceptability questionnaire; Data analysed using grounded theory Kizub et al. 2025 [ 38 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore and compare patient and healthcare professionals perspectives regarding healthy eating/exercise, lifestyle counselling, and referrals to healthy living programming in a safety-net oncology setting to inform future healthy living interventions and improve referral pathways among underserved patients with cancer USA Qualitative Oncology patients (71% African American) and healthcare professionals from a safety-net hospital serving predominantly uninsured and underinsured populations (patients n = 31; staff n = 21) No intervention delivered Semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using deductive-inductive content coding approach Kwarteng et al. 2020 [ 39 ] Peer-reviewed paper To examine facilitators of behaviour change and weight loss among African American breast cancer survivors participating in the Moving Forward trial USA Randomised controlled trial African American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n = 246; mean age of 57.5 years, mean BMI 36.1 kg/m², 22.8% family combined income of $ 20,000–39,999) Six-month community-based weight loss intervention with twice-weekly supervised exercise classes and supportive text messaging. Comparator group was a self-guided programme with educational materials Questionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics, linear and mixed models Lee et al. 2014 [ 52 ] Conference abstract To explore attitudes, barriers, facilitators, and support networks to lifestyle change among African American endometrial cancer survivors USA Qualitative African American women with obesity and a history of endometrial cancer (n = 21; median age of 64 years, mean BMI 38 kg/m², 35% ≥college degree, 75% retired or not working) No intervention delivered Semi-structured focus groups; Data analysed using thematic analysis Nyrop et al. 2021 [ 40 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore patient perspectives on tailoring weight-related messaging for racially diverse breast cancer survivors. USA Qualitative Non-Hispanic Black and White women with early-stage breast cancer and obesity (n = 26; mean age of 55 years, mean BMI 35.7 kg/m²) No intervention delivered Focus groups; Data analysed using codebook-driven consensus coding with narrative thematic synthesis Owens et al. 2009 [ 41 ] Peer-reviewed paper To evaluate the feasibility of a structured exercise intervention during treatment in a predominately Hispanic population of women USA Pilot Women undergoing or recently completing breast cancer treatment (n = 13; age range 40–63 years, mean BMI 28.1 kg/m², 53% on leave from work due to cancer treatment) Six-month supervised exercise programme including resistance training and brisk walking, delivered three times per week and guided by a physical therapist, underpinned by the Transtheoretical Model. No comparator group Interviews; Data analysed using grounded theory Paul 2018 [ 56 ] PhD thesis To describe the development of a culturally tailored diet and physical activity education programme for Hispanic/Latina breast cancer survivors, Mi Vida Saludable USA Qualitative Hispanic/Latina breast cancer survivors post-treatment including English- and Spanish-speaking participants (n = 8; mean age of 58.3 years for Spanish-speakers and 54 years for English-speakers, 50% college degree, households of Spanish-speaking participants had government food assistance) No intervention delivered Focus groups led by bilingual; Data analysis procedure not reported Power et al. 2020 [ 42 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore experiences of self-monitoring weight and physical activity using digital tools among African American breast cancer survivors USA Qualitative African American breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the past 10 years (n = 35, 21 interviewed; mean age of 52.6 years, mean BMI 33.1 kg/m², 9.5% <high school education, 47.1% annual income < US $ 60,000) Six-month home-based intervention promoting daily self-weighing using wireless scales, with optional activity tracking, online feedback, and tailored lessons, underpinned by Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control Semi-structured interviews and baseline questionnaires; Data analysed using thematic analysis Prado et al. 2020 [ 53 ] Conference abstract To inform cultural adaptation of an evidence-based weight loss intervention for Hispanic breast and gynaecologic cancer survivors, Moving Forward Not stated Qualitative Hispanic breast and gynaecologic cancer survivors’ post-treatment (n = 30) No intervention delivered Focus group discussions and interviews; Data analysed using content analysis Raber et al. 2023 [ 43 ] Peer-reviewed paper To describe wellness characteristics and programme preferences of cancer survivors in an underserved Black community USA Mixed methods Predominantly Black and Hispanic cancer survivors living in an underserved urban area (n = 31; 94% >50 years) No intervention delivered Semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis Rivers et al. 2023 [ 54 ] Conference abstract To evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and health impact of a plant-based diet and physical activity intervention among obese postmenopausal African American women USA Mixed methods Obese postmenopausal African American survivors of breast or endometrial cancer (n = 20) Four-week home-based plant-based diet intervention providing produce boxes. No comparator group Focus group; Data analysis procedure not reported Rossi et al. 2015 [ 44 ] Peer-reviewed paper To examine physical activity behaviours, preferences, and intervention needs among ethnically diverse endometrial cancer survivors, informing the development of a pilot physical activity intervention USA Survey Ethnically diverse endometrial cancer survivors (n = 66; mean age of 64.4 years, 17% overweight, 73% obese, 41% non-Hispanic black, 62% ≤high school) Eight-week community-based physical activity programme consisting of weekly 1-hour group exercise classes with cardiovascular and resistance training. No comparator group Questionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics Sheppard et al. 2016 [ 45 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore experiences and outcomes of a lifestyle intervention among Black cancer survivors to inform future trials USA Randomised controlled trial African American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n = 22; mean age of 54.7 years, 80.6% obese, 51.6% >high school and 75% ≥one comorbidity) 12-week culturally tailored lifestyle intervention (Stepping STONE) combining group-based nutrition education, supervised physical activity, and motivational interviewing phone coaching, underpinned by TPB and Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control receiving general health information Questionnaire and focus group; Data analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis Sinclair et al. 2024 [ 46 ] Peer-reviewed paper To explore the lived experiences of breast cancer survivorship among African American women with obesity to better understand their experiences and perceptions of how their cancer journey intersects with other health behaviours. USA Qualitative African American or Black breast cancer survivors, with a BMI of 30–45 kg/m² (n = 5; mean age of 57.4 years) No intervention delivered Co-design workshop; Data analysed using artifact creation and affinity diagramming Smith et al. 2016 [ 55 ] Report To inform the development of a culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention to reduce breast cancer recurrence USA Qualitative Community report describing African American breast cancer survivors from a support group (n = 60; mean age of 45.73 years) No intervention delivered Extended guided group discussions; Data analysed using content analysis and thematic summarisation Smith et al. 2016 [ 47 ] Peer-reviewed paper To develop and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a smartphone-based educational intervention for African American breast cancer survivors USA Qualitative African American breast cancer survivors participating in a support group (n = 12; mean age of 50 years, 42% annual income of $ 25,000- $ 49,000) No intervention delivered Focus groups and semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using grounded theory and content analysis St. George et al. 2020 [ 48 ] Peer-reviewed paper To inform the design of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for racially and ethnically diverse women cancer survivors USA Mixed methods Ethnically diverse grandmothers (Hispanic, n = 16), with a history of breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancer and obesity (n = 46; mean age of 66.1 years, mean BMI 31.5 kg/m², 34.8% income < $ 25,000) No intervention delivered Survey and subset interviews; Data analysed using quantitative tests and inductive qualitative synthesis Stolley et al. 2017 [ 57 ] Text and opinion Aims not stated USA* Forum workshop Forum workshop and opinion piece discussing cancer survivorship in diverse populations N/A N/A Victorson et al. 2024 [ 49 ] Peer-reviewed paper To develop and pilot a culturally informed yoga programme for non-English-speaking Latina women with breast cancer USA Pilot Spanish-speaking cancer survivors with overweight/obesity (n = 35; mean age of 55.7 years, mean BMI 32.4 kg/m², 28.6% annual income of $ 15,000- $ 24,999) 12-week culturally adapted Spanish-language Hatha yoga programme delivered weekly in community settings, incorporating structured yoga sessions and facilitated social support. No comparator group Baseline questionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics of feasibility, acceptability, and preference data Wilson et al. 2021 [ 50 ] Peer-reviewed paper To identify motivators and barriers to weight loss and factors influencing intervention enrolment among endometrial cancer survivors USA Survey Endometrial cancer survivors with obesity (n = 155; mean age of 60.6 years, median BMI 39.2 kg/m², 31.8% annual income between $ 25,000 and $ 50,000) No intervention delivered Survey and medical record review; Data analysed using regression modelling and inferential statistical analysis *Stolley et al. [ 57 ] did not conduct primary research, but their workshop focused on women residing in the USA Barriers and enablers to engagement Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC is complex and multifaceted. No consistent differences in reported barriers and enablers were observed across participant demographics or evidence sources. Where differences by participant characteristics were identified, these are described in the narrative. Individual and motivational factors Sources highlighted demographic differences in engagement with weight management interventions. Aycinena et al. [ 16 ] found that low-income women who did not enrol in a 6-month weight management RCT, involving structured exercise classes, were more likely to be Hispanic, have Spanish as their primary language, be unemployed and have less than a high school qualification. Similarly, Bernard-Davila et al. [ 33 ] reported higher enrolment among employed and White women. Despite the intervention being delivered in Spanish, women who only spoke Spanish at home were less likely to enrol, with enrollers showing higher levels of acculturation [ 33 ]. Clinical factors also impacted enrolment. Bernard-Davila et al. [ 33 ] identified HER2 + status as a predictor of enrolment, and Aycinena et al. [ 16 ] reported that enrollers were more often diagnosed at stage II or above and had received surgery and chemotherapy. They also tended to report fewer comorbidities than non-participants [ 16 ]. Despite this, women LWBC expressed strong motivations to engage in weight management interventions [ 38 ]. Beliefs about the relationship between weight management and cancer outcomes facilitated enrolment in a weight management intervention. Greenlee et al. [ 51 ] found that Hispanic and Black women with breast cancer were more likely to enrol if they believed that losing weight could prolong survival, dietary changes could help prevent recurrence, and exercise could improve well-being, reduce recurrence risk, and extend survival. Motivations were not always driven by cancer-related concerns or weight loss. In Wilson et al. [ 50 ] study, most obese women with endometrial cancer reported a desire to feel better (77%) and reduce long-term obesity risks (66%), while only 27% reported their cancer diagnosis as motivation for weight loss, though this was higher among women with a BMI of > 40 kg/m². Similarly, Rossi et al. [ 44 ] reported that most participants wanted to improve their overall health (48%) by participating in a weight management intervention, compared to 26% of women reporting losing weight itself as the primary motivator. Perceived safety Women expressed concerns over safety as a barrier to engagement in weight management interventions. Rossi et al. [ 44 ] reported that many endometrial cancer survivors declined taking part in structured exercise sessions because they were unable or unwilling to obtain medical clearance. Likewise, Greenlee et al. [ 51 ] found that women who did not enrol to take part in a circuit-based exercise and high-vegetable/low-fat nutrition intervention, were more likely to report exercising after a cancer diagnosis is dangerous. Bernard-Davila et al. [ 33 ] also found that non-enrollers to nutrition sessions often feared unexpected side effects if they took part, while St. George [ 48 ] found that some women reported fearing that weight loss signalled cancer recurrence. Social support Social support by leveraging existing networks (e.g. family and friends) and forming new networks within weight management interventions were deemed facilitators of engagement across multiple sources. Family and friends offer logistical (e.g. transportation and meal preparation) and emotional support for engagement with weight management [ 43 , 48 ], as well as enhancing enjoyment through family-orientated activities [ 48 ]. There were recommendations for weight management interventions to be reciprocally beneficial for family and friends, with women emphasising promoting healthy behaviours among children [ 48 ] and engaging family and friends with similar goals [ 45 , 48 , 52 ]. Cultural context also played a role in social support preferences, with Hawaiian and Guam women reporting the importance of involving family in nutrition education, describing their culture as “food-centric” [ 31 ]. Several sources highlighted the value of forming new support systems within the intervention itself. Group-based formats were widely favoured [ 44 ], offering peer interactions, shared experiences, and mutual encouragement [ 40 , 41 , 45 , 47 ]. Interventions incorporating supervised group exercise and supportive messaging improved perceived social support among African American survivors [ 39 ]. Group dynamics were meaningful for women from cultural minority groups, with Spanish-speaking- and Hispanic and Black women reporting greater motivation and connection in group settings [ 41 , 45 , 49 ]. Some women favoured groups matched for demographics (e.g., ethnicity, spoken language) [ 31 , 49 ], whereas others felt that more diverse groups could enrich understanding of shared cancer experiences [ 40 ]. In some cases, Black women and people who support Native Hawaiian, Filipino and CHamoru women raised concerns about privacy and a willingness to take part in group activities without sharing their personal experiences [ 31 , 40 ]. Cultural context Across sources, participants emphasised the importance of weight management interventions that value culturally meaningful traditions and adapt language and content to reflect cultural preferences [ 53 ]. African American women highlighted the need to acknowledge ethnic differences in body composition (“ healthy weight in my community is different from for other women ” [ 47 ]) and expressed preferences for plant-based- alternatives [ 47 , 54 ]. Hispanic and Latina women stressed the value of including culturally familiar foods, noting their limited representation in mainstream resources [ 56 ]. Similar views were reported among Caribbean women who preferred modifying traditional dishes rather than removing them entirely [ 47 , 55 ]. Women in Guam and Hawaii also favoured nutrition guidance that incorporates local culinary practices, such as adapting brown red rice or tofu kelaguen, and recommended adjusting intervention language to avoid terms like “exercise,” which carry negative connotations; instead framing PA as movement with family and friends [ 30 , 31 ]. Despite these preferences, few interventions explicitly reported cultural adaptations. One exception was the Stepping STONE programme, in which over half of participants endorsed the culturally tailored content designed for African American women [ 45 ]. Broader cultural stigma surrounding cancer must also be considered, with concerns that stigma and privacy issues may reduce engagement in publicly available weight management programmes [ 57 ]. Intervention deliverers and facilitators The importance of weight management interventions to be delivered by credible, trained professionals was reported, with women endorsing the involvement of nutritionist, exercise physiologist and survivor coaches [ 32 , 36 , 45 ]. Although, some women reported a “sense of rigidity” with survivor coaches, describing them as “working within some confinements” [ 45 ]. Lay patient navigators, community health workers and health educators were also recognised for their cultural insight and practical experience [ 37 , 57 ]. Trust in intervention deliverers was recognised, with the presence of a respected authority figure valued by Hawaiian women [ 30 , 31 ]. For Hispanic women, linguistic and cultural alignment were meaningful, with them valuing Spanish-speaking and Latine-identifying yoga instructors, although instructor sex and cancer experience were less important [ 49 ]. Women reported comfort discussing their weight with trusted and credentialed clinicians and oncologists as reliable sources of information and support for weight management [ 31 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 50 , 52 ]. Weight-related conversations were viewed as an important component of cancer care [ 50 ], and a way of normalising conversations about weight [ 40 ]. Despite this, healthcare professionals report never providing weight management counselling and limited knowledge, uncertainties about if it is their responsibility to do so and a lack of time to make referrals [ 37 , 38 ]. Additionally, women receiving treatment from safety-net hospitals reported not participating in healthy living initiatives as they were not referred to by their physician [ 38 ]. Intervention setting, mode of delivery and behaviour change tools Preferences for settings to deliver weight management interventions varied between individuals. In Rossi et al. [ 44 ] most women preferred interventions delivered at a cancer centre (64%), followed by local fitness clubs (58%) and home-based options (54%). Distance, transport costs, and unreliable transportation frequently limited participation [ 16 , 38 , 41 , 44 , 49 , 50 ]. Home-based components were deemed convenient and accessible [ 32 , 49 ], however, some women reported experiencing interruptions and privacy concerns [ 49 ]. Other sources reported that a combination of online and in-person formats may be most acceptable [ 43 ]. The importance of accessibility, safety and convenience was reported [ 30 – 32 , 38 ], with community-based settings being the preferred in-person location [ 31 , 34 , 43 ]. Despite efforts to deliver weight management interventions in convenient community locations (e.g. place of worship, community centre, or within a medical facility), transportation barriers persisted [ 16 , 49 ], particularly among women on lower incomes [ 50 ]. Digital interventions were viewed as acceptable, particularly through apps and wearable devices that encourage self-monitoring. Web-based platforms offering educational materials were considered easy to use [ 36 ], and women recommended integrating resources into existing patient portals [ 40 ] and using YouTube or social media for exercise content [ 47 ]. However, comfort with technology differed between individuals, with older women and those on lower incomes reporting less confidence [ 56 ]. Women less confident using technology preferred educational videos lasting up to 10 minutes and communication via email and text messages, whereas those comfortable with technology preferred shorter 60–90 second videos [ 56 ]. Self-monitoring and goal setting were valued by women [ 37 ], such as using smartphone apps that would allow them to track diet and PA, receive guidance, and monitor progress (e.g., “It would help if the app allowed me to track my progress - tell me if I am eating the right number of foods to prevent cancer” [ 47 ] ) . Having personalised goals were motivations [ 31 , 42 , 47 ], and African American reported good adherence to food and exercise tracking [ 54 ]. Interventions using wearable technology, such as wearable activity trackers (wearables), were deemed motivating, with one participant describing the wearable as “a little buddy on my shoulder… keeping me on track” [ 42 ]. Similarly, women from Guam and Hawaii expressed wearables, such as Fitbits, kept them accountable [ 31 ]. Despite this, barriers to using wearables included forgetting or losing the device and problems syncing the device with its partnering app, with women wanting more support for using the devices [ 36 , 42 ]. Likewise, tracking food intake was deemed time-consuming and tedious [ 36 , 45 ]. Daily self-weighing was also seen as burdensome and discouraging due to daily weight fluctuations, however creating a routine for daily self-weighing may reduce this burden [ 42 ]. Broader environmental and social contexts were also highlighted [ 52 , 55 ]. Women in Guam and Hawaii emphasised the importance of family-friendly settings, with the option of offering childcare services [ 31 ], and African American women reflect on the accessibility of locating healthy food ( “The closest grocery store is 7 miles away … I am stuck with over-priced processed food from the corner store” ) [ 55 ]. Whereas, in their text/opinion piece, Stolley et al. [ 57 ] noted that many minority cancer survivors live in neighbourhoods with structural disadvantages, such as segregation, crime, and limited access to supportive resources. Yet, these communities also possess valuable assets, such as community groups, farmers markets, public recreation systems, parks and gardens, which could be leveraged to support weight management [ 57 ]. Financial and logistical factors Perceived intervention cost was a barrier to engagement [ 50 , 52 ], with women declining participation if they anticipated it would cost to participate [ 33 ]. Lack of time, competing responsibilities (e.g. family and work commitments), inconvenient scheduling and relocation further limited engagement across all groups [ 33 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 50 ]. Timing within the cancer care pathway Preferences for when weight management support should be offered varied, but several sources highlighted the value of introducing guidance early in the cancer care pathway. While women in the Raber et al. [ 43 ] study expressed greater interest in healthy eating and PA interventions during or after treatment, African American women in Kiplagat et al. [ 37 ] study emphasised the importance of receiving weight management support at diagnosis. Although a new diagnosis can be overwhelming, women acknowledged the importance of discussing weight-related risks and healthy lifestyle behaviours as part of the initial treatment plan [ 35 ] to improve treatment-related side effects [ 38 ]. Embedding weight management support within treatment plans was also viewed as a way of normalising conversations about weight [ 41 ], and weight management support that were explicitly linked to cancer prevention and survivorship were valued [ 43 ]. Some women felt that their definition of healthy was not consistent with healthcare professionals, reporting that “doctors are overly focused on my weight and do not address my real-world challenges” [ 46 ]. Tailored approaches and holistic needs Across sources, women emphasised that weight management support must reflect individual circumstances and “one size doesn’t fit all” [ 40 , 45 ]. Women valued personalised guidance, such as tailored nutrition advice, and valued the addition of one-to-one support within group-based interventions [ 41 , 45 ]. Despite interventions being culturally tailored, women wanted weight management interventions to cover breast cancer and individual contextual and life situations (e.g. employment status and children) [ 45 ]. Women also highlighted the importance of adapting interventions to individual health issues, such as diabetes and hypertension [ 31 ], as well as incorporating cancer-specific dietary guidance [ 43 ]. A holistic approach to weight management was also reported, going beyond diet and PA to address broader well-being needs. African American women expressed a desire for their survivor coach, who was trained to deliver nutrition and PA support, to include mental health support (“ The psychology piece, mental health needs to be stepped up a little bit ” [ 45 ]). Similarly, both African American and Guam women highlighted the need for stress management components within weight management interventions [ 31 , 47 ]. Discussion This scoping review synthesised available evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women LWBC from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES. Twenty-nine sources were identified, with the earliest publications in 2009 (n = 2), and peaking in 2020 (n = 6) and 2023 (n = 4). Most sources were peer-reviewed, qualitative research conducted in the USA, with a strong focus on African American women and women LWBC of the breast. While emerging evidence suggests that engagement with behavioural weight management interventions is shaped by multilevel factors, this review highlights gaps in understanding experiences among other underserved ethnic groups, cancer types, and healthcare contexts. For example, within the United Kingdom (U.K) there are approximately five million people of South Asian heritage [ 58 ], yet no sources engaged women LWBC from South Asian communities or were conducted in the U.K. Differences in healthcare delivery, cultural norms, migration histories, and social support structures may influence engagement with weight management interventions. There were no clear differences in reported barriers and enablers across participant demographics or evidence sources. Findings highlight that although underserved women LWBC demonstrate strong motivations to improve their health and wellbeing, structural, cultural, and contextual barriers may limit engagement in weight management interventions. The findings underscore the need for tailored, culturally responsive, and accessible interventions that address structural barriers and individual needs. Women from living on lower incomes, unemployed or with greater comorbidities are less likely to enrol in weight management interventions [ 16 , 33 ], despite evidence suggesting these women may be at increased risk of post-diagnosis weight gain [ 11 , 12 ]. This review highlighted that low enrolment was not driven by a lack of interest, with underserved women LWBC, particularly women from ethnic minorities, expressing strong motivations to engage in weight management interventions [ 38 ]. Motivations to engage in weight management extended beyond weight loss to include improving overall health, reducing recurrence risk, and enhancing quality of life [ 44 , 50 , 51 ]. These findings underscore the importance of tailored weight management interventions that take a holistic approach to weight management, recognising the interconnectivity of emotional, behavioural, and physical health. This was particularly important for African American and Guam women, who reported integrating components of stress management into weight management interventions [ 31 , 47 ]. Evidence comparing weight-loss and weight-neutral (“grounded in mindfulness skills and emphasising intuitive eating, self-care and pleasurable exercise” [ 59 ]) approaches in non-cancer populations found that although weight-neutral approaches demonstrated some benefits like larger reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the weight-loss approach demonstrated larger reductions in BMI [ 59 ]. This suggests that while weight management interventions may be more acceptable if they support holistic health, they should still recognise the value of explicitly supporting healthy weight change. Concerns around safety were also found, with some women fearing that weight loss signalled cancer recurrence [ 48 ] and expressing an inability or unwillingness to receive medical clearance to participate in weight management interventions [ 44 ]. These findings are consistent with qualitative syntheses reporting oncology patients often fear exacerbating their condition through exercise, particularly in the absence of clear guidance from healthcare professionals [ 60 ]. Accordingly, clinical endorsement and oversight were viewed as important enablers of engagement in the current review. Medical staff oversight was deemed important, with all underserved women LWBC endorsing them as reliable support for weight management [ 31 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 50 , 52 ]. Most of the included sources in this review ( n = 20; 68.97%) recruited participants throughout clinical/hospital settings, with 12 exclusively using this method of recruitment. Previous research engaging rural breast cancer survivors into a lifestyle intervention found that recruiting through oncologist had the highest enrolment rate, compared with other recruitment methods such as mailed postcards, media coverage and community outreach [ 61 ]. Women, particularly African American women, also tended to value the introduction of weight management support early in the cancer care pathway, shortly after diagnosis, which may help counteract weight gain observed during and after treatment [ 9 , 10 ]. However, reliance on clinical-based recruitment and delivery must be balanced against evidence that women from ethnic minority groups may experience distrust in healthcare systems [ 62 , 63 ], indicating that alternative or complementary engagement strategies may be necessary. Intervention setting, delivery mode, and logistical considerations such as cost, transportation, scheduling, and competing demands impacted engagement. Home-based, community-based or hybrid delivery models may improve accessibility, particularly for women facing financial and transportation barriers [ 32 , 49 ]. Digital interventions, including those that promote self-monitoring and goal setting, were often viewed as acceptable and motivating [ 36 , 40 , 47 ]. However, sources in this review found mixed effectiveness of technology-based interventions on weight, PA and diet in African American women living beyond breast cancer [ 32 , 36 ]. Likewise, difficulties using technology disproportionately affects women with lower incomes and of older age [ 56 ]. This reflects wider evidence that digital health interventions may exacerbate existing inequities if barriers to accessibility and digital literacy are not adequately addressed [ 64 , 65 ]. Community-based settings were reported as appropriate settings [ 31 , 34 , 43 ]. Although much of the existing evidence for community-delivered weight management engaged non-cancer populations, trials in these settings have demonstrated acceptability and reductions in BMI among underserved women [ 64 , 66 ], suggesting potential applicability for underserved women LWBC. Stolley et al. [ 57 ] also highlighted the need to overcome broader structural disadvantages (e.g. crime) and leverage existing assets (e.g. local community groups) within underserved communities. Women endorsed interventions delivered by nutritionist, exercise physiologist, survivor coaches and trusted community figures [ 31 , 32 , 36 , 45 ]. The involvement of deliverers who reflected participants lived experiences and cultural backgrounds were viewed as particularly important in some communities [ 49 ]. There have been successes in the use of community-based health workers to improve chronic disease management and care in underserved populations, including weight loss in Latino populations [ 67 , 68 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) advocacy for community health worker further supports the potential of these models to enhance reach and equity [ 69 ]. Social support was a key enabler of engagement across all underserved groups. Support from family, friends, and peers facilitated motivation, accountability, and practical participation [ 43 , 48 ], while group-based interventions fostered shared identity and mutual encouragement [ 40 , 41 , 45 , 47 ]. African American women expressed a particular interest in group-based support. These findings are consistent with theoretical frameworks that emphasise the role of social support in sustaining health behaviour change [ 70 , 71 ], as well as empirical evidence linking social support to improved weight outcomes [ 72 , 73 ]. Kwarteng et al. [ 39 ] found that social support-based weight management improved African American women’s self-efficacy, friend and family support for eating habits encouragement and family support for exercise-participation, with friend support for eating habits encouragement also impacting weight loss. Whereas Victorson et al. [ 49 ] found no signification changes in weight as a result of a tailored group-based Hatha yoga classes. Preferences for group-based support varied, with some women favouring culturally or linguistically matched groups [ 31 , 49 ], while others valued diverse survivor experiences [ 40 ]. In some cases, privacy concerns about participating in a group-based intervention were raised by Black women themselves and people who support Native Hawaiian, Filipino and CHamoru women [ 31 , 40 ]. This may be particularly important for underserved women where stigma may be attached to their cancer diagnosis [ 74 ]. This suggests that being flexible with the approach to delivery may enhance engagement, such as combining group-based support with opportunities for one-to-one, private support for women who are uncomfortable discussing their diagnosis in group settings. Similar hybrid models have been successfully implemented in other areas of healthcare, such as antenatal care [ 75 ]. Additional cultural factors shaped engagement in and preferences for weight management interventions for women of ethnic minority backgrounds. Women emphasised the importance of culturally relevant content, including appropriate language, imagery, and dietary guidance that respected traditional foods and social practices [ 47 , 53 , 54 ]. Despite this, few interventions included in this review explicitly reported cultural adaptation, reflecting a broader gap in survivorship research [ 76 ]. Evidence from public health interventions suggests that culturally tailored approaches are more effective in promoting engagement and sustained behaviour change among underserved populations [ 17 ], reinforcing the need for greater attention to cultural adaptation in cancer survivorship interventions. Strengths and limitations This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of evidence exploring the barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC. By focusing on women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES this review can inform the development of weight management interventions that address equity gaps in cancer survivorship care in women who are at risk of post-diagnosis weight gain [ 11 , 12 ]. Despite this strength, it is acknowledged that women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES represent only some of the populations considered underserved [ 77 , 78 ]. Broader definitions of underserved populations include, for example, women with disabilities and those from LGBTQIA+ communities, who often experience additional barriers to healthcare access and research participation [ 77 , 78 ]. Excluding these groups may limit the comprehensiveness of the review. Additionally, the inclusion criteria of behavioural weight management interventions, where programmes must have explicitly or implicitly stated a purpose of weight management or weight loss may have omitted studies that reframed similar interventions as “lifestyle”. Therefore, these studies may not have been included, which could have offered further insights into holistic interventions valued by underserved women LWBC. Although this review identified several types of evidence sources and study designs, most sources were peer-reviewed papers published in academic journals, and the databases searched predominantly index peer-reviewed academic literature. This may have resulted in the unintended exclusion of grey literature sources, such as reports from community organisations, service evaluations, or non-governmental organisations, which may have resulted in the omission of evidence that is particularly relevant to underserved populations who are typically excluded from research [ 78 , 79 ]. Consequently, majority of the findings in this review reflect the experiences of women who were willing and able to participate in research, potentially underrepresenting the perspectives of those facing the greatest structural, cultural, or psychosocial barriers. Conclusions In conclusion, there is emerging evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women LWBC from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES. Engagement is shaped by individual, social, cultural, and structural factors. Interventions that are holistic, culturally responsive, flexible, and clinically endorsed may improve engagement of underserved women LWBC. Importantly, trust plays a critical role in engagement, with underserved women often preferring community-based settings and the involvement of community health educators who bring cultural insight and practical experience. Leveraging these existing assets and social support networks may foster trusted support and engagement. Given the growing number of intervention development studies, it is anticipated that future feasibility, pilot, and trial-based research will further advance understanding of engagement in this area. Future research should prioritise co-designed, community-engaged approaches and expand representation across underserved groups and geographical contexts to address inequities in cancer survivorship care and support engagement in weight management interventions for underserved women LWBC. Abbreviations BMI Body mass index LWBC Living with and beyond cancer PA Physical activity PCC Participants, Concepts and Context PRISMA-ScR Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews RCT Randomised controlled trial SCT Social Cognitive Theory SES socioeconomic status TPB Theory of Planned Behaviour TTM Transtheoretical Model WHO World Health Organisation Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Conflicts of interest This work was supported by a Programme Development Grant from the National Institute of Health & Care Research (NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. RJB also reports funding from Breast Cancer Now and Yorkshire Cancer Research. RJB receives an honorarium from the World Cancer Research Fund for her role as a panel member for their grant funding. The other authors report no conflicts of interests. Authors’ information J.W. is a Black African researcher, and T.S. is a South Asian nutritional scientist. T.S. also has a lived experience of breast cancer, having been diagnosed three times. Funding This work was supported by NIHR Programme Development Grant (Award ID: NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no involvement with the process of conducting the scoping review. Author contributions Initial concept and grant applicants: R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W., T.S. Search strategy: N.K. Screening of articles: A.C, B.A, L.L, R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W. Data extraction: A.C, B.A, L.L, F.K. Initial draft: A.C. Revisions to draft: A.C, B.A, L.L, R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W, T.S, N.K. All authors approved the final version for publication. Acknowledgements The research team would like to acknowledge the FORALL Project Management Group and Community Advisory Group for their input throughout this review, including the importance of the review question, development of search terms and reflections on the review findings. The grant application for FORALL involved Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) from our target populations who contributed to the initial proposal of FORALL. The FORALL Community Advisory Group, who represent characteristics of this review’s population, were engaged throughout the review. Availability of data and materials The data generated or analysed during the currently study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. References Pati S et al (2023) Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers 15(2):485. 10.3390/cancers15020485 Lauby-Secretan B et al (2016) Body Fatness and Cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med 375(8):794–798. 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602 Pang Y, Wei Y, Kartsonaki C (2022) Associations of adiposity and weight change with recurrence and survival in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast cancer (Tokyo Japan) 29(4):575–588. 10.1007/s12282-022-01355-z Meeske KA et al (2009) Risk factors for arm lymphedema following breast cancer diagnosis in Black women and White women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 113(2):383–391. 10.1007/s10549-008-9940-5 Smits A et al (2015) Body mass index and the quality of life of endometrial cancer survivors—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 137(1):180–187. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.540 Di Meglio A et al (2020) Changes in weight, physical and psychosocial patient-reported outcomes among obese women receiving treatment for early-stage breast cancer: A nationwide clinical study. Breast (Edinburgh) 52:23–32. 10.1016/j.breast.2020.04.002 Philip EJ et al (2019) Obesity and psychosocial well-being among cancer patients and survivors. Psycho-oncology. (Chichester England) 28(11):2141–2148. 10.1002/pon.5181 Cheryl L, Rock CAT, Kristen R, Sullivan CL, Howe LH, Kushi BJ, Caan ML, Neuhouser EV, Bandera Y, Wang K, Robien KM, Basen-Engquist JC, Brown KS, Courneya TE, Crane DO, Garcia BL, Grant, Kathryn K, Hamilton SJ, Hartman SA, Kenfield ME, Martinez JA, Meyerhardt L, Nekhlyudov L, Overholser AV, Patel BM, Pinto ME, Spees K, Gapstur SM, McCullough ML (2022) American Cancer Soc Nutr Phys activity guideline cancer survivors CA: cancer J Clin 72(3):230–262. 10.3322/caac.21719 Playdon MC et al (2017) Pre-diagnosis diet and survival after a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 116(12):1627–1637. 10.1038/bjc.2017.120 Vance V et al (2011) Weight gain in breast cancer survivors: prevalence, pattern and health consequences. Obes Rev 12(4):282–294. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00805.x Connor AE, Dibble KE, Visvanathan K (2023) Lifestyle factors in Black female breast cancer survivors—Descriptive results from an online pilot study. Front public health 11:1072741. 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1072741 Fassier P et al (2017) Sociodemographic and economic factors are associated with weight gain between before and after cancer diagnosis: results from the prospective population-based NutriNet-Santé cohort. Oncotarget 8(33):54640–54653. 10.18632/oncotarget.17676 Sella T et al (2022) Body weight changes and associated predictors in a prospective cohort of young breast cancer survivors. Cancer 128(17):3158–3169. 10.1002/cncr.34342 Lake B, Damery S, Jolly K (2022) Effectiveness of weight loss interventions in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ open 12(10):e062288. 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062288 Gabel K et al (2024) Narrative review of lifestyle interventions in breast cancer survivors: current evidence and future directions. JNCI cancer Spectr 8(6). 10.1093/jncics/pkae108 Aycinena AC et al (2017) Barriers to Recruitment and Adherence in a Randomized Controlled Diet and Exercise Weight Loss Intervention Among Minority Breast Cancer Survivors. J Immigr Minor Health 19(1):120–129. 10.1007/s10903-015-0310-1 Joo JY, Liu MF (2021) Culturally tailored interventions for ethnic minorities: A scoping review. Nurs open 8(5):2078–2090. 10.1002/nop2.733 Tjon A, Joe S et al (2023) Barriers and facilitators for weight management interventions in breast cancer patients: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J qualitative Stud health well-being 18(1):2259290. 10.1080/17482631.2023.2259290 Munn Z et al (2018) Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 18(1):143–147. 10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x Creaser A, Apel KN, White B, Shah C, Walabyeki T, Saxton J, Beeken J, Kennedy R F. Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: a scoping review protocol 2025; Available from: https://osf.io/2ftjz/overview Tricco AC et al (2018) PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467–473. 10.7326/M18-0850 Peters MDJ et al (2020) Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid synthesis 18(10):2119–2126. 10.11124/JBIES-20-00167 Conway DI, McMahon AD, Brown D, Leyland AH (2019) Measuring socioeconomic status and inequalities. , in Reducing social inequalities in cancer: Evidence and priorities for research. IARC Scientific Publications Alayón CL, Säfsten K, Johansson G (2022) Barriers and Enablers for the Adoption of Sustainable Manufacturing by Manufacturing SMEs. Sustainability 14(4):2364. 10.3390/su14042364 McGowan J et al (2016) PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol 75:40–46. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021 Analytics C (2023) EndNote Version 21 Innovation VH (2023) Covidence systematic review software. ; Available from: https://www.covidence.org Garritty C et al (2021) Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group offers evidence-informed guidance to conduct rapid reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 130:13–22. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2020) JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. ; Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. Aflague TF et al (2023) Traditional and new lifestyle interventions to prevent breast cancer recurrence (TANICA): a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer 31(4):218. 10.1007/s00520-023-07663-0 Aflague TF et al (2023) Barriers, Facilitators, and Strategies for Developing a Culturally Informed Lifestyle Intervention for Native Hawaiian, CHamoru, and Filipino Breast Cancer Survivors: Mixed-Methods Findings from Focus Group Participants. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(12):6075. 10.3390/ijerph20126075 Allicock M et al (2021) A Pilot and Feasibility Mobile Health Intervention to Support Healthy Behaviors in African American Breast Cancer Survivors. J racial ethnic health disparities 8(1):157–165. 10.1007/s40615-020-00767-x Bernard-Davila B et al (2015) Barriers and Facilitators to Recruitment to a Culturally Based Dietary Intervention Among Urban Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors. J racial ethnic health disparities 2(2):244–255. 10.1007/s40615-014-0076-5 de Kruif AJ et al (2020) Perceptions of non-Western immigrant women on having breast cancer and their experiences with treatment-related changes in body weight and lifestyle: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE 15(7):e0235662. 10.1371/journal.pone.0235662 Fasano GA et al (2024) Breast Cancer and Obesity: a Qualitative Analysis of a Diverse Population of Breast Cancer Patients’ Perspectives on Weight Management. J racial ethnic health disparities 11(2):826–833. 10.1007/s40615-023-01564-y Ferrante JM et al (2020) Feasibility and potential efficacy of commercial mHealth/eHealth tools for weight loss in African American breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized controlled trial. Translational Behav Med 10(4):938–948. 10.1093/tbm/iby124 Kiplagat K et al (2022) An Acceptance Based Lifestyle Intervention in Black Breast Cancer Survivors with Obesity. J Immigr Minor Health 24(3):645–655. 10.1007/s10903-021-01261-0 Kizub DA et al (2025) Patient and Health Care Professional Perspectives on Barriers to and Facilitators of Healthy Eating and Exercise Among Patients With Cancer at a Safety-Net Oncology Clinic: A Qualitative Exploration. JCO Oncol Pract 21(7):1032–1038. 10.1200/op.24.00431 Kwarteng JL et al (2020) Facilitators of behavior change and weight loss in an intervention for African American Breast Cancer Survivors. Cancer Causes Control 31(8):737–747. 10.1007/s10552-020-01315-y Nyrop KA et al (2021) Person-centered communication about weight and weight management: Focus group discussions in a diverse sample of women with nonmetastatic breast cancer and obesity. Cancer 127(22):4266–4276. 10.1002/cncr.33843 Owens B, Berndt JM (2009) A, Pilot Study of a Structured Aerobic Exercise Program for Hispanic Women During Treatment For Early-Stage Breast Cancer. official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, Medsurg nursing Power JM, Tate DF, Valle CG (2020) Experiences of African American Breast Cancer Survivors Using Digital Scales and Activity Trackers in a Weight Gain Prevention Intervention: Qualitative Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 8(6):e16059. 10.2196/16059 Raber M et al (2023) Enhancing the utilization of healthy living interventions among cancer survivors in historically underserved populations and communities. Cancer Causes Control 34(8):635–645. 10.1007/s10552-023-01701-2 Rossi A et al (2015) Physical activity for an ethnically diverse sample of endometrial cancer survivors: a needs assessment and pilot intervention. J gynecologic Oncol 26(2):141–147. 10.3802/jgo.2015.26.2.141 Sheppard VB et al (2016) The feasibility and acceptability of a diet and exercise trial in overweight and obese black breast cancer survivors: The Stepping STONE study. Contemporary clinical trials. 46:106–113. 10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.005 Sinclair K et al (2024) Use of Co-Design Approaches to Identify Barriers to Health-Promoting Behaviors among African American Breast Cancer Survivors with Comorbid Obesity. Health Behav Res 7(4). 10.4148/2572-1836.1256 Smith SA et al (2016) Formative research to develop a lifestyle application (app) for African American breast cancer survivors. J Ga Public Health Assoc 6(1):50–59. 10.21633/jgpha.6.103 St. George SM et al (2020) Development of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for women cancer survivors and their families. Psycho-oncology (Chichester England) 29(1):182–194. 10.1002/pon.5236 Victorson D et al Development and Implementation of a Culturally Informed Spanish Language Yoga Program for Latiné Women With Overweight or Obesity Diagnosed With Cancer: A Single Arm Pilot Study. Global advances in integrative medicine and health, 2024. 13: p. 27536130241245432. 10.1177/27536130241245432 Wilson EM et al (2021) Obese endometrial cancer survivors’ perceptions of weight loss strategies and characteristics that may influence participation in behavioral interventions. Gynecologic Oncol Rep 36:100719. 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100719 Greenlee H et al (2009) Facilitators and barriers to recruitment for an exercise and dietary intervention study in minority breast cancer survivors. Cancer Res (Chicago Ill) 69(2Supplement):5077. 10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS-5077 Lee NK et al (2014) Understanding barriers and facilitators to healthy lifestyle change in African American endometrial cancer survivors and their social network. Gynecol Oncol 133:164–165. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.434 Prado AM et al (2020) Abstract B010: Avanzando juntas: Adapting an evidence-based weight loss program for Hispanic breast and gynecologic cancer survivors. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 29(6_Supplement_2): pp. B010-B010. 10.1158/1538-7755.DISP19-B010 Rivers DA et al Abstract B100: Using a plant-based diet and exercise to improve outcomes in African American postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer survivors. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 2023. 32(12_Supplement): p. B100-B100. 10.1158/1538-7755.DISP23-B100 Smith SA, Joyce MSWM, Fontenot SQ, Alema-Mensah B, Ansa E (2016) Engaging African Americans in developing an intervention to reduce breast cancer recurrence: A brief report. J Ga Public Health Association 6(1). 10.21633/jgpha.6.120 Paul RC (2018) Understanding lifestyle behaviors and the development of a theory-based nutrition and physical activity education intervention for Latina breast cancer survivors. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Columbia University Stolley MR et al (2017) Context is Key in Addressing Obesity and Lifestyle in Diverse Populations of Cancer Survivors. 25(S2):S25–S26 Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 10.1002/oby.22019 Statistics OfN (2022) Regional ethnic diversity . ; Available from: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/ Mensinger JL et al (2016) A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial. Appetite 105:364–374. 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006 Finch A, Benham A (2024) Patient attitudes and experiences towards exercise during oncological treatment. A qualitative systematic review. Support Care Cancer 32(8):509. 10.1007/s00520-024-08649-2 Befort CA et al (2015) Effective recruitment of rural breast cancer survivors into a lifestyle intervention. Psycho-oncology (Chichester, England). 24(4):487–490. 10.1002/pon.3614 Antony M et al (2024) A Scoping Review of Medical Mistrust Among Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Minorities With Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Curēus (Palo Alto, CA). 16(6):e62410. 10.7759/cureus.62410 Mouslim MC, Johnson RM, Dean LT (2020) Healthcare system distrust and the breast cancer continuum of care. Breast Cancer Res Treat 180(1):33–44. 10.1007/s10549-020-05538-0 Wilson S et al (2024) Recommendations to advance digital health equity: a systematic review of qualitative studies. NPJ Digit Med 7(1):173–179. 10.1038/s41746-024-01177-7 Yao R, Zhang W, Evans R, Cao G, Rui T, Shen L (2022) Inequities in health care services caused by the adoption of digital health technologies: scoping review. J Med Internet Res 24(3):e34144. 10.2196/34144 Sanz-Remacha M et al (2023) A Qualitative Evaluation of a Community-Based Intervention on Health-Related Behaviors in Disadvantaged Women. Res Q Exerc Sport 94(1):272–282. 10.1080/02701367.2021.1971149 Kim K et al (1971) Effects of Community-Based Health Worker Interventions to Improve Chronic Disease Management and Care Among Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic Review. American journal of public health 2016. 106(4): pp. e3-e28. 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987 Rosas LG et al (2015) Vivamos Activos: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Community-Based Weight Loss Strategies among Obese, Low-income Latinos. J Acad Nutr Dietetics 115(4):537–550e2. 10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.020 Organization WH (2018) WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes . ; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550369 Michie S, Atkins L, West R (2014) The behaviour change wheel a guide to designing interventions. Silverback Publishing, Sutton Golden SD et al (2015) Upending the Social Ecological Model to Guide Health Promotion Efforts Toward Policy and Environmental Change. Health Educ Behav 42(1suppl):8S–14S. 10.1177/1090198115575098 Jensen MT et al (2024) The effectiveness of social-support-based weight-loss interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes 48(5):599–611. 10.1038/s41366-024-01468-9 Marquez B et al (2016) The relationship of social support with treatment adherence and weight loss in Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Obes (Silver Spring Md) 24(3):568–575. 10.1002/oby.21382 Tang W-z et al (2023) Correlates of stigma for patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 31(1):55. 10.1007/s00520-022-07506-4 Sawtell M et al (2023) Group antenatal care: findings from a pilot randomised controlled trial of REACH Pregnancy Circles. Pilot and feasibility studies. 9(1):42–15. 10.1186/s40814-023-01238-w Yanez B et al (2016) Cancer Outcomes in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: An Integrative Review and Conceptual Model of Determinants of Health. J Latina/o Psychol 4(2):114–129. 10.1037/lat0000055 Mehl KR, Morain SR, Largent EA (2025) The Importance of Including Underserved Populations in Research: Importance of Including Underserved Populations in Research. Pharm Med 39(2):59–71. 10.1007/s40290-025-00562-1 Moloney C, Shiely F (2022) Underserved groups remain underserved as eligibility criteria routinely exclude them from breast cancer trials. J Clin Epidemiol 147:132–141. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.03.011 Mahood Q, Van Eerd D, Irvin E (2014) Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: challenges and benefits. Res Synth Methods 5(3):221–234. 10.1002/jrsm.1106 Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: This work was supported by a Programme Development Grant from the National Institute of Health & Care Research (NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. RJB also reports funding from Breast Cancer Now and Yorkshire Cancer Research. RJB receives an honorarium from the World Cancer Research Fund for her role as a panel member for their grant funding. The other authors report no conflicts of interests. Supplementary Files FORALLScopingReviewSupplementaryFiles23.3.26.docx Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review: Supplementary Files Additional file 1 – docx, PRISMA-ScR checklist Additional file 2 – docx, Search strategies for each database Additional file 3 – docx, Full text screening decision tree Additional file 4 – docx, Data extraction form Additional file 5 – docx, Inclusion/exclusion criteria for included sources Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9198035\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Systematic Review\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":610551478,\"identity\":\"9fe27c66-ed17-4c5d-9f72-dfe80a9a3dee\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Amy Creaser\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-3678\",\"institution\":\"University of Leeds\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Amy\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Creaser\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551479,\"identity\":\"f1e285ea-1a5f-4551-ae84-8b28cd3e931b\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Natalie King\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4215-2323\",\"institution\":\"University of Leeds\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Natalie\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"King\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551480,\"identity\":\"a144dc69-5d7d-4696-a2cd-62c28d3d3be1\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Buse Apel\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-6782\",\"institution\":\"University of Hull\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Buse\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Apel\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551481,\"identity\":\"53a802a7-8965-440a-a872-74507fa15596\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Lanre Lawal\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8265-4005\",\"institution\":\"University of Hull\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lanre\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lawal\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551482,\"identity\":\"87d8b27c-ff3c-4d35-bd6b-4298caa3c93c\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Toral Shah\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"South Asian Supernovas Ltd\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Toral\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Shah\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551483,\"identity\":\"9e251847-c3da-4b70-b9d1-da042d41d130\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Julie Walabyeki\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-6617\",\"institution\":\"University of Hull\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Julie\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Walabyeki\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551484,\"identity\":\"63fac6bc-17e9-4d93-94ce-07a3339a8b6a\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"John Saxton\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-9455\",\"institution\":\"University of Hull\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"John\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Saxton\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551485,\"identity\":\"02eb896f-1e4a-4f77-923f-e218b1843e19\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Rebecca J Beeken\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHiA+wMDAzw5lAwEzcVokm0nWYnCYWC3mDbwHH3w4Y5NnfJj54IM3fxjk+Rt4jA3waZE5wJdsOONGWrHZYbZkw7ltDIYzDvAYJ+DTIsHAYybN8+Fw4rbDQAZvAwPjBgYe4wMEtJj//vPhf+LmZv7vv3n+MNgTo8WMmeHGgcQNzDxsQMSQCNKC32HMfMmSPWeSE2ccZjOWnNsmkQxkFOP1vgR778EPP47ZJfa3Nz/88OaPjS2QsVkCnxb0OJAgHJGjYBSMglEwCggDAMeQQrSDyO56AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8287-9351\",\"institution\":\"University of Leeds\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rebecca\",\"middleName\":\"J\",\"lastName\":\"Beeken\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":610551486,\"identity\":\"3e1d328d-09fc-4133-bd8b-53c2a18766c3\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Fiona Kennedy\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4910-2505\",\"institution\":\"University of Leeds\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fiona\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kennedy\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2026-03-23 08:58:51\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":false,\"vertebrateSubjects\":false,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":true,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false,\"humanSubjectConsent\":false,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":105310718,\"identity\":\"a08a9bbf-2dd1-4542-ae6c-09f5341097d7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-03-24 15:12:08\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":654978,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePRISMA diagram\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9198035/v1/85f16a9aa0f2b363e2a7e355.jpeg\"},{\"id\":105310675,\"identity\":\"8e2f588d-05db-4834-a19c-ac9e978788e9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-03-24 15:12:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":27326,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eNumber of published papers by study design over time\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9198035/v1/8455aa2ab95d64b868dda46a.png\"},{\"id\":105310861,\"identity\":\"4895a4a8-e289-49a8-889a-17f967e32df7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-03-24 15:12:55\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2278417,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9198035/v1/7b76a3d0-c7d0-4971-9854-9f267dafa695.pdf\"},{\"id\":105310716,\"identity\":\"af9737d0-8af9-40ef-b26d-da89b2492e78\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-03-24 15:12:08\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":437058,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBarriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review: Supplementary Files\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAdditional file 1 – docx, PRISMA-ScR checklist\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAdditional file 2 – docx, Search strategies for each database\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAdditional file 3 – docx, Full text screening decision tree\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAdditional file 4 – docx, Data extraction form\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAdditional file 5 – docx, Inclusion/exclusion criteria for included sources\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"FORALLScopingReviewSupplementaryFiles23.3.26.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9198035/v1/b3b76d6f66ccf20c045ea792.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: This work was supported by a Programme Development Grant from the National Institute of Health \\u0026 Care Research (NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. RJB also reports funding from Breast Cancer Now and Yorkshire Cancer Research. RJB receives an honorarium from the World Cancer Research Fund for her role as a panel member for their grant funding. The other authors report no conflicts of interests. \",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBarriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eExcess body weight is a modifiable determinant of poorer health outcomes in people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This includes an increased risk of cancer recurrence, cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, and adverse survivorship outcomes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In women LWBC, excess weight has also been linked to higher incidence of treatment-related complications, including lymphedema [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e], poorer health-related quality of life [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e], and worse physical and psychosocial functioning [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Consequently, international cancer prevention and survivorship guidelines recommend that adults LWBC attain and maintain a healthy body weight and avoid weight gain through healthy dietary and physical activity (PA) behaviours [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWeight management following a cancer diagnosis is, however, multifaceted and complex. Weight gain during and after treatment is common and influenced by a combination of biological, treatment-related, behavioural, and social factors, including age, menopausal status, cancer type and stage, treatment, and pre-diagnosis weight status [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity also play a role, with women from ethnic minority backgrounds, particularly Black women, and of lower SES at greater risk of post-diagnosis weight gain and obesity-related complications [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. For example, a cohort study of 956 women diagnosed with stage 0\\u0026ndash;III breast cancer before the age of 40 found that lower financial comfort and Black ethnicity were independently associated with weight gain one-year post-diagnosis, with financial disadvantage continuing to predict weight gain up to three years post-diagnosis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These disparities are particularly concerning given the established links between excess weight and poorer cancer outcomes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlthough behavioural strategies, including dietary modification and increased PA, can reduce weight and body fat, as well as improving health-related quality of life and mental health [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e], participation in interventions that support such behaviours remains inequitable. Weight management interventions disproportionately engage White women of higher SES, while women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES are often underrepresented [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Underserved women LWBC are less likely to enrol in, adhere to, or complete behavioural weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e] and the intersectionality of ethnicity, SES, obesity, and cancer brings an additional dimension to the challenge of how to sustainably engage them. Outside of the cancer setting, tailored approaches that incorporate cultural values, linguistic relevance and lived experience have shown promise in supporting health behaviour change in underserved populations, including improvements in dietary behaviours and PA [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, effective tailoring requires a nuanced understanding of the specific barriers and enablers that shape engagement. To inform equitable intervention design and implementation to support weight management post-diagnosis, it is therefore critical to comprehensively explore the factors influencing and preventing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConsequently, this scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify and present available sources of evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women from ethnic minority and of lower SES backgrounds LWBC. A scoping review was selected to systematically map the extent, nature, and characteristics of the existing literature, given the uncertainties of study designs, populations, and intervention modalities utilised in the literature to date [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Key gaps identified will inform both future research and intervention development to support underserved women LWBC.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis scoping review was conducted in accordance with an a priori protocol published on the Open Science Framework on 3rd February 2025 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (the PRISMA-ScR; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. A checklist, informed by PRISMA-ScR [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e] which outlines the items reported in this scoping review is included in Additional file 1.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInclusion criteria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe inclusion criteria were developed using the Participants, Concepts and Context (PCC) criteria [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e provides an overview of this review\\u0026rsquo;s inclusion and exclusion criteria.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria following the PPC criteria [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParticipants\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInclusion criteria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExclusion criteria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Female adults (\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;18 years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Living with or beyond cancer (diagnosed in adulthood)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Ethnic minority or low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Exclusively included males, or male-specific cancers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Sources that do not stratify findings of interest by ethnicity and/or SES (if other participants are included)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcept\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Behavioural weight management intervention via PA and/or diet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Barriers and enablers to engagement in a behavioural weight management intervention\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Intervention not targeting behavioural weight management via a PA and/or diet component\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Effectiveness of a behavioural weight management intervention\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Barriers and enablers to PA and/or diet, but not a weight management intervention\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eContext\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; All settings and countries\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTypes of sources\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Peer-reviewed studies published in academic journals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Pre-prints\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Conference abstracts\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Dissertations and theses\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Reports\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Reviews (e.g. systematic and scoping reviews)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Protocols\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Case studies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e*Sources that engaged the target population, as well as other participants (e.g. males, White ethnicity, higher SES) were included if the study findings were stratified by sex/gender, ethnicity and/or SES.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParticipants\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSources of evidence were included if they engaged female adults (\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;18 years) LWBC from underserved communities. Participants must have been diagnosed with cancer in adulthood and could have comorbidities. Underserved communities for the purposes of this review were defined as women from ethnic minority backgrounds and/or of lower SES backgrounds. Socioeconomic status (SES) could be measured using individual-level (e.g. income, education) and/or area-level (e.g. neighbourhood, post/zip code) indicators [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Sources including the target population alongside other participants (e.g. males, White ethnicity, higher SES) were included if findings were stratified by sex/gender and ethnicity and/or SES; only data relevant to the target population were extracted.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcepts\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSources of evidence were included if they examined barriers and/or enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions. Behavioural weight management interventions were defined as a programme designed to support the attainment and maintenance of a healthy body weight through diet and/or PA. Sources of evidence were considered relevant if the intervention explicitly stated a purpose of weight management or weight loss, or if this intent was implicit, as indicated by the measurement of weight as a primary or secondary outcome or described within the study narrative. Sources targeting additional health behaviours (e.g., smoking cessation) were included if diet and/or PA for weight management were also addressed; only weight management-related findings were extracted. Barriers referred to factors hindering engagement, and enablers as factors facilitating or encouraging engagement [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Barriers and enablers could be reported at any stage (prior to, during, after, or without participation in an intervention) and by any informant, including participants, intervention deliverers, or researchers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eContext\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSources conducting research in any setting or country and written in any language were included. During full-text screening, non-English sources were translated using Google Translate to assess initial eligibility. Where relevant, full texts were translated into English by an appropriate individual; if this was not possible, the source was excluded.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTypes of sources\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed journal articles and non-peer-reviewed sources (pre-prints, conference abstracts, dissertations, theses, reports, and text/opinion pieces) were included. Reviews, protocol papers, and case studies were excluded. All study designs, outcome measures, and quantitative and qualitative findings were eligible.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSearch strategy\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAn initial Embase search was conducted by a university information specialist (N.K) to identify relevant keywords and subject headings. The strategy was refined through meetings with the research team, and a project management group reviewed the draft strategy with no amendments suggested. The final search strategies aligned with the PPC criteria [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e], incorporating participants (cancer patients AND ethnic minority OR socioeconomic status) and concepts (AND weight management interventions). No date or language restrictions were applied. Six databases were searched in December 2024: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL, with an updated search conducted on 9th January 2026. Database-specific strategies are presented in Additional file 2. Searches were peer reviewed using the PRESS checklist [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource of evidence selection\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSearch results were deduplicated in EndNote version 21.1 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e], and screened in Covidence [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Eligibility assessment followed two-stage process: (1) title and abstract and, (2) full text screening, conducted independently by two authors, split between authors A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K., R.B., J.S., and J.W. Authors referred to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the scoping review protocol [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. A pilot screening of 100 records was undertaken at the title/abstract stage, with discrepancies discussed and resolved [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Disagreements at all stages were resolved through discussion between authors. Full-text exclusions were categorised using a predefined decision tree (\\u0026lsquo;wrong publication type\\u0026rsquo;, \\u0026lsquo;wrong demographic\\u0026rsquo;, \\u0026lsquo;not a behavioural weight management intervention\\u0026rsquo;, \\u0026lsquo;wrong outcome\\u0026rsquo;; Additional file 3), with reasons recorded in Covidence. When multiple sources reported the same research, the source providing the most comprehensive information was included, and the remaining sources were considered duplicates (e.g. journal articles were included in preference to conference abstracts). Reference lists of included sources were screened, and the FORALL Project Management Group reviewed included sources; no additional sources were identified.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData extraction\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData were extracted using a standardised form developed in line with the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e] in Covidence [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Four authors (A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K.) conducted data extraction. The form was piloted on seven sources by two authors to assess usability and accuracy, with refinements discussed prior to full extraction. Remaining sources were extracted by one author (A.C., B.A., L.L., F.K.) and checked by a second author (A.C., or B.A.). The extraction form is provided in Additional file 4. Quality appraisal was not conducted, as included sources were heterogeneous and quality assessment is not recommended for scoping reviews [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData analysis and presentation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs scoping reviews aim to map the evidence rather than synthesise findings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e], results were summarised using a descriptive, narrative approach, organised according to similarities across included sources.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSearch results\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe database searches yielded 18,983 records. Once duplicates were removed there were 11,362 screened and with 29 sources of evidence being included in the review. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e displays the PRISMA diagram.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCharacteristics of included sources\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e provides an overview of included sources of evidence, and Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e provides an overview of evidence types by publication date. Of the 29 sources, 22 (75.86%) were peer-reviewed journal articles [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR31 CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37 CR38 CR39 CR40 CR41 CR42 CR43 CR44 CR45 CR46 CR47 CR48 CR49\\\" citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e], four (13.79%) conference abstracts [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR52 CR53\\\" citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e], and one (3.45%) were a report [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e], dissertation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], and text/opinion piece [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e], respectively. The largest number of publications were in 2020 (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;6; 20.69%). Methodologies included qualitative (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;12; 41.38%) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], randomised controlled trials (RCT; n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5; 17.24%) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e], mixed methods (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4; 13.79%) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e], pilot studies (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4; 13.79%) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], surveys (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2; 6.9%) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e], and a feasibility study [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e] and forum workshop [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e] (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1; 3.45% respectively). Most sources (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;26; 89.66%) were conducted in the United States, one (3.45%) in the Netherlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e], and two (6.9%) did not specify a location [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThirteen sources (43.83%) implemented a weight management intervention [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e], while 16 (55.17%) did not, and explored barriers and/or enablers to understand experiences and/or contribute to intervention development/adaptations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR47\\\" citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR56\\\" citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Intervention duration ranged from 4 weeks (mixed-methods study [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e]) to 6 months (mostly RCTs or pilot studies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]). Interventions were underpinned by the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]), Control Theory [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e], Acceptance-Based Therapy [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e], and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e]). Delivery modes included digital or eHealth-based [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e], community or group-based [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], and hybrid or home-based coaching [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e] approaches. Some sources incorporated cultural and linguistic tailoring, such as bilingual sessions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e] and culturally grounded lifestyle approaches [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParticipants\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSample sizes ranged from 5 participants in a qualitative study [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e] to 246 in an RCT [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The mean age of participants ranged from 45.2 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e] to 66.1 years [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Recruitment primarily occurred through clinic/hospital settings (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;18; 62.07%; 12 exclusively) and community settings (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;7; 24.14%; 1 exclusively). Additional file 5 outlines included sources\\u0026rsquo; inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eleven sources engaged exclusively African American or Black women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR46\\\" citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e], three included exclusively Hispanic women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], and three included women from African or Hispanic descent [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Other populations included Native Hawaiian and/or Filipino women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e] and non-Western immigrant women living in the Netherlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. With the exception of one study conducted with women living in the Netherlands (focused on non-Western migrants), there were no European studies, and no studies from Australia or New Zealand. There were no studies focused on Black women outside of the USA and no studies focused on Asian women.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNine sources required English proficiency to participate [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR31\\\" citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Body mass index inclusion criteria included\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\\u0026sup2; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e], \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\\u0026sup2; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e], \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;30 kg/m\\u0026sup2; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e], 25\\u0026ndash;40 kg/m\\u0026sup2; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e], and 30\\u0026ndash;45 kg/m\\u0026sup2; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Whereas 15 sources did not report body mass index (BMI) as an inclusion or exclusion criteria. Eighteen sources reported SES indicators of their sample, such as lower household income (e.g. \\u0026lt;\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e15,000 USD [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]), employment status (e.g. 53% on leave from work post-treatment [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e]) and educational levels (e.g. 22% completing high school [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]). Additional indicators of lower SES included the use of government food assistance programmes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], food insecurity [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e], and recruitment through safety-net hospitals, where patients are predominantly uninsured or underinsure [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEighteen sources (62.07%) involved women LWBC of the breast [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35 CR36\\\" citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR40 CR41\\\" citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR46\\\" citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], three sources engaged women diagnosed with endometrial cancer [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e], and three included breast cancer alongside other cancer types (endometrial [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e], ovarian or endometrial [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e], and gynaecologic [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e]). Four sources included underserved women with any cancer [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e] and three involved professionals working with breast cancer survivors [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e] (Kiplagat et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e] and Kizub et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e] also engaged women with lived experience). Inclusion criterion included being \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;3 months [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e], \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;90 days [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e], \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;6 months [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e], 2-years [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e] post-treatment, with Sheppard et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e] also excluding women over five years post-treatment, and Sinclair et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e] including women between two weeks and six years post-treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy characteristic of included sources\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAuthors and publication date\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eType of source\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAim(s)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCountry\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy design\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParticipant characteristics\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntervention description\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData collection and analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAflague et al. 2023 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore culturally acceptable ways of engaging breast cancer survivors in lifestyle interventions, examine the relevance of evidence-based strategies to support weight loss and determine ideal intervention settings\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommunity and professional stakeholders working with breast cancer survivors in Guam and Hawaii (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;19; 17 female)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews; Data analysed using grounded theory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAflague et al. 2023 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo identify multilevel barriers and facilitators to nutrition and physical activity interventions among Native Hawaiian, CHamoru, and Filipino breast cancer survivors, to inform the development of a lifestyle intervention\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMixed methods\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative Hawaiian, Filipino, and CHamoru women with a history of breast cancer in Guam and Hawaii (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;28; 79% \\u0026ge;50 years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus groups and demographic surveys; Data analysed using grounded theory and thematic analysis informed by socioecological model\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAllicock et al. 2021 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an app-based diet and physical activity intervention, \\u0026lsquo;Creating Healthy Actions through Technology (CHAT)\\u0026rsquo; for African American breast cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePilot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;6 months post-treatment (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;22; mean age of 52.23 years, 95.45% BMI of \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 59.09% \\u0026ge;graduate college, 67% annual income \\u0026ge;\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e30,000, 81% employed full or part time)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFour-week digital lifestyle intervention using the CHAT smartphone app, incorporating daily self-monitoring of diet and physical activity via ecological momentary assessments, tailored feedback messages, and a health education newsletter, underpinned by Social Cognitive and Control Theory. Comparator received app and newsletter without tailored feedback\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEcological momentary assessments via mobile app; Data analysed using descriptive statistical analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAycinena et al. 2017 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo identify clinical, demographic, and psychosocial factors associated with enrolment and adherence in a weight loss intervention for Hispanic and Black breast cancer survivors, La Vida Activa/An Active Life study\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRandomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHispanic and African-descent breast cancer survivors (stage 0\\u0026ndash;III) who were overweight and sedentary (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;42; mean age of 50.7 years for enrollers and 53.1 years for non-enrollers, mean BMI 33.2 kg/m\\u0026sup2; for enrollers and 33.8 kg/m\\u0026sup2; for non-enrollers)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month bilingual, culturally adapted lifestyle intervention combining Curves\\u0026reg; circuit-based exercise (3\\u0026times;/week) with group nutrition education delivered in fitness centres. Waitlist control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQuestionnaire; Data analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-tests and chi-square)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBernard-Davila et al. 2015 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo examine barriers and facilitators to enrolment in a behavioural intervention for Spanish-speaking Hispanic breast cancer survivors.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRandomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpanish-speaking Hispanic breast cancer survivors\\u0026rsquo; post-treatment (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;102; mean age of 56.4 years for enrollers and 59.3 years for non-enrollers, 77.5% Dominican, 22% completed high school, 70.6% annual household income below the New York City median of \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;15,000 per year, 59.8% enrolled in nutrition assistance programme, 20.6% employed full time)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12-week culturally tailored, Spanish-language group dietary intervention delivered through cooking and nutrition education sessions at a university teaching kitchen. Comparator group received written dietary advice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScreening questionnaires and medical record review; Data analysed using inferential statistical analysis (chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ede Kruif et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore non-Western immigrant women\\u0026rsquo;s experiences of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and weight- and lifestyle-related changes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNetherlands\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNon-Western immigrant women with early-stage breast cancer receiving chemotherapy living in the Netherlands (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;28; mean age of 45.2 years, 42% Turkish, 21% Moroccan, 53% employed)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFasano et al. 2024 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo examine breast cancer patients\\u0026rsquo; experiences and perspectives on weight management in a racially diverse clinical setting\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWomen with non-metastatic breast cancer who were overweight/obese and had completed treatment (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;17; median age of 58 years, median BMI 34.6 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 70.6% identified as non-Hispanic Black)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFerrante et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo assess feasibility and potential efficacy of commercial mHealth/eHealth tools for weight loss in African American breast cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePilot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;37; mean age of 61.54, mean BMI 36.73 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 51.43% college graduates and retired)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month digital weight loss intervention using the SparkPeople platform and Fitbit activity tracker, embedding self-monitoring of diet and physical activity, goal setting, and behavioural support, underpinned by Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStructured and open-ended surveys; Data analysed using descriptive analysis with thematic summarisation of open-text responses\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGreenlee et al. 2009 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConference abstract\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore facilitators and barriers to recruiting Hispanic and Black women into a randomized waitlist-controlled pilot study\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNot stated\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRandomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHispanic and Black breast cancer survivors who were overweight and sedentary (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;50; 70% \\u0026ge;high school education)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month Curves\\u0026reg; circuit-based exercise and low-fat, high-vegetable nutrition programme. Waitlist control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEligibility screening and enrolment data; Data analysis procedure not reported\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKiplagat et al. 2022 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo adapt a scalable lifestyle intervention and evaluate its feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy for minority breast cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFeasibility\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack breast cancer survivors and healthcare providers (intervention n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;30; focus groups n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;18):\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus Groups: mean BMI 29.13 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 87.5% foreign-born.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntervention: mean BMI 36.5 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 93% foreign-born from the Caribbean, 43% \\u0026ge;high school education, almost half reported food insecurity in the past year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16-week home-based lifestyle intervention combining diet and physical activity goal setting with acceptance-based therapy, delivered via lay health coaching and telephone/video sessions, including self-monitoring and SMART goals. No comparator group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus group and acceptability questionnaire; Data analysed using grounded theory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKizub et al. 2025 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore and compare patient and healthcare professionals perspectives regarding healthy eating/exercise, lifestyle counselling, and referrals to healthy living programming in a safety-net oncology setting to inform future healthy living interventions and improve referral pathways among underserved patients with cancer\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOncology patients (71% African American) and healthcare professionals from a safety-net hospital serving predominantly uninsured and underinsured populations (patients n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;31; staff n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;21)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews; Data analysed using deductive-inductive content coding approach\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKwarteng et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo examine facilitators of behaviour change and weight loss among African American breast cancer survivors participating in the Moving Forward trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRandomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;246; mean age of 57.5 years, mean BMI 36.1 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 22.8% family combined income of \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e20,000\\u0026ndash;39,999)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month community-based weight loss intervention with twice-weekly supervised exercise classes and supportive text messaging. Comparator group was a self-guided programme with educational materials\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQuestionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics, linear and mixed models\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLee et al. 2014 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConference abstract\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore attitudes, barriers, facilitators, and support networks to lifestyle change among African American endometrial cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American women with obesity and a history of endometrial cancer (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;21; median age of 64 years, mean BMI 38 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 35% \\u0026ge;college degree, 75% retired or not working)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured focus groups; Data analysed using thematic analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNyrop et al. 2021 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore patient perspectives on tailoring weight-related messaging for racially diverse breast cancer survivors.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNon-Hispanic Black and White women with early-stage breast cancer and obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;26; mean age of 55 years, mean BMI 35.7 kg/m\\u0026sup2;)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus groups; Data analysed using codebook-driven consensus coding with narrative thematic synthesis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOwens et al. 2009 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate the feasibility of a structured exercise intervention during treatment in a predominately Hispanic population of women\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePilot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWomen undergoing or recently completing breast cancer treatment (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;13; age range 40\\u0026ndash;63 years, mean BMI 28.1 kg/m\\u0026sup2;,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53% on leave from work due to cancer treatment)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month supervised exercise programme including resistance training and brisk walking, delivered three times per week and guided by a physical therapist, underpinned by the Transtheoretical Model. No comparator group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInterviews; Data analysed using grounded theory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePaul 2018 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePhD thesis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo describe the development of a culturally tailored diet and physical activity education programme for Hispanic/Latina breast cancer survivors, Mi Vida Saludable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHispanic/Latina breast cancer survivors post-treatment including English- and Spanish-speaking participants (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8; mean age of 58.3 years for Spanish-speakers and 54 years for English-speakers, 50% college degree, households of Spanish-speaking participants had government food assistance)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus groups led by bilingual; Data analysis procedure not reported\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePower et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore experiences of self-monitoring weight and physical activity using digital tools among African American breast cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the past 10 years (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;35, 21 interviewed; mean age of 52.6 years, mean BMI 33.1 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 9.5% \\u0026lt;high school education, 47.1% annual income\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;US\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e60,000)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSix-month home-based intervention promoting daily self-weighing using wireless scales, with optional activity tracking, online feedback, and tailored lessons, underpinned by Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews and baseline questionnaires; Data analysed using thematic analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrado et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConference abstract\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo inform cultural adaptation of an evidence-based weight loss intervention for Hispanic breast and gynaecologic cancer survivors, Moving Forward\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNot stated\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHispanic breast and gynaecologic cancer survivors\\u0026rsquo; post-treatment (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;30)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus group discussions and interviews; Data analysed using content analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRaber et al. 2023 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo describe wellness characteristics and programme preferences of cancer survivors in an underserved Black community\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMixed methods\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePredominantly Black and Hispanic cancer survivors living in an underserved urban area (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;31; 94% \\u0026gt;50 years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews; Data analysed using thematic analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRivers et al. 2023 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConference abstract\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and health impact of a plant-based diet and physical activity intervention among obese postmenopausal African American women\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMixed methods\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eObese postmenopausal African American survivors of breast or endometrial cancer (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFour-week home-based plant-based diet intervention providing produce boxes. No comparator group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus group; Data analysis procedure not reported\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRossi et al. 2015 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo examine physical activity behaviours, preferences, and intervention needs among ethnically diverse endometrial cancer survivors, informing the development of a pilot physical activity intervention\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvey\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnically diverse endometrial cancer survivors (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;66; mean age of 64.4 years, 17% overweight, 73% obese,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41% non-Hispanic black,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62% \\u0026le;high school)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEight-week community-based physical activity programme consisting of weekly 1-hour group exercise classes with cardiovascular and resistance training. No comparator group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQuestionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSheppard et al. 2016 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore experiences and outcomes of a lifestyle intervention among Black cancer survivors to inform future trials\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRandomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors with obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;22; mean age of 54.7 years, 80.6% obese, 51.6% \\u0026gt;high school and 75% \\u0026ge;one comorbidity)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12-week culturally tailored lifestyle intervention (Stepping STONE) combining group-based nutrition education, supervised physical activity, and motivational interviewing phone coaching, underpinned by TPB and Social Cognitive Theory. Waitlist control receiving general health information\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQuestionnaire and focus group; Data analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSinclair et al. 2024 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo explore the lived experiences of breast cancer survivorship among African American women with obesity to better understand their experiences and perceptions of how their cancer journey intersects with other health behaviours.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American or Black breast cancer survivors, with a BMI of 30\\u0026ndash;45 kg/m\\u0026sup2; (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5; mean age of 57.4 years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCo-design workshop; Data analysed using artifact creation and affinity diagramming\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSmith et al. 2016 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReport\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo inform the development of a culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention to reduce breast cancer recurrence\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommunity report describing African American breast cancer survivors from a support group (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;60; mean age of 45.73 years)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExtended guided group discussions; Data analysed using content analysis and thematic summarisation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSmith et al. 2016 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo develop and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a smartphone-based educational intervention for African American breast cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQualitative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfrican American breast cancer survivors participating in a support group (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;12; mean age of 50 years, 42% annual income of \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e25,000-\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e49,000)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFocus groups and semi-structured interviews; Data analysed using grounded theory and content analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSt. George et al. 2020 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo inform the design of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for racially and ethnically diverse women cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMixed methods\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnically diverse grandmothers (Hispanic, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;16), with a history of breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancer and obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;46; mean age of 66.1 years, mean BMI 31.5 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 34.8% income \\u0026lt;\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e25,000)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvey and subset interviews; Data analysed using quantitative tests and inductive qualitative synthesis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStolley et al. 2017 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eText and opinion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAims not stated\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eForum workshop\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eForum workshop and opinion piece discussing cancer survivorship in diverse populations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eN/A\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eN/A\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVictorson et al. 2024 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo develop and pilot a culturally informed yoga programme for non-English-speaking Latina women with breast cancer\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePilot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpanish-speaking cancer survivors with overweight/obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;35; mean age of 55.7 years, mean BMI 32.4 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 28.6% annual income of \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e15,000-\\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e24,999)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12-week culturally adapted Spanish-language Hatha yoga programme delivered weekly in community settings, incorporating structured yoga sessions and facilitated social support. No comparator group\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBaseline questionnaires; Data analysed using descriptive statistics of feasibility, acceptability, and preference data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWilson et al. 2021 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeer-reviewed paper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo identify motivators and barriers to weight loss and factors influencing intervention enrolment among endometrial cancer survivors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvey\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndometrial cancer survivors with obesity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;155; mean age of 60.6 years, median BMI 39.2 kg/m\\u0026sup2;, 31.8% annual income between \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e25,000 and \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e50,000)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo intervention delivered\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSurvey and medical record review; Data analysed using regression modelling and inferential statistical analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e*Stolley et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e] did not conduct primary research, but their workshop focused on women residing in the USA\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarriers and enablers to engagement\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC is complex and multifaceted. No consistent differences in reported barriers and enablers were observed across participant demographics or evidence sources. Where differences by participant characteristics were identified, these are described in the narrative.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndividual and motivational factors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSources highlighted demographic differences in engagement with weight management interventions. Aycinena et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e] found that low-income women who did not enrol in a 6-month weight management RCT, involving structured exercise classes, were more likely to be Hispanic, have Spanish as their primary language, be unemployed and have less than a high school qualification. Similarly, Bernard-Davila et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported higher enrolment among employed and White women. Despite the intervention being delivered in Spanish, women who only spoke Spanish at home were less likely to enrol, with enrollers showing higher levels of acculturation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Clinical factors also impacted enrolment. Bernard-Davila et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e] identified HER2\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;status as a predictor of enrolment, and Aycinena et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported that enrollers were more often diagnosed at stage II or above and had received surgery and chemotherapy. They also tended to report fewer comorbidities than non-participants [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDespite this, women LWBC expressed strong motivations to engage in weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Beliefs about the relationship between weight management and cancer outcomes facilitated enrolment in a weight management intervention. Greenlee et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e] found that Hispanic and Black women with breast cancer were more likely to enrol if they believed that losing weight could prolong survival, dietary changes could help prevent recurrence, and exercise could improve well-being, reduce recurrence risk, and extend survival. Motivations were not always driven by cancer-related concerns or weight loss. In Wilson et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e] study, most obese women with endometrial cancer reported a desire to feel better (77%) and reduce long-term obesity risks (66%), while only 27% reported their cancer diagnosis as motivation for weight loss, though this was higher among women with a BMI of \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;40 kg/m\\u0026sup2;. Similarly, Rossi et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported that most participants wanted to improve their overall health (48%) by participating in a weight management intervention, compared to 26% of women reporting losing weight itself as the primary motivator.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePerceived safety\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWomen expressed concerns over safety as a barrier to engagement in weight management interventions. Rossi et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported that many endometrial cancer survivors declined taking part in structured exercise sessions because they were unable or unwilling to obtain medical clearance. Likewise, Greenlee et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e] found that women who did not enrol to take part in a circuit-based exercise and high-vegetable/low-fat nutrition intervention, were more likely to report exercising after a cancer diagnosis is dangerous. Bernard-Davila et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e] also found that non-enrollers to nutrition sessions often feared unexpected side effects if they took part, while St. George [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e] found that some women reported fearing that weight loss signalled cancer recurrence.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSocial support\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSocial support by leveraging existing networks (e.g. family and friends) and forming new networks within weight management interventions were deemed facilitators of engagement across multiple sources. Family and friends offer logistical (e.g. transportation and meal preparation) and emotional support for engagement with weight management [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e], as well as enhancing enjoyment through family-orientated activities [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e]. There were recommendations for weight management interventions to be reciprocally beneficial for family and friends, with women emphasising promoting healthy behaviours among children [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e] and engaging family and friends with similar goals [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Cultural context also played a role in social support preferences, with Hawaiian and Guam women reporting the importance of involving family in nutrition education, describing their culture as \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;food-centric\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeveral sources highlighted the value of forming new support systems within the intervention itself. Group-based formats were widely favoured [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e], offering peer interactions, shared experiences, and mutual encouragement [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Interventions incorporating supervised group exercise and supportive messaging improved perceived social support among African American survivors [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Group dynamics were meaningful for women from cultural minority groups, with Spanish-speaking- and Hispanic and Black women reporting greater motivation and connection in group settings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Some women favoured groups matched for demographics (e.g., ethnicity, spoken language) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], whereas others felt that more diverse groups could enrich understanding of shared cancer experiences [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In some cases, Black women and people who support Native Hawaiian, Filipino and CHamoru women raised concerns about privacy and a willingness to take part in group activities without sharing their personal experiences [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCultural context\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAcross sources, participants emphasised the importance of weight management interventions that value culturally meaningful traditions and adapt language and content to reflect cultural preferences [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e]. African American women highlighted the need to acknowledge ethnic differences in body composition (\\u0026ldquo;\\u003cem\\u003ehealthy weight in my community is different from for other women\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026rdquo; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]) and expressed preferences for plant-based- alternatives [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Hispanic and Latina women stressed the value of including culturally familiar foods, noting their limited representation in mainstream resources [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Similar views were reported among Caribbean women who preferred modifying traditional dishes rather than removing them entirely [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women in Guam and Hawaii also favoured nutrition guidance that incorporates local culinary practices, such as adapting brown red rice or tofu kelaguen, and recommended adjusting intervention language to avoid terms like \\u0026ldquo;exercise,\\u0026rdquo; which carry negative connotations; instead framing PA as movement with family and friends [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite these preferences, few interventions explicitly reported cultural adaptations. One exception was the Stepping STONE programme, in which over half of participants endorsed the culturally tailored content designed for African American women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Broader cultural stigma surrounding cancer must also be considered, with concerns that stigma and privacy issues may reduce engagement in publicly available weight management programmes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntervention deliverers and facilitators\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe importance of weight management interventions to be delivered by credible, trained professionals was reported, with women endorsing the involvement of nutritionist, exercise physiologist and survivor coaches [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although, some women reported a \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;sense of rigidity\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e with survivor coaches, describing them as \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;working within some confinements\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Lay patient navigators, community health workers and health educators were also recognised for their cultural insight and practical experience [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Trust in intervention deliverers was recognised, with the presence of a respected authority figure valued by Hawaiian women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]. For Hispanic women, linguistic and cultural alignment were meaningful, with them valuing Spanish-speaking and Latine-identifying yoga instructors, although instructor sex and cancer experience were less important [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWomen reported comfort discussing their weight with trusted and credentialed clinicians and oncologists as reliable sources of information and support for weight management [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Weight-related conversations were viewed as an important component of cancer care [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e], and a way of normalising conversations about weight [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite this, healthcare professionals report never providing weight management counselling and limited knowledge, uncertainties about if it is their responsibility to do so and a lack of time to make referrals [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Additionally, women receiving treatment from safety-net hospitals reported not participating in healthy living initiatives as they were not referred to by their physician [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntervention setting, mode of delivery and behaviour change tools\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePreferences for settings to deliver weight management interventions varied between individuals. In Rossi et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e] most women preferred interventions delivered at a cancer centre (64%), followed by local fitness clubs (58%) and home-based options (54%). Distance, transport costs, and unreliable transportation frequently limited participation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Home-based components were deemed convenient and accessible [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], however, some women reported experiencing interruptions and privacy concerns [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Other sources reported that a combination of online and in-person formats may be most acceptable [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The importance of accessibility, safety and convenience was reported [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR31\\\" citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e], with community-based settings being the preferred in-person location [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite efforts to deliver weight management interventions in convenient community locations (e.g. place of worship, community centre, or within a medical facility), transportation barriers persisted [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], particularly among women on lower incomes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDigital interventions were viewed as acceptable, particularly through apps and wearable devices that encourage self-monitoring. Web-based platforms offering educational materials were considered easy to use [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e], and women recommended integrating resources into existing patient portals [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e] and using YouTube or social media for exercise content [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, comfort with technology differed between individuals, with older women and those on lower incomes reporting less confidence [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women less confident using technology preferred educational videos lasting up to 10 minutes and communication via email and text messages, whereas those comfortable with technology preferred shorter 60\\u0026ndash;90 second videos [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Self-monitoring and goal setting were valued by women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e], such as using smartphone apps that would allow them to track diet and PA, receive guidance, and monitor progress (e.g., \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;It would help if the app allowed me to track my progress - tell me if I am eating the right number of foods to prevent cancer\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003cem\\u003e)\\u003c/em\\u003e. Having personalised goals were motivations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e], and African American reported good adherence to food and exercise tracking [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Interventions using wearable technology, such as wearable activity trackers (wearables), were deemed motivating, with one participant describing the wearable as \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;a little buddy on my shoulder\\u0026hellip; keeping me on track\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Similarly, women from Guam and Hawaii expressed wearables, such as Fitbits, kept them accountable [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite this, barriers to using wearables included forgetting or losing the device and problems syncing the device with its partnering app, with women wanting more support for using the devices [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Likewise, tracking food intake was deemed time-consuming and tedious [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Daily self-weighing was also seen as burdensome and discouraging due to daily weight fluctuations, however creating a routine for daily self-weighing may reduce this burden [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBroader environmental and social contexts were also highlighted [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women in Guam and Hawaii emphasised the importance of family-friendly settings, with the option of offering childcare services [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e], and African American women reflect on the accessibility of locating healthy food (\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;The closest grocery store is 7 miles away \\u0026hellip; I am stuck with over-priced processed food from the corner store\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e55\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Whereas, in their text/opinion piece, Stolley et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e] noted that many minority cancer survivors live in neighbourhoods with structural disadvantages, such as segregation, crime, and limited access to supportive resources. Yet, these communities also possess valuable assets, such as community groups, farmers markets, public recreation systems, parks and gardens, which could be leveraged to support weight management [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFinancial and logistical factors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePerceived intervention cost was a barrier to engagement [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e], with women declining participation if they anticipated it would cost to participate [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Lack of time, competing responsibilities (e.g. family and work commitments), inconvenient scheduling and relocation further limited engagement across all groups [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTiming within the cancer care pathway\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePreferences for when weight management support should be offered varied, but several sources highlighted the value of introducing guidance early in the cancer care pathway. While women in the Raber et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e] study expressed greater interest in healthy eating and PA interventions during or after treatment, African American women in Kiplagat et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e] study emphasised the importance of receiving weight management support at diagnosis. Although a new diagnosis can be overwhelming, women acknowledged the importance of discussing weight-related risks and healthy lifestyle behaviours as part of the initial treatment plan [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e] to improve treatment-related side effects [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Embedding weight management support within treatment plans was also viewed as a way of normalising conversations about weight [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e], and weight management support that were explicitly linked to cancer prevention and survivorship were valued [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Some women felt that their definition of healthy was not consistent with healthcare professionals, reporting that \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;doctors are overly focused on my weight and do not address my real-world challenges\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTailored approaches and holistic needs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAcross sources, women emphasised that weight management support must reflect individual circumstances and \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;one size doesn\\u0026rsquo;t fit all\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women valued personalised guidance, such as tailored nutrition advice, and valued the addition of one-to-one support within group-based interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite interventions being culturally tailored, women wanted weight management interventions to cover breast cancer and individual contextual and life situations (e.g. employment status and children) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women also highlighted the importance of adapting interventions to individual health issues, such as diabetes and hypertension [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e], as well as incorporating cancer-specific dietary guidance [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. A holistic approach to weight management was also reported, going beyond diet and PA to address broader well-being needs. African American women expressed a desire for their survivor coach, who was trained to deliver nutrition and PA support, to include mental health support (\\u0026ldquo;\\u003cem\\u003eThe psychology piece, mental health needs to be stepped up a little bit\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026rdquo; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]). Similarly, both African American and Guam women highlighted the need for stress management components within weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis scoping review synthesised available evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women LWBC from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES. Twenty-nine sources were identified, with the earliest publications in 2009 (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2), and peaking in 2020 (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;6) and 2023 (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4). Most sources were peer-reviewed, qualitative research conducted in the USA, with a strong focus on African American women and women LWBC of the breast. While emerging evidence suggests that engagement with behavioural weight management interventions is shaped by multilevel factors, this review highlights gaps in understanding experiences among other underserved ethnic groups, cancer types, and healthcare contexts. For example, within the United Kingdom (U.K) there are approximately five million people of South Asian heritage [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR58\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e58\\u003c/span\\u003e], yet no sources engaged women LWBC from South Asian communities or were conducted in the U.K. Differences in healthcare delivery, cultural norms, migration histories, and social support structures may influence engagement with weight management interventions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThere were no clear differences in reported barriers and enablers across participant demographics or evidence sources. Findings highlight that although underserved women LWBC demonstrate strong motivations to improve their health and wellbeing, structural, cultural, and contextual barriers may limit engagement in weight management interventions. The findings underscore the need for tailored, culturally responsive, and accessible interventions that address structural barriers and individual needs. Women from living on lower incomes, unemployed or with greater comorbidities are less likely to enrol in weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e], despite evidence suggesting these women may be at increased risk of post-diagnosis weight gain [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This review highlighted that low enrolment was not driven by a lack of interest, with underserved women LWBC, particularly women from ethnic minorities, expressing strong motivations to engage in weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Motivations to engage in weight management extended beyond weight loss to include improving overall health, reducing recurrence risk, and enhancing quality of life [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These findings underscore the importance of tailored weight management interventions that take a holistic approach to weight management, recognising the interconnectivity of emotional, behavioural, and physical health. This was particularly important for African American and Guam women, who reported integrating components of stress management into weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Evidence comparing weight-loss and weight-neutral (\\u0026ldquo;grounded in mindfulness skills and emphasising intuitive eating, self-care and pleasurable exercise\\u0026rdquo; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e59\\u003c/span\\u003e]) approaches in non-cancer populations found that although weight-neutral approaches demonstrated some benefits like larger reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the weight-loss approach demonstrated larger reductions in BMI [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e59\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This suggests that while weight management interventions may be more acceptable if they support holistic health, they should still recognise the value of explicitly supporting healthy weight change.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcerns around safety were also found, with some women fearing that weight loss signalled cancer recurrence [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e] and expressing an inability or unwillingness to receive medical clearance to participate in weight management interventions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These findings are consistent with qualitative syntheses reporting oncology patients often fear exacerbating their condition through exercise, particularly in the absence of clear guidance from healthcare professionals [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e60\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Accordingly, clinical endorsement and oversight were viewed as important enablers of engagement in the current review. Medical staff oversight was deemed important, with all underserved women LWBC endorsing them as reliable support for weight management [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Most of the included sources in this review (\\u003cem\\u003en\\u0026thinsp;=\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;20; 68.97%) recruited participants throughout clinical/hospital settings, with 12 exclusively using this method of recruitment. Previous research engaging rural breast cancer survivors into a lifestyle intervention found that recruiting through oncologist had the highest enrolment rate, compared with other recruitment methods such as mailed postcards, media coverage and community outreach [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR61\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e61\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Women, particularly African American women, also tended to value the introduction of weight management support early in the cancer care pathway, shortly after diagnosis, which may help counteract weight gain observed during and after treatment [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, reliance on clinical-based recruitment and delivery must be balanced against evidence that women from ethnic minority groups may experience distrust in healthcare systems [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e62\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR63\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e63\\u003c/span\\u003e], indicating that alternative or complementary engagement strategies may be necessary.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntervention setting, delivery mode, and logistical considerations such as cost, transportation, scheduling, and competing demands impacted engagement. Home-based, community-based or hybrid delivery models may improve accessibility, particularly for women facing financial and transportation barriers [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Digital interventions, including those that promote self-monitoring and goal setting, were often viewed as acceptable and motivating [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, sources in this review found mixed effectiveness of technology-based interventions on weight, PA and diet in African American women living beyond breast cancer [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Likewise, difficulties using technology disproportionately affects women with lower incomes and of older age [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e56\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This reflects wider evidence that digital health interventions may exacerbate existing inequities if barriers to accessibility and digital literacy are not adequately addressed [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR64\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e64\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR65\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e65\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Community-based settings were reported as appropriate settings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although much of the existing evidence for community-delivered weight management engaged non-cancer populations, trials in these settings have demonstrated acceptability and reductions in BMI among underserved women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR64\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e64\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR66\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e66\\u003c/span\\u003e], suggesting potential applicability for underserved women LWBC. Stolley et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e57\\u003c/span\\u003e] also highlighted the need to overcome broader structural disadvantages (e.g. crime) and leverage existing assets (e.g. local community groups) within underserved communities.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWomen endorsed interventions delivered by nutritionist, exercise physiologist, survivor coaches and trusted community figures [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The involvement of deliverers who reflected participants lived experiences and cultural backgrounds were viewed as particularly important in some communities [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. There have been successes in the use of community-based health workers to improve chronic disease management and care in underserved populations, including weight loss in Latino populations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR67\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e67\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR68\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e68\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The World Health Organization (WHO) advocacy for community health worker further supports the potential of these models to enhance reach and equity [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR69\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e69\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSocial support was a key enabler of engagement across all underserved groups. Support from family, friends, and peers facilitated motivation, accountability, and practical participation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e], while group-based interventions fostered shared identity and mutual encouragement [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. African American women expressed a particular interest in group-based support. These findings are consistent with theoretical frameworks that emphasise the role of social support in sustaining health behaviour change [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR70\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e70\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR71\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e71\\u003c/span\\u003e], as well as empirical evidence linking social support to improved weight outcomes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR72\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e72\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR73\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e73\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Kwarteng et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e] found that social support-based weight management improved African American women\\u0026rsquo;s self-efficacy, friend and family support for eating habits encouragement and family support for exercise-participation, with friend support for eating habits encouragement also impacting weight loss. Whereas Victorson et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e] found no signification changes in weight as a result of a tailored group-based Hatha yoga classes. Preferences for group-based support varied, with some women favouring culturally or linguistically matched groups [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e], while others valued diverse survivor experiences [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In some cases, privacy concerns about participating in a group-based intervention were raised by Black women themselves and people who support Native Hawaiian, Filipino and CHamoru women [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This may be particularly important for underserved women where stigma may be attached to their cancer diagnosis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR74\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e74\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This suggests that being flexible with the approach to delivery may enhance engagement, such as combining group-based support with opportunities for one-to-one, private support for women who are uncomfortable discussing their diagnosis in group settings. Similar hybrid models have been successfully implemented in other areas of healthcare, such as antenatal care [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR75\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e75\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdditional cultural factors shaped engagement in and preferences for weight management interventions for women of ethnic minority backgrounds. Women emphasised the importance of culturally relevant content, including appropriate language, imagery, and dietary guidance that respected traditional foods and social practices [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e53\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e54\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite this, few interventions included in this review explicitly reported cultural adaptation, reflecting a broader gap in survivorship research [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR76\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e76\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Evidence from public health interventions suggests that culturally tailored approaches are more effective in promoting engagement and sustained behaviour change among underserved populations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e], reinforcing the need for greater attention to cultural adaptation in cancer survivorship interventions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStrengths and limitations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of evidence exploring the barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among underserved women LWBC. By focusing on women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES this review can inform the development of weight management interventions that address equity gaps in cancer survivorship care in women who are at risk of post-diagnosis weight gain [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Despite this strength, it is acknowledged that women from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES represent only some of the populations considered underserved [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR77\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e77\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR78\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e78\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Broader definitions of underserved populations include, for example, women with disabilities and those from LGBTQIA+ communities, who often experience additional barriers to healthcare access and research participation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR77\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e77\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR78\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e78\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Excluding these groups may limit the comprehensiveness of the review. Additionally, the inclusion criteria of behavioural weight management interventions, where programmes must have explicitly or implicitly stated a purpose of weight management or weight loss may have omitted studies that reframed similar interventions as \\u0026ldquo;lifestyle\\u0026rdquo;. Therefore, these studies may not have been included, which could have offered further insights into holistic interventions valued by underserved women LWBC. Although this review identified several types of evidence sources and study designs, most sources were peer-reviewed papers published in academic journals, and the databases searched predominantly index peer-reviewed academic literature. This may have resulted in the unintended exclusion of grey literature sources, such as reports from community organisations, service evaluations, or non-governmental organisations, which may have resulted in the omission of evidence that is particularly relevant to underserved populations who are typically excluded from research [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR78\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e78\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR79\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e79\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Consequently, majority of the findings in this review reflect the experiences of women who were willing and able to participate in research, potentially underrepresenting the perspectives of those facing the greatest structural, cultural, or psychosocial barriers.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, there is emerging evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women LWBC from ethnic minority backgrounds and of lower SES. Engagement is shaped by individual, social, cultural, and structural factors. Interventions that are holistic, culturally responsive, flexible, and clinically endorsed may improve engagement of underserved women LWBC. Importantly, trust plays a critical role in engagement, with underserved women often preferring community-based settings and the involvement of community health educators who bring cultural insight and practical experience. Leveraging these existing assets and social support networks may foster trusted support and engagement. Given the growing number of intervention development studies, it is anticipated that future feasibility, pilot, and trial-based research will further advance understanding of engagement in this area. Future research should prioritise co-designed, community-engaged approaches and expand representation across underserved groups and geographical contexts to address inequities in cancer survivorship care and support engagement in weight management interventions for underserved women LWBC.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBMI Body mass index\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLWBC Living with and beyond cancer\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePA Physical activity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePCC Participants, Concepts and Context\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e PRISMA-ScR Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRCT Randomised controlled trial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSCT Social Cognitive Theory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSES socioeconomic status\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTPB Theory of Planned Behaviour\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTTM Transtheoretical Model\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWHO World Health Organisation\\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflicts of interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by a Programme Development Grant from the National Institute of Health \\u0026amp; Care Research (NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. RJB also reports funding from Breast Cancer Now and Yorkshire Cancer Research. RJB receives an honorarium from the World Cancer Research Fund for her role as a panel member for their grant funding. The other authors report no conflicts of interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthors\\u0026rsquo; information\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eJ.W. is a Black African researcher, and T.S. is a South Asian nutritional scientist. T.S. also has a lived experience of breast cancer, having been diagnosed three times.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by NIHR Programme Development Grant (Award ID: NIHR206948). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no involvement with the process of conducting the scoping review.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eInitial concept and grant applicants: R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W., T.S. Search strategy: N.K. Screening of articles: A.C, B.A, L.L, R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W. Data extraction: A.C, B.A, L.L, F.K. Initial draft: A.C. Revisions to draft: A.C, B.A, L.L, R.B., J.S., F.K., J.W, T.S, N.K. All authors approved the final version for publication.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe research team would like to acknowledge the FORALL Project Management Group and Community Advisory Group for their input throughout this review, including the importance of the review question, development of search terms and reflections on the review findings. The grant application for FORALL involved Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) from our target populations who contributed to the initial proposal of FORALL. The FORALL Community Advisory Group, who represent characteristics of this review\\u0026rsquo;s population, were engaged throughout the review.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data generated or analysed during the currently study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePati S et al (2023) Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers 15(2):485. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3390/cancers15020485\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/cancers15020485\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLauby-Secretan B et al (2016) Body Fatness and Cancer \\u0026mdash; Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med 375(8):794\\u0026ndash;798. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1056/NEJMsr1606602\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1056/NEJMsr1606602\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePang Y, Wei Y, Kartsonaki C (2022) Associations of adiposity and weight change with recurrence and survival in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast cancer (Tokyo Japan) 29(4):575\\u0026ndash;588. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s12282-022-01355-z\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s12282-022-01355-z\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMeeske KA et al (2009) Risk factors for arm lymphedema following breast cancer diagnosis in Black women and White women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 113(2):383\\u0026ndash;391. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10549-008-9940-5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10549-008-9940-5\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSmits A et al (2015) Body mass index and the quality of life of endometrial cancer survivors\\u0026mdash;A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 137(1):180\\u0026ndash;187. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.540\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.540\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDi Meglio A et al (2020) Changes in weight, physical and psychosocial patient-reported outcomes among obese women receiving treatment for early-stage breast cancer: A nationwide clinical study. Breast (Edinburgh) 52:23\\u0026ndash;32. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.breast.2020.04.002\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.breast.2020.04.002\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePhilip EJ et al (2019) \\u003cem\\u003eObesity and psychosocial well-being among cancer patients and survivors.\\u003c/em\\u003e Psycho-oncology. (Chichester England) 28(11):2141\\u0026ndash;2148. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/pon.5181\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/pon.5181\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCheryl L, Rock CAT, Kristen R, Sullivan CL, Howe LH, Kushi BJ, Caan ML, Neuhouser EV, Bandera Y, Wang K, Robien KM, Basen-Engquist JC, Brown KS, Courneya TE, Crane DO, Garcia BL, Grant, Kathryn K, Hamilton SJ, Hartman SA, Kenfield ME, Martinez JA, Meyerhardt L, Nekhlyudov L, Overholser AV, Patel BM, Pinto ME, Spees K, Gapstur SM, McCullough ML (2022) American Cancer Soc Nutr Phys activity guideline cancer survivors CA: cancer J Clin 72(3):230\\u0026ndash;262. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3322/caac.21719\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3322/caac.21719\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePlaydon MC et al (2017) Pre-diagnosis diet and survival after a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 116(12):1627\\u0026ndash;1637. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1038/bjc.2017.120\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/bjc.2017.120\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eVance V et al (2011) Weight gain in breast cancer survivors: prevalence, pattern and health consequences. Obes Rev 12(4):282\\u0026ndash;294. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00805.x\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00805.x\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eConnor AE, Dibble KE, Visvanathan K (2023) Lifestyle factors in Black female breast cancer survivors\\u0026mdash;Descriptive results from an online pilot study. Front public health 11:1072741. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3389/fpubh.2023.1072741\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1072741\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFassier P et al (2017) Sociodemographic and economic factors are associated with weight gain between before and after cancer diagnosis: results from the prospective population-based NutriNet-Sant\\u0026eacute; cohort. Oncotarget 8(33):54640\\u0026ndash;54653. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.18632/oncotarget.17676\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.18632/oncotarget.17676\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSella T et al (2022) Body weight changes and associated predictors in a prospective cohort of young breast cancer survivors. Cancer 128(17):3158\\u0026ndash;3169. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/cncr.34342\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/cncr.34342\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLake B, Damery S, Jolly K (2022) Effectiveness of weight loss interventions in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ open 12(10):e062288. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062288\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062288\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGabel K et al (2024) Narrative review of lifestyle interventions in breast cancer survivors: current evidence and future directions. JNCI cancer Spectr 8(6). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1093/jncics/pkae108\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1093/jncics/pkae108\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAycinena AC et al (2017) Barriers to Recruitment and Adherence in a Randomized Controlled Diet and Exercise Weight Loss Intervention Among Minority Breast Cancer Survivors. J Immigr Minor Health 19(1):120\\u0026ndash;129. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10903-015-0310-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10903-015-0310-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJoo JY, Liu MF (2021) Culturally tailored interventions for ethnic minorities: A scoping review. Nurs open 8(5):2078\\u0026ndash;2090. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/nop2.733\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/nop2.733\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTjon A, Joe S et al (2023) Barriers and facilitators for weight management interventions in breast cancer patients: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J qualitative Stud health well-being 18(1):2259290. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1080/17482631.2023.2259290\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1080/17482631.2023.2259290\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMunn Z et al (2018) Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 18(1):143\\u0026ndash;147. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCreaser A, Apel KN, White B, Shah C, Walabyeki T, Saxton J, Beeken J, Kennedy R F. \\u003cem\\u003eBarriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: a scoping review protocol\\u003c/em\\u003e 2025; Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://osf.io/2ftjz/overview\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://osf.io/2ftjz/overview\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTricco AC et al (2018) PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467\\u0026ndash;473. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.7326/M18-0850\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.7326/M18-0850\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePeters MDJ et al (2020) Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid synthesis 18(10):2119\\u0026ndash;2126. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.11124/JBIES-20-00167\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.11124/JBIES-20-00167\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eConway DI, McMahon AD, Brown D, Leyland AH (2019) \\u003cem\\u003eMeasuring socioeconomic status and inequalities.\\u003c/em\\u003e, in \\u003cem\\u003eReducing social inequalities in cancer: Evidence and priorities for research.\\u003c/em\\u003e IARC Scientific Publications\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlay\\u0026oacute;n CL, S\\u0026auml;fsten K, Johansson G (2022) Barriers and Enablers for the Adoption of Sustainable Manufacturing by Manufacturing SMEs. Sustainability 14(4):2364. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3390/su14042364\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/su14042364\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMcGowan J et al (2016) PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol 75:40\\u0026ndash;46. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAnalytics C (2023) \\u003cem\\u003eEndNote Version 21\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eInnovation VH (2023) \\u003cem\\u003eCovidence systematic review software.\\u003c/em\\u003e ; Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.covidence.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.covidence.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGarritty C et al (2021) Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group offers evidence-informed guidance to conduct rapid reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 130:13\\u0026ndash;22. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePeters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2020) \\u003cem\\u003eJBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis.\\u003c/em\\u003e ; Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://synthesismanual.jbi.global.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://synthesismanual.jbi.global.\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAflague TF et al (2023) Traditional and new lifestyle interventions to prevent breast cancer recurrence (TANICA): a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer 31(4):218. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s00520-023-07663-0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s00520-023-07663-0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAflague TF et al (2023) Barriers, Facilitators, and Strategies for Developing a Culturally Informed Lifestyle Intervention for Native Hawaiian, CHamoru, and Filipino Breast Cancer Survivors: Mixed-Methods Findings from Focus Group Participants. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(12):6075. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3390/ijerph20126075\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/ijerph20126075\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAllicock M et al (2021) A Pilot and Feasibility Mobile Health Intervention to Support Healthy Behaviors in African American Breast Cancer Survivors. J racial ethnic health disparities 8(1):157\\u0026ndash;165. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s40615-020-00767-x\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s40615-020-00767-x\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBernard-Davila B et al (2015) Barriers and Facilitators to Recruitment to a Culturally Based Dietary Intervention Among Urban Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors. J racial ethnic health disparities 2(2):244\\u0026ndash;255. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s40615-014-0076-5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s40615-014-0076-5\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ede Kruif AJ et al (2020) Perceptions of non-Western immigrant women on having breast cancer and their experiences with treatment-related changes in body weight and lifestyle: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE 15(7):e0235662. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1371/journal.pone.0235662\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1371/journal.pone.0235662\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFasano GA et al (2024) Breast Cancer and Obesity: a Qualitative Analysis of a Diverse Population of Breast Cancer Patients\\u0026rsquo; Perspectives on Weight Management. J racial ethnic health disparities 11(2):826\\u0026ndash;833. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s40615-023-01564-y\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s40615-023-01564-y\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFerrante JM et al (2020) Feasibility and potential efficacy of commercial mHealth/eHealth tools for weight loss in African American breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized controlled trial. Translational Behav Med 10(4):938\\u0026ndash;948. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1093/tbm/iby124\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1093/tbm/iby124\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKiplagat K et al (2022) An Acceptance Based Lifestyle Intervention in Black Breast Cancer Survivors with Obesity. J Immigr Minor Health 24(3):645\\u0026ndash;655. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10903-021-01261-0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10903-021-01261-0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKizub DA et al (2025) Patient and Health Care Professional Perspectives on Barriers to and Facilitators of Healthy Eating and Exercise Among Patients With Cancer at a Safety-Net Oncology Clinic: A Qualitative Exploration. JCO Oncol Pract 21(7):1032\\u0026ndash;1038. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1200/op.24.00431\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1200/op.24.00431\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKwarteng JL et al (2020) Facilitators of behavior change and weight loss in an intervention for African American Breast Cancer Survivors. Cancer Causes Control 31(8):737\\u0026ndash;747. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10552-020-01315-y\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10552-020-01315-y\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eNyrop KA et al (2021) Person-centered communication about weight and weight management: Focus group discussions in a diverse sample of women with nonmetastatic breast cancer and obesity. Cancer 127(22):4266\\u0026ndash;4276. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/cncr.33843\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/cncr.33843\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOwens B, Berndt JM (2009) A, Pilot Study of a Structured Aerobic Exercise Program for Hispanic Women During Treatment For Early-Stage Breast Cancer. official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, Medsurg nursing\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePower JM, Tate DF, Valle CG (2020) \\u003cem\\u003eExperiences of African American Breast Cancer Survivors Using Digital Scales and Activity Trackers in a Weight Gain Prevention Intervention: Qualitative Study.\\u003c/em\\u003e JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 8(6):e16059. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.2196/16059\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.2196/16059\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRaber M et al (2023) Enhancing the utilization of healthy living interventions among cancer survivors in historically underserved populations and communities. Cancer Causes Control 34(8):635\\u0026ndash;645. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10552-023-01701-2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10552-023-01701-2\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRossi A et al (2015) Physical activity for an ethnically diverse sample of endometrial cancer survivors: a needs assessment and pilot intervention. J gynecologic Oncol 26(2):141\\u0026ndash;147. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.3802/jgo.2015.26.2.141\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3802/jgo.2015.26.2.141\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSheppard VB et al (2016) \\u003cem\\u003eThe feasibility and acceptability of a diet and exercise trial in overweight and obese black breast cancer survivors: The Stepping STONE study.\\u003c/em\\u003e Contemporary clinical trials. 46:106\\u0026ndash;113. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.005\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.005\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSinclair K et al (2024) Use of Co-Design Approaches to Identify Barriers to Health-Promoting Behaviors among African American Breast Cancer Survivors with Comorbid Obesity. Health Behav Res 7(4). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.4148/2572-1836.1256\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.4148/2572-1836.1256\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSmith SA et al (2016) Formative research to develop a lifestyle application (app) for African American breast cancer survivors. J Ga Public Health Assoc 6(1):50\\u0026ndash;59. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.21633/jgpha.6.103\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.21633/jgpha.6.103\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSt. George SM et al (2020) Development of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for women cancer survivors and their families. Psycho-oncology (Chichester England) 29(1):182\\u0026ndash;194. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/pon.5236\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/pon.5236\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eVictorson D et al \\u003cem\\u003eDevelopment and Implementation of a Culturally Informed Spanish Language Yoga Program for Latin\\u0026eacute; Women With Overweight or Obesity Diagnosed With Cancer: A Single Arm Pilot Study.\\u003c/em\\u003e Global advances in integrative medicine and health, 2024. 13: p. 27536130241245432. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1177/27536130241245432\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1177/27536130241245432\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWilson EM et al (2021) Obese endometrial cancer survivors\\u0026rsquo; perceptions of weight loss strategies and characteristics that may influence participation in behavioral interventions. Gynecologic Oncol Rep 36:100719. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.gore.2021.100719\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.gore.2021.100719\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGreenlee H et al (2009) Facilitators and barriers to recruitment for an exercise and dietary intervention study in minority breast cancer survivors. Cancer Res (Chicago Ill) 69(2Supplement):5077. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS-5077\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS-5077\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLee NK et al (2014) Understanding barriers and facilitators to healthy lifestyle change in African American endometrial cancer survivors and their social network. Gynecol Oncol 133:164\\u0026ndash;165. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.434\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.434\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePrado AM et al (2020) \\u003cem\\u003eAbstract B010: Avanzando juntas: Adapting an evidence-based weight loss program for Hispanic breast and gynecologic cancer survivors.\\u003c/em\\u003e Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers \\u0026amp; prevention, 29(6_Supplement_2): pp. B010-B010. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1158/1538-7755.DISP19-B010\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1158/1538-7755.DISP19-B010\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRivers DA et al \\u003cem\\u003eAbstract B100: Using a plant-based diet and exercise to improve outcomes in African American postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer survivors.\\u003c/em\\u003e Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers \\u0026amp; prevention, 2023. 32(12_Supplement): p. B100-B100. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1158/1538-7755.DISP23-B100\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1158/1538-7755.DISP23-B100\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSmith SA, Joyce MSWM, Fontenot SQ, Alema-Mensah B, Ansa E (2016) Engaging African Americans in developing an intervention to reduce breast cancer recurrence: A brief report. J Ga Public Health Association 6(1). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.21633/jgpha.6.120\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.21633/jgpha.6.120\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePaul RC (2018) Understanding lifestyle behaviors and the development of a theory-based nutrition and physical activity education intervention for Latina breast cancer survivors. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Columbia University\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eStolley MR et al (2017) Context is Key in Addressing Obesity and Lifestyle in Diverse Populations of Cancer Survivors. 25(S2):S25\\u0026ndash;S26 Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/oby.22019\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/oby.22019\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eStatistics OfN (2022) \\u003cem\\u003eRegional ethnic diversity\\u003c/em\\u003e. ; Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMensinger JL et al (2016) A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial. Appetite 105:364\\u0026ndash;374. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFinch A, Benham A (2024) Patient attitudes and experiences towards exercise during oncological treatment. A qualitative systematic review. Support Care Cancer 32(8):509. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s00520-024-08649-2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s00520-024-08649-2\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBefort CA et al (2015) \\u003cem\\u003eEffective recruitment of rural breast cancer survivors into a lifestyle intervention.\\u003c/em\\u003e Psycho-oncology (Chichester, England). 24(4):487\\u0026ndash;490. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/pon.3614\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/pon.3614\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAntony M et al (2024) \\u003cem\\u003eA Scoping Review of Medical Mistrust Among Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Minorities With Breast and Ovarian Cancer.\\u003c/em\\u003e Curēus (Palo Alto, CA). 16(6):e62410. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.7759/cureus.62410\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.7759/cureus.62410\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMouslim MC, Johnson RM, Dean LT (2020) Healthcare system distrust and the breast cancer continuum of care. Breast Cancer Res Treat 180(1):33\\u0026ndash;44. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s10549-020-05538-0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10549-020-05538-0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWilson S et al (2024) Recommendations to advance digital health equity: a systematic review of qualitative studies. NPJ Digit Med 7(1):173\\u0026ndash;179. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1038/s41746-024-01177-7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/s41746-024-01177-7\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYao R, Zhang W, Evans R, Cao G, Rui T, Shen L (2022) Inequities in health care services caused by the adoption of digital health technologies: scoping review. J Med Internet Res 24(3):e34144. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.2196/34144\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.2196/34144\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSanz-Remacha M et al (2023) A Qualitative Evaluation of a Community-Based Intervention on Health-Related Behaviors in Disadvantaged Women. Res Q Exerc Sport 94(1):272\\u0026ndash;282. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1080/02701367.2021.1971149\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1080/02701367.2021.1971149\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKim K et al (1971) \\u003cem\\u003eEffects of Community-Based Health Worker Interventions to Improve Chronic Disease Management and Care Among Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic Review.\\u003c/em\\u003e American journal of public health 2016. 106(4): pp. e3-e28. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRosas LG et al (2015) Vivamos Activos: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Community-Based Weight Loss Strategies among Obese, Low-income Latinos. J Acad Nutr Dietetics 115(4):537\\u0026ndash;550e2. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.020\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOrganization WH (2018) \\u003cem\\u003eWHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes\\u003c/em\\u003e. ; Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550369\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550369\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMichie S, Atkins L, West R (2014) The behaviour change wheel a guide to designing interventions. Silverback Publishing, Sutton\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGolden SD et al (2015) Upending the Social Ecological Model to Guide Health Promotion Efforts Toward Policy and Environmental Change. Health Educ Behav 42(1suppl):8S\\u0026ndash;14S. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1177/1090198115575098\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1177/1090198115575098\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJensen MT et al (2024) The effectiveness of social-support-based weight-loss interventions\\u0026mdash;a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes 48(5):599\\u0026ndash;611. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1038/s41366-024-01468-9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/s41366-024-01468-9\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMarquez B et al (2016) The relationship of social support with treatment adherence and weight loss in Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Obes (Silver Spring Md) 24(3):568\\u0026ndash;575. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/oby.21382\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/oby.21382\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTang W-z et al (2023) Correlates of stigma for patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 31(1):55. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s00520-022-07506-4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s00520-022-07506-4\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSawtell M et al (2023) \\u003cem\\u003eGroup antenatal care: findings from a pilot randomised controlled trial of REACH Pregnancy Circles.\\u003c/em\\u003e Pilot and feasibility studies. 9(1):42\\u0026ndash;15. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1186/s40814-023-01238-w\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1186/s40814-023-01238-w\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYanez B et al (2016) Cancer Outcomes in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: An Integrative Review and Conceptual Model of Determinants of Health. J Latina/o Psychol 4(2):114\\u0026ndash;129. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1037/lat0000055\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1037/lat0000055\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMehl KR, Morain SR, Largent EA (2025) The Importance of Including Underserved Populations in Research: Importance of Including Underserved Populations in Research. Pharm Med 39(2):59\\u0026ndash;71. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1007/s40290-025-00562-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s40290-025-00562-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMoloney C, Shiely F (2022) Underserved groups remain underserved as eligibility criteria routinely exclude them from breast cancer trials. J Clin Epidemiol 147:132\\u0026ndash;141. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.03.011\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.03.011\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMahood Q, Van Eerd D, Irvin E (2014) Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: challenges and benefits. Res Synth Methods 5(3):221\\u0026ndash;234. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1002/jrsm.1106\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/jrsm.1106\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[{\"identity\":\"6133aa97-26f4-4ac8-9004-6791c98bf7d8\",\"identifier\":\"10.13039/501100000272\",\"name\":\"National Institute for Health Research\",\"awardNumber\":\"NIHR206948\",\"order_by\":0}],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Leeds\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"barriers, enablers, cancer survivorship, underserved populations, weight management, scoping review\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eObjective\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis scoping review aimed to identify evidence on the barriers and enablers influencing engagement in behavioural weight management interventions among women from underserved communities living with and beyond cancer.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManaging weight after a cancer diagnosis is complex, but may improve outcomes. However behavioural weight management interventions often fail to reach underserved women with cancer. \\u003cb\\u003eInclusion criteria\\u003c/b\\u003e: Sources were included if they reported barriers and/or enablers of, female adults with cancer from ethnic minority and/or lower socioeconomic status backgrounds, engaging in weight management interventions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e The Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. Database searches conducted in December 2024 were updated in January 2026. Study, participant and intervention characteristics, and engagement barriers and enablers were narratively summarised.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTwenty-nine studies were identified; most conducted in the United States (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;26), used qualitative methods (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;12),engaged African American or Black women (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;11) and focused on breast cancer (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;19). Structural, cultural, and contextual barriers to engagement in weight management interventions were identified. Social support, flexible delivery, and culturally-tailored, holistic approaches enabled engagement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResearch in this area is growing but remains concentrated in specific populations. Future research should co-design strategies to enhance equitable access and sustained engagement, and explore barriers and enablers across more diverse populations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Barriers and enablers to engagement in behavioural weight management interventions in underserved women living with and beyond cancer: A scoping review\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-03-24 15:09:09\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198035/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"fcb537d9-1708-4e56-8110-a38c06fca1c5\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 24th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":64957958,\"name\":\"Nutrition \\u0026 Dietetics\"},{\"id\":64957959,\"name\":\"Oncology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-03-24T15:09:09+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-03-24 15:09:09\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-9198035\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-9198035\",\"identity\":\"rs-9198035\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}