{"paper_id":"51c6b83e-5f57-4b99-9f5a-8949f2deb64c","body_text":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerians: evidence from a cross- sectional national survey | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerians: evidence from a cross- sectional national survey Temitope Olumuyiwa OJO, Ayodeji Oluwole OJO, Olajumoke Elizabeth OJO, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 May, 2023 Read the published version in Archives of Public Health → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives . This study assessed the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerian households. Data from the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households that was collected in late 2021-2022 by the National Bureau of Statistics was used for this study. Relevant data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and the multivariate binary logistic regression model. Results: Out of 2370 respondents, only 32.8 percent of the respondents were vaccinated against COVID-19. Respondents living in urban areas (34.4%) had a higher level of COVID-19 vaccine uptake relative to those living in rural Nigeria (30.9%). Results from the Multivariate Regression model revealed that older adults, public servants, and those who obtained vaccine information from health workers, government, and the mass media were more likely to be vaccinated. The study also found respondents living in North Central, North East, South West and South South regions had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conclusions: The study recommends increased media campaigns and advocacy for COVID-19 vaccination in the South East and North West regions. Younger persons should be targeted with COVID-19 information given that those aged 18-29 years were less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 Nigeria COVID-19 vaccine uptake determinants Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that has received global attention.[1, 2] COVID-19 remains a public health issue with adverse impacts on food security, livelihoods and security globally.[3] The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 pandemic a public health emergency of international concern on the 30th of January 2020.[1] The declaration ushered humanity into a new normal in which countries had to implement different control measures such as travel restrictions, phased lockdowns, ban on public gatherings and enforcement of mask use among others. The COVID-19 lockdown periods were associated with a 34.1 percent economic loss amounting to USD 16 billion in Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with services and agriculture sectors being the worst hit.[4] Furthermore, about 60 percent of Nigerians were food insecure and this may have worsened due to the adverse impact of COVID-19.[5] Therefore, COVID-19 has multidimensional impacts on security, food security, and the economy.[6] Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that over 651 million cases and 6.6 million deaths are attributed to COVID-19 globally.[7] In Nigeria, 266,057 cases with 3,155 deaths have been reported.[8] However, the trend is being reversed with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines across the globe. Researchers and several pharmaceutical firms have developed and introduced COVID-19 vaccines to minimize the risk of COVID-19 -related deaths.[9, 10] Currently the WHO has approved 11 vaccines for emergency use listing[11], while Nigeria has only approved seven vaccines for emergency use listing namely Vaxveria (Oxford/AstraZeneca), Covishield (Serum Institute of India), Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech), Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) and Spikevax (Moderna), Sputnik V (Gamaleya) and Covilo (Sinopharm).[12, 13] Vaccination has proven to be an effective public health intervention in reducing the burden of infectious diseases across the globe.[14, 15] The vaccines are safe and effective in preventing serious or fatal cases of COVID-19.[16] The COVID-19 vaccines have saved over 19 million lives across 185 countries thus reducing global deaths from COVID-19 by 63 percent.[17] However, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in preventing and mitigating the adverse impact of the disease is constrained by widespread hesitancy.[18, 19] About 111 million doses of the COVID-19 vaccines have been administered in Nigeria as of February 5, 2023.[20] Only 30.5% of the Nigerian population have full COVID-19 vaccination as of February 2023.[21] This rate is low relative to Nigeria’s 211 million population, hence the country missed the WHO’s 70 percent vaccination coverage targets by the end of June 2022.[9, 22, 23]. Although COVID-19 vaccines are available in-country, the underlying factors why low vaccine uptake exists require further investigation. Therefore, this study assessed the factors influencing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine among a nationally representative sample of Nigerians. It is expected that the findings from this study will inform interventions aimed at improving COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Nigeria. Materials And Methods Sampling and Data Collection This study analyzed secondary data from the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households that were collected by the National Bureau of Statistics between November 2021 and January 2022. Specifically, the data from phase 2 round 1 Sections A,2,5,6, 9a and 12 of the phone surveys was analyzed in this study. The households were drawn from the sample of 4,976 households interviewed in 2018/2019 for Wave 4 of the General Household Survey-Panel (GHS-Panel) which served as the sampling frame. The sample of households is nationally representative as data was collected across the six geopolitical zones. In every visit of the GHS-Panel, phone numbers are collected from up to 4 members of each household or two non-members through which respondents can be reached in future surveys. A total of 3,000 households were selected from the frame of 4,934 using the balanced sampling approach. However, the information from 2,370 household heads was utilized for this study.HH The data provides information on the COVID-19 induced changes on food security, employment, income, access to basic services, coping strategies and vaccination.[24] Data Analysis The data were analysed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Sampling weights were applied to all analysis and the unit of analysis was individuals (heads of household). The chi square test was conducted to assess association between categorical variables such as vaccine uptake versus sociodemographic characteristics. The outcome variable of interest was “ever received COVID-19 vaccine” which means the respondent has received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Independent variables included age, place of residence (rural/urban), information sources about COVID-19 vaccine, geopolitical zones, occupation of household head, access to health insurance and Job loss due to COVID-19. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize categorical variables. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis to compare proportions between categorical variables. Multivariate binary logistic regression with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used to assess factors influencing vaccine uptake. Multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to assess predictors of COVID 19 vaccine uptake. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05 Approvals: Approval to download and analyse the dataset was obtained from the World Bank. Results A total of 2370 responses were analyzed and 1593 (67.2%) persons were unvaccinated. Most of the respondents were within the 30-59 years’ age bracket (67.7%), more than half of the respondents across all age brackets were not vaccinated. Respondents who were less than 30 years old had the lowest vaccine uptake while those who were 60 years and above had the highest vaccine uptake. A higher proportion of females (69.8%) did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents living in urban areas had a slightly higher level of vaccine uptake (34.4%) compared to those living in rural Nigeria with 30.9 percent. Respondents who indicated that they received information about the COVID-19 vaccine from health workers, government sources had higher vaccination uptake and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). However, a lesser proportion of those who received information about COVID-19 vaccine from family and friends were vaccinated. (p<0.001) Across the geopolitical zones, Southwest recorded the highest COVID-19 vaccine uptake (43.2%) whereas North West had the lowest uptake (24.5%), p<0.001. Majority (50.5%) of the respondents who had access to health insurance were vaccinated and this was statistically significant (p=0.006). Respondents who were public servants had the highest vaccination rates (38.9%), while those who were unemployed were the least vaccinated (29.6%) and this was statistically significant (p =0.037). (Table 1) Table 1: Distribution of the respondents by vaccination status, 2022 Variables Vaccinated (n=777) Non-vaccinated (n=1,593) Total (n=2,370) Statistical comparison Age (years) < 30 16 (19.3) 67 (80.7) 83 (3.5) χ 2 = 6.593 30 - 59 529 (33.0) 1076 (67.0) 1605 (67.7) p= 0.003 ≥ 60 232 (34.0) 450 (66.0) 682 (28.8) Sex Male 681(33.2) 1371 (66.8) 2,052 (86.6) χ 2 = 0.9743 Female 96 (30.2) 222 (69.8) 318 (13.4) p= 0.509 Household size 1 to 6 415 (32.4) 866 (67.6) 1,281 (54.) χ 2 = 0.078 >6 362 (33.2) 727 (66.8) 1,089 (46.0) p= 0.849 Place of residence Urban 334(34.4) 625 (65.6) 959 (40.5) χ 2 = 794 Rural 443(30.9) 968 (69.1) 1,411 (59.5) p= 0.129 Information sources: Health workers Yes 290 (49.2) 303(50.8) 593 (25.02) χ 2 = 48.181 No 487 (26.8) 1,290(73.2) 1,777 (74.98) p<0.001 Government sources Yes 242 (44.7) 299 (55.3) 541 (22.8) χ 2 = 14.960 No 535 (28.7) 1,294 (71.3) 1,829 (77.2) p<0.001 Family and Friends Yes 50 (20.4) 195 (79.6) 245 (10.3) χ 2 = 10.964 No 727 (34.2) 1,398 (65.8) 2,125 (89.7) p<0.001 Media Yes 63 (27.2) 169 (72.8) 232 (9.8) χ 2 = 0.010 No 714 (33.40) 1,424 (66.6) 2,138 (90.2) p=0.920 Geopolitical zones North Central 159 (39.3) 246 (60.7) 405 (17.1) North East 137 (32.8) 281 (67.2) 418 (17.6) χ 2 = 6.570 North West 83 (24.5) 256 (75.5) 339 (14.3) p<0.001 South East 191(26.2) 538(73.8) 729 (30.8) South South 111 (32.4) 232 (67.6) 343 (14.5) South West 207 (43.2) 272 (56.8) 479 (20.2) Respondent had Job loss arising from COVID-19 No 531 (33.2) 1069 (66.8) 1,600 (67.5) χ 2 = 0.709 Yes 246 (32.0) 524 (68.0) 770 (32.5) p=0.400 Access to health insurance No 684 (31.3) 1502 (68.7) 2,186 (92.2) χ 2 = 7.547 Yes 93 (50.5) 91 (49.5) 184 (7.8) p=0.006 Occupation Unemployed 114 (29.6) 271 (70.4) 385 (16.2) Agriculture 283 (32.5) 587 (67.5) 870 (36.7) Trading and Transport 156 (30.8) 351 (69.2) 507 (21.4) χ 2 = 2.589 Public Servant 173 (38.9) 272 (61.1) 445 (18.8) p=0.037 Others 51 (31.3) 112 (68.7) 163 (6.9) Determinants of COVID-19 vaccin e uptake among Nigerian households The factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake of Nigerian households are presented in Table 2. The results revealed that head of households aged between 30 and 59 years (OR 5.29; 95% CI 2.36, 11.88; p =<0.001) and those above 60 years (OR 5.98; 95% CI 2.56, 13.93; p <0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated compared to those less than 30 years. Head of households that received COVID information from health workers had higher odds (OR 5.59; 95% CI 3.82, 8.16; p <0.001) of getting vaccinated. Similarly, head of households that received COVID information from government sources had higher odds (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.6185, 5.78; p <0.001) of being vaccinated relative to those who did not. Households whose source of COVID information was from mass media, were more likely to get vaccinated (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.51, 4.60; p =0.001). Households living in the North Central (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.74, 4.82; p <0.001), North East (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.14, 3.11; p =0.014), South south (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.61, 4.24; p <0.001) and South West zones (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.04, 4.27; p =0.036) had higher odds of being vaccinated relative to their counterparts in the North West. Also, public servants had higher odds of being vaccinated (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.20, 3.14; p =0.007) when compared with their unemployed counterparts. Table 2: Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Nigerian Households, 2022 Variables Odds Ratio 95% CI P- values Age of household head <30 years Ref 30-59 years 5.29 2.36, 11.88 <0.001 ≥60 years 5.98 2.56, 13.93 <0.001 Household size 1-6 people Ref >6 people 0.97 0.70, 1.35 0.858 Sex of household head Female Ref Male 0.79 0.53, 1.18 0.245 Job loss arising from COVID-19 No Ref Yes 1.28 0.93, 1.76 0.986 Rural location No Ref Yes 0.97 0.70, 1.36 0.871 Access to health insurance No Ref Yes 1.52 0.82, 2.81 0.188 Source of Information about COVID-19: Health workers No Ref Yes 5.59 3.82, 8.16 <0.001 Government sources No Ref Yes 3.88 2.61, 5.78 <0.001 Family & friends No Ref Yes 1.16 0.67, 2.01 0.606 Mass Media No Ref Yes 2.64 1. 51, 4.60 0.001 Geopolitical Zone North West Ref North Central 2.89 1.74, 4.82 <0.001 North East 1.88 1.14, 3.11 0.014 South West 1.80 1.04, 4.27 0.036 South East 1.10 0.64, 1.91 0.725 South South 2.61 1.61, 4.24 <0.001 Occupation Unemployed Ref Agriculture 1.29 0.86, 1.94 0.212 Trading and Transport 1.20 0.77, 1.86 0.418 Public Servant 1.94 1.20, 3.14 0.007 Others 1.05 0.55, 1.98 0.886 Discussion The need to investigate the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. An understanding of the determinants of uptake will guide policymakers in prioritizing effective communication channels, addressing the concerns of the citizens and ensure easy access to the vaccines. This study reported that about two-third of the respondents (67 percent) did not obtain the COVID-19 vaccine. This is consistent with the earlier findings of Soares et al. in Portugal which reported that 56 percent of the respondents wanted to delay and 9 percent outrightly refused COVID-19 vaccination. [25] The low levels of COVID-19 vaccine uptake may hamper pandemic control efforts in the Nigeria more so the country missed the 70% vaccine coverage targets by June 2022 recommended by the WHO.[23] Generally, the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine can be linked to the awareness level, information sources and the perception of individuals.[26] The main information sources were family and friends, government, media and health workers. This is consistent with the earlier findings of Faye and colleagues across some west African counties where they reported that important information sources were family and friends and media.[27] Our study reported that respondents who received COVID-19 vaccines information from health workers, government sources and media had significantly higher odds of being vaccinated. This may suggest that these three information sources were probably the most trusted among the available information sources by the citizenry. In addition, health workers and government sources were more likely to provide reliable information on the vaccines to the general public especially in this era of pandemic-related misinformation. Having more exposure to information on COVID-19 vaccine from credible sources, makes individuals more likely to get vaccinated.[28] The study found a positive and statistically significant relationship between age and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Persons aged 30 years or more were more likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and this could be linked to the fact that older persons were more likely to have severe symptoms if they contract the disease.[29, 30] Hence, they may appreciate the urgent need to get vaccinated. This is consistent with the findings of many other studies which reported that younger people were less keen to take the vaccine as compared to older persons.[10, 25, 31, 32] However, it should be noted that at the time of the survey, vaccination was recently extended to all adults (18 years or older) in the country.[33] The study also found a direct and statistically significant association between access to health insurance and the likelihood of being vaccinated. Specifically, household heads with access to health insurance were twice as likely to be vaccinated when compared to their counterparts with no access to health insurance. This can be linked to the fact that most people in Nigeria who have access to health insurance are educated, as either themselves or a family member works in the formal sector of the Nigerian economy. This implies that such households may have better access to credible information on the prevention and adverse impacts of COVID-19 that may encourage them to take the vaccine. Across the geopolitical zones, it appears that respondents from the North Central, North East, South West and South south regions had higher odds of being vaccinated. This geographical disparity in vaccine uptake has huge public health implications. To address this challenge, more mobilization and community engagements are required in the other regions as a part of measures to address the low level of vaccine uptake across the country. Based on the findings of this study, there following recommendations are suggested. Firstly, Government and development partners should increase media campaigns and empower health workers to intensify advocacy for COVID-19 vaccination. Secondly, the government should increase access to health insurance given that the surveyed households with insurance cover were less likely to be hesitant to get vaccinated. Lastly, the Nigerian youths who constitute a majority of the population should be targeted with COVID-vaccine related information aimed at improving their vaccine uptake. Lastly, for future research, it is important to conduct a qualitative study that will assess the social drivers of vaccine hesitancy among Nigerians. Limitations : The study was prone to social desirability bias as some respondents may have indicated that they had received vaccines while they did not. Also, selection bias is another limitation that may characterize phone-based surveys because some group of persons without phones are naturally excluded from interviews. Abbreviations CI Confidence Interval COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019 GDP Gross Domestic Product GHS-Panel General Household Survey-Panel SARS-CoV2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus 2 UN United Nations WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethical approval: The dataset used for this study is publicly available. The dataset contains depersonalized information and was only used for secondary analysis. However, the study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki on conducting research among human subjects. Ethics approval: not applicable Competing interests : We declare no conflict of interest Authors’ contribution : TOO conceived the study, participated in data analysis, and partly drafted the initial manuscript (introduction and discussion. AOO and OEO participated in data analysis, provided insightful inputs in the drafting of the manuscript’s results and discussion. AFA and BOA worked on the tables and interpreted the results. All authors contributed to the discussion and approved the final version of the manuscript. Funding details: This study did not receive any funding from any individual or organization Availability of data and material : The dataset used for this study is available at https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3712 Consent for publication : Not applicable. Acknowledgement: The first author is supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA) which is funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No--B 8606.R02), SIDA (Grant No:54100029) and the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science in Africa (DELTAS Africa) Initiative (Grant No: 107768/Z/15/Z). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the partners in the consortium. References Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. 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Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 May, 2023 Read the published version in Archives of Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 29 Mar, 2023 Reviews received at journal 07 Mar, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Mar, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Feb, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2023 First submitted to journal 19 Feb, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2604251\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":179155939,\"identity\":\"0df1aeaf-ef9c-4e53-8867-3c0f3752b95d\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Temitope Olumuyiwa OJO\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYGZijzAOMDIEFYCxtIC0TdAWYD4rQwwLUwsEkQp4Wd97Dxh4o7cvyMh49V89QAGQzMDx/dwOswvuSEA2eeGUs2HEu7zXMMxGAzNs7Bq4XH+MDBtsOJGw6cMbvNwwZi8LBJE6OlHqSlmOcfkVoSgFoSDIBamHnbiNRicObMM8OZDceSJef2HTaWbCbgF37+M8YSFRV35PklDh/88ObbYTl+9uaHj/FpgYIDDAwSBxiYeEBsZgJqEVr4GxgYfxCnehSMglEwCkYYAAC4uU+OiMKJqAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Obafemi Awolowo University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Temitope\",\"middleName\":\"Olumuyiwa\",\"lastName\":\"OJO\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179155941,\"identity\":\"e1d4e4e4-b2fb-4c53-a26d-c76737188ef6\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Ayodeji Oluwole OJO\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Ibadan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ayodeji\",\"middleName\":\"Oluwole\",\"lastName\":\"OJO\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179155943,\"identity\":\"a194000c-5ef7-4a7e-aad3-e3feb4efce44\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Olajumoke Elizabeth OJO\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Ibadan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Olajumoke\",\"middleName\":\"Elizabeth\",\"lastName\":\"OJO\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179155945,\"identity\":\"3ca4949f-6080-4d33-943d-c4e14bcdb100\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Bosede Olufunmilayo AKINWALERE\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Federal University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Bosede\",\"middleName\":\"Olufunmilayo\",\"lastName\":\"AKINWALERE\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179155946,\"identity\":\"9736222e-8bb7-4170-b3eb-90e9c8731c57\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Adebowale Femi AKINWUMI\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ekiti State University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Adebowale\",\"middleName\":\"Femi\",\"lastName\":\"AKINWUMI\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-02-19 11:44:12\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01107-1\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2023-05-26T20:58:11+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":44730246,\"identity\":\"c0bcbb9a-d096-4ce8-a4a1-38e04b7071f4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-10-16 21:28:43\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":468258,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2604251/v1/ebc2e5fd-1a3b-4a2c-a5cb-dfa26dc167ce.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerians: evidence from a cross- sectional national survey\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that has received global attention.[1, 2] COVID-19 remains a public health issue with adverse impacts on food security, livelihoods and security globally.[3]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 pandemic a public health emergency of international concern on the 30th of January 2020.[1] The declaration ushered humanity into a new normal in which countries had to implement different control measures such as travel restrictions, phased lockdowns, ban on public gatherings and enforcement of mask use among others. The COVID-19 lockdown periods were associated with a 34.1 percent economic loss amounting to USD 16\\u0026nbsp;billion in Nigeria\\u0026rsquo;s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with services and agriculture sectors being the worst hit.[4] Furthermore, about 60 percent of Nigerians were food insecure and this may have worsened due to the adverse impact of COVID-19.[5] Therefore, COVID-19 has multidimensional impacts on security, food security, and the economy.[6]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRecent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that over 651\\u0026nbsp;million cases and 6.6\\u0026nbsp;million deaths are attributed to COVID-19 globally.[7] In Nigeria, 266,057 cases with 3,155 deaths have been reported.[8] However, the trend is being reversed with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines across the globe. Researchers and several pharmaceutical firms have developed and introduced COVID-19 vaccines to minimize the risk of COVID-19 -related deaths.[9, 10] Currently the WHO has approved 11 vaccines for emergency use listing[11], while Nigeria has only approved seven vaccines for emergency use listing namely Vaxveria (Oxford/AstraZeneca), Covishield (Serum Institute of India), Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech), Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) and Spikevax (Moderna), Sputnik V (Gamaleya) and Covilo (Sinopharm).[12, 13]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVaccination has proven to be an effective public health intervention in reducing the burden of infectious diseases across the globe.[14, 15] The vaccines are safe and effective in preventing serious or fatal cases of COVID-19.[16] The COVID-19 vaccines have saved over 19\\u0026nbsp;million lives across 185 countries thus reducing global deaths from COVID-19 by 63 percent.[17] However, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in preventing and mitigating the adverse impact of the disease is constrained by widespread hesitancy.[18, 19] About 111\\u0026nbsp;million doses of the COVID-19 vaccines have been administered in Nigeria as of February 5, 2023.[20] Only 30.5% of the Nigerian population have full COVID-19 vaccination as of February 2023.[21] This rate is low relative to Nigeria\\u0026rsquo;s 211\\u0026nbsp;million population, hence the country missed the WHO\\u0026rsquo;s 70 percent vaccination coverage targets by the end of June 2022.[9, 22, 23]. Although COVID-19 vaccines are available in-country, the underlying factors why low vaccine uptake exists require further investigation. Therefore, this study assessed the factors influencing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine among a nationally representative sample of Nigerians. It is expected that the findings from this study will inform interventions aimed at improving COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Nigeria.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials And Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSampling and Data Collection\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study analyzed secondary data from the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households that were collected by the National Bureau of Statistics between November 2021 and January 2022. Specifically, the data from phase 2 round 1 \\u0026nbsp;Sections A,2,5,6, 9a and 12 of the phone surveys was analyzed in this study. The households were drawn from the sample of 4,976 households interviewed in 2018/2019 for Wave 4 of the General Household Survey-Panel (GHS-Panel) which served as the sampling frame. The sample of households is nationally representative as data was collected across the six geopolitical zones. In every visit of the GHS-Panel, phone numbers are collected from up to 4 members of each household or two non-members through which respondents can be reached in future surveys.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 3,000 households were selected from the frame of 4,934 using the balanced sampling approach. \\u0026nbsp;However, the information from 2,370 household heads was utilized for this study.HH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;The data provides information on the COVID-19 induced changes on food security, employment, income, access to basic services, coping strategies and vaccination.[24] \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData Analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data were analysed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Sampling weights were applied to all analysis and the unit of analysis was individuals (heads of household).\\u0026nbsp;The chi square test was conducted to assess association between categorical variables such as vaccine uptake versus sociodemographic characteristics. The outcome variable of interest was \\u0026ldquo;ever received COVID-19 vaccine\\u0026rdquo; which means the respondent has received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.\\u0026nbsp;Independent variables included age, place of residence (rural/urban), information sources about COVID-19 vaccine, geopolitical zones, occupation of household head, access to health insurance and Job loss due to COVID-19.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFrequencies and percentages were used to summarize categorical variables. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis to compare proportions between categorical variables. Multivariate binary logistic regression with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used to assess factors influencing vaccine uptake. \\u0026nbsp; Multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to assess predictors of COVID 19 vaccine uptake. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eApprovals:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eApproval to download and analyse the dataset was obtained from the World Bank.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 2370 responses were analyzed and 1593 (67.2%)\\u0026nbsp;persons were unvaccinated. Most of the respondents were within the 30-59 years\\u0026rsquo; age bracket (67.7%), more than half of the respondents across all age brackets were not vaccinated. Respondents who were less than 30 years old had the lowest vaccine uptake while\\u0026nbsp;those who were 60 years and above had the highest vaccine uptake. A higher proportion of females (69.8%)\\u0026nbsp;did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRespondents living in urban areas had a slightly higher level of vaccine uptake (34.4%) compared to those living in rural Nigeria with 30.9 percent. Respondents who indicated that they received information about the COVID-19 vaccine from health workers, government sources had higher vaccination uptake and this was statistically significant (p\\u0026lt;0.001). \\u0026nbsp;However, a lesser proportion of those who received information about COVID-19 vaccine from family and friends were vaccinated. (p\\u0026lt;0.001) Across the geopolitical zones, Southwest recorded the highest COVID-19 vaccine uptake (43.2%) whereas North West had the lowest uptake (24.5%), p\\u0026lt;0.001.\\u0026nbsp;Majority (50.5%) of the respondents who had access to health insurance were vaccinated and this was statistically significant (p=0.006). Respondents who were public servants had the highest vaccination rates (38.9%), while those who were unemployed were the least vaccinated (29.6%) and this was statistically significant (p =0.037). (Table 1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 1:\\u0026nbsp;Distribution of the respondents by vaccination status, 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVariables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVaccinated (n=777)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNon-vaccinated (n=1,593)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal (n=2,370)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistical comparison\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge (years)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt; 30\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16 (19.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67 (80.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83 (3.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 6.593\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30 - 59\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e529 (33.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1076 (67.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1605 (67.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep= 0.003\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ge; 60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e232 (34.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e450 (66.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e682 (28.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSex\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e681(33.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1371 (66.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,052 (86.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 0.9743\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e96 (30.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e222 (69.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e318 (13.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep= 0.509\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHousehold size\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1 to 6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e415 (32.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e866 (67.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,281 (54.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 0.078\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e362 (33.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e727 (66.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,089 (46.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep= 0.849\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePlace of residence\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUrban\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;334(34.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e625 (65.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e959 (40.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 794\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRural\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e443(30.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e968 (69.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,411 (59.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep= 0.129\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInformation sources:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHealth workers\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e290 (49.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e303(50.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e593 (25.02)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 48.181\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e487 (26.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,290(73.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,777 (74.98)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGovernment sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e242 (44.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e299 (55.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e541 (22.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 14.960\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e535 (28.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,294 (71.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,829 (77.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFamily and Friends\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50 (20.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e195 (79.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e245 (10.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 10.964\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e727 (34.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,398 (65.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,125 (89.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMedia\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63 (27.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e169 (72.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e232 (9.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 0.010\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e714 (33.40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,424 (66.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,138 (90.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep=0.920\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGeopolitical zones\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth Central\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e159 (39.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e246 (60.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e405 (17.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth East\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e137 (32.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e281 (67.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e418 (17.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 6.570\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth West\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83 (24.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e256 (75.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e339 (14.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth East\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e191(26.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e538(73.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e729 (30.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth South\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e111 (32.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e232 (67.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e343 (14.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth West\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e207 (43.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e272 (56.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e479 (20.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"63.22378716744914%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRespondent had Job loss arising from\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eCOVID-19\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.74491392801252%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.031298904538342%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e531 (33.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1069 (66.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,600 (67.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 0.709\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e246 (32.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e524 (68.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e770 (32.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep=0.400\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"45.539906103286384%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAccess to health insurance\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.683881064162755%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.74491392801252%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.031298904538342%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e684 (31.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1502 (68.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,186 (92.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 7.547\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e93 (50.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91 (49.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e184 (7.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep=0.006\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOccupation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnemployed\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e114 (29.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e271 (70.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e385 (16.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAgriculture\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e283 (32.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e587 (67.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e870 (36.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTrading and Transport\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e156 (30.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e351 (69.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e507 (21.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026chi;\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e= 2.589\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePublic Servant\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e173 (38.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e272 (61.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e445 (18.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep=0.037\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"27.74294670846395%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e51 (31.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.711598746081506%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e112 (68.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"16.771159874608152%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e163 (6.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"20.062695924764892%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeterminants of COVID-19 vaccin\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ee\\u0026nbsp;uptake among Nigerian households\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake of Nigerian households are presented in Table 2. The results revealed that head of households aged between 30 and 59 years (OR 5.29; 95% CI 2.36, 11.88; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e=\\u0026lt;0.001) and those above 60 years (OR 5.98; 95% CI 2.56, 13.93; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated compared to those less than 30 years. Head of households that received COVID information from health workers had higher odds (OR 5.59; 95% CI 3.82, 8.16; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001) of getting vaccinated. Similarly, head of households that received COVID information from government sources had higher odds (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.6185, 5.78; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001) of being vaccinated relative to those who did not. Households whose source of COVID information was from mass media, were more likely to get vaccinated (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.51, 4.60; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e=0.001). Households living in the North Central (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.74, 4.82; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001), North East (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.14, 3.11; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e=0.014), South south (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.61, 4.24; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001) and South West zones (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.04, 4.27; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e=0.036) had higher odds of being vaccinated relative to their counterparts in the North West. Also, public servants had higher odds of being vaccinated (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.20, 3.14; \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e=0.007) when compared with their unemployed counterparts.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 2: Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Nigerian Households, 2022 \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"601\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVariables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOdds Ratio\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eP- values\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge of household head\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;30 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30-59 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5.29\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.36, 11.88\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ge;60 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5.98\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.56, 13.93\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHousehold size\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1-6 people\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;6 people\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70, 1.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.858\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSex of household head\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53, 1.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.245\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJob loss arising from COVID-19\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.93, 1.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.986\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRural location\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70, 1.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.871\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAccess to health insurance\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.82, 2.81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.188\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"48.41930116472546%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource of Information about COVID-19:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" width=\\\"51.58069883527454%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHealth workers\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5.59\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3.82, 8.16\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGovernment sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3.88\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.61, 5.78\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFamily \\u0026amp; friends\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.67, 2.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.606\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMass Media\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.64\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1. 51, 4.60\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"23.12811980033278%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGeopolitical Zone\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"25.291181364392678%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" width=\\\"51.58069883527454%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth West\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth Central\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.89\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.74, 4.82\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorth East\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.88\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.14, 3.11\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.014\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth West\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.80\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.04, 4.27\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.036\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth East\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.64, 1.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.725\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSouth South \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.61\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.61, 4.24\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOccupation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnemployed\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAgriculture\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.86, 1.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.212\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTrading and Transport\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.77, 1.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.418\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePublic Servant\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.94\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1.20, 3.14\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.007\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"37.437603993344425%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"26.955074875207988%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.55, 1.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"17.803660565723792%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.886\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe need to investigate the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. An understanding of the determinants of uptake will guide policymakers in prioritizing effective communication channels, addressing the concerns of the citizens and ensure easy access to the vaccines. This study reported that about two-third of the respondents (67 percent) did not obtain the COVID-19 vaccine. This is consistent with the earlier findings of Soares \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e in Portugal which reported that 56 percent of the respondents wanted to delay and 9 percent outrightly refused COVID-19 vaccination.\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e[25] The low levels of COVID-19 vaccine uptake may hamper pandemic control efforts in the Nigeria more so the country missed the 70% vaccine coverage targets by June 2022 recommended by the WHO.[23] \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGenerally, the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine can be linked to the awareness level, information sources and the perception of individuals.[26] The main information sources were family and friends, government, media and health workers. This is consistent with the earlier findings of Faye and colleagues\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eacross some west African counties where they reported that important information sources were family and friends and media.[27]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Our study reported that respondents who received COVID-19 vaccines information from health workers, government sources and media had significantly higher odds of being vaccinated. This may suggest that these three information sources were probably the most trusted among the available information sources by the citizenry. In addition, health workers and government sources were more likely to provide reliable information on the vaccines to the general public especially in this era of pandemic-related misinformation. Having more exposure to information on COVID-19 vaccine from credible sources, makes individuals more likely to get vaccinated.[28]\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study found a positive and statistically significant relationship between age and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Persons aged 30 years or more were more likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and this could be linked to the fact that older persons were more likely to have \\u0026nbsp;severe symptoms if they contract the disease.[29, 30] Hence, they may appreciate the urgent need to get vaccinated. This is consistent with the findings of many other studies which reported that younger people were less keen to take the vaccine as compared to older persons.[10, 25, 31, 32]\\u0026nbsp;However, it should be noted that at the time of the survey, vaccination was recently extended to all adults (18 years or older) in the country.[33]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study also found a direct and statistically significant association between access to health insurance and the likelihood of being vaccinated. Specifically, household heads with access to health insurance were twice as likely to be vaccinated when compared to their counterparts with no access to health insurance. This can be linked to the fact that most people in Nigeria who have access to health insurance are educated, as either themselves or a family member works in the formal sector of the Nigerian economy. This implies that such households may have better access to credible information on the prevention and adverse impacts of COVID-19 that may encourage them to take the vaccine.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAcross the geopolitical zones, it appears that respondents from the North Central, North East, South West \\u0026nbsp;and South south regions had higher odds of being vaccinated. This geographical disparity in vaccine uptake has huge public health implications. To address this challenge, more mobilization and community engagements are required in the other regions as a part of measures to address the low level of vaccine uptake across the country.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBased on the findings of this study, there following recommendations are suggested. Firstly, Government and development partners should increase media campaigns and empower health workers to intensify advocacy for COVID-19 vaccination. Secondly, the government should increase access to health insurance given that the surveyed households with insurance cover were less likely to be hesitant to get vaccinated. Lastly, the Nigerian youths who constitute a majority of the population should be targeted with COVID-vaccine related information aimed at improving their vaccine uptake. Lastly, for future research, it is important to conduct a qualitative study that will assess the social drivers of vaccine hesitancy among Nigerians.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLimitations\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The study was prone to social desirability bias as some respondents may have indicated that they had received vaccines while they did not. Also, selection bias is another \\u0026nbsp;limitation that may characterize phone-based surveys because some group of persons without phones are naturally excluded from interviews.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCI\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eConfidence Interval\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCOVID-19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorona Virus Disease 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGDP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGross Domestic Product\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGHS-Panel\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGeneral Household Survey-Panel\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSARS-CoV2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus 2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUN\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnited Nations\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"24.23756019261637%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWHO\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" width=\\\"75.76243980738363%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWorld Health Organization \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical approval:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eThe dataset used for this study is publicly available. The dataset contains depersonalized information and was only used for secondary analysis. However, the study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki on conducting research among human subjects. Ethics approval: not applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e: We declare no conflict of interest\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthors\\u0026rsquo; contribution\\u003c/strong\\u003e: TOO \\u0026nbsp;conceived the study, participated in data analysis, and partly drafted the initial manuscript (introduction and discussion. AOO and OEO participated in data analysis, provided insightful inputs in the drafting of the manuscript\\u0026rsquo;s results and discussion. AFA and BOA \\u0026nbsp;worked on the tables and interpreted the results. All authors contributed to the discussion and approved the final version of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding details:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eThis study did not receive any funding from any individual or organization\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and material\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The dataset used for this study is available at https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3712 \\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Not applicable.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgement:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The first author is supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA) which is funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No--B 8606.R02), SIDA (Grant No:54100029) and the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science in Africa (DELTAS Africa) Initiative (Grant No: 107768/Z/15/Z). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the partners in the consortium.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGuo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak \\u0026ndash; an update on the status. Military Medical Research. 2020;7:11.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eImpact of COVID-19 on people\\u0026rsquo;s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people\\u0026apos;s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems. Accessed 30 Dec 2022.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAndam KS, Edeh H, Oboh V, Pauw K, Thurlow J. Estimating the economic costs of COVID-19 in Nigeria. 0 edition. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2020.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIbukun CO, Adebayo AA. Household food security and the COVID‐19 pandemic in Nigeria. Afr Dev Rev. 2021;33 Suppl 1:S75\\u0026ndash;87.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAmare M, Abay KA, Tiberti L, Chamberlin J. Impacts of COVID-19 on food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria. IFPRI discussion papers. 2020.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int. Accessed 30 Dec 2022.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNCDC. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. An update of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria for Week 46. https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/sitreps/?cat=14\\u0026amp;name=An%20update%20of%20COVID-19%20outbreak%20in%20Nigeria. Accessed 30 Dec 2022.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAfolabi MO, Wariri O, Saidu Y, Otu A, Omoleke SA, Ebenso B, et al. 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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among staff and students in a Nigerian tertiary educational institution. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2021;8:20499361211054924.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCallaghan T, Moghtaderi A, Lueck JA, Hotez P, Strych U, Dor A, et al. Correlates and disparities of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Soc Sci Med. 2021;272:113638.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLiu Q, Qin C, Liu M, Liu J. Effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in real-world studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2021;10:132.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWatson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1293\\u0026ndash;302.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eReno C, Maietti E, Fantini MP, Savoia E, Manzoli L, Montalti M, et al. Enhancing COVID-19 Vaccines Acceptance: Results from a Survey on Vaccine Hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines. 2021;9:378.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eViswanath K, Bekalu M, Dhawan D, Pinnamaneni R, Lang J, McLoud R. Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:818.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNigeria: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https://covid19.who.int. Accessed 19 Feb 2023.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMathieu E, Ritchie H, Rod\\u0026eacute;s-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Hasell J, et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19), Vaccinations by Country; Nigeria. Our World in Data. 2023.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIdris IO, Ayeni GO, Adebisi YA. Why many African countries may not achieve the 2022 COVID-19 vaccination coverage target. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2022;50:15.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAchieving 70% COVID-19 Immunization Coverage by Mid-2022. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-12-2021-achieving-70-covid-19-immunization-coverage-by-mid-2022. Accessed 30 Dec 2022.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNational Bureau of Statistics (NBS), World Bank. COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey 2020-2021.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSoares P, Rocha JV, Moniz M, Gama A, Laires PA, Pedro AR, et al. Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccines. 2021;9:300.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAhiakpa JK, Cosmas NT, Anyiam FE, Enalume KO, Lawan I, Gabriel IB, et al. COVID-19 vaccines uptake: Public knowledge, awareness, perception and acceptance among adult Africans. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0268230.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFaye SLB, Krumkamp R, Doumbia S, Tounkara M, Strauss R, Ouedraogo HG, et al. Factors influencing hesitancy towards adult and child COVID-19 vaccines in rural and urban West Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e059138.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHossain MB, Alam MZ, Islam MS, Sultan S, Faysal MM, Rima S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. PLOS ONE. 2021;16:e0260821.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAbayomi A, Odukoya O, Osibogun A, Wright O, Adebayo B, Balogun M, et al. Presenting Symptoms and Predictors of Poor Outcomes Among 2,184 Patients with COVID-19 in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;102:226\\u0026ndash;32.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eG\\u0026oacute;mez‐Belda AB, Fern\\u0026aacute;ndez‐Garc\\u0026eacute;s M, Mateo‐Sanchis E, Madrazo M, Carmona M, Piles‐Roger L, et al. COVID‐19 in older adults: What are the differences with younger patients? Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2021;21:60\\u0026ndash;5.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBullock J, Lane JE, Shults FL. What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2022;9:1\\u0026ndash;7.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMcElfish PA, Willis DE, Shah SK, Bryant-Moore K, Rojo MO, Selig JP. Sociodemographic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Fear of Infection, and Protection Self-Efficacy. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211040744.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eOffice of the Secreatry to the Government of the Federation. OSGF - Blog Post. https://www.osgf.gov.ng/blog/post/sgf-flags-covid-19-mass-vaccination-campaign. Accessed 18 Feb 2023.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"archives-of-public-health\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"aoph\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Archives of Public Health](http://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)\",\"snPcode\":\"13690\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13690/3\",\"title\":\"Archives of Public Health\",\"twitterHandle\":\"@Archpubhealth\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC/SO AJ\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"COVID-19, Nigeria, COVID-19 vaccine uptake, determinants\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eObjectives\\u003c/strong\\u003e. This study assessed the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerian households. Data from the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households that was collected in late 2021-2022 by the National Bureau of Statistics was used for this study. Relevant data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and the multivariate binary logistic regression model.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eResults:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Out of 2370 respondents, only 32.8 percent of the respondents were vaccinated against COVID-19. Respondents living in urban areas (34.4%) had a higher level of COVID-19 vaccine uptake relative to those living in rural Nigeria (30.9%). Results from the Multivariate Regression model revealed that older adults, public servants, and those who obtained vaccine information from health workers, government, and the mass media were more likely to be vaccinated. The study also found respondents living in North Central, North East, South West and South South regions had higher odds of being vaccinated.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusions:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The study recommends increased media campaigns and advocacy for COVID-19 vaccination in the South East and North West regions. Younger persons should be targeted with COVID-19 information given that those aged 18-29 years were less likely to be vaccinated.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerians: evidence from a cross- sectional national survey\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2023-03-01 10:32:01\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2604251/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Major revision\",\"date\":\"2023-03-29T21:06:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-03-07T22:18:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"019d2df2-ccf5-4ff2-82f9-2500d89376c1_SNPRID\",\"date\":\"2023-03-03T06:13:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"0cfcf16b-c92c-4586-930f-e8f571ec2f9f_SNPRID\",\"date\":\"2023-03-01T12:24:00+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-02-28T01:40:22+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-02-27T06:03:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-02-27T06:03:31+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Archives of Public Health\",\"date\":\"2023-02-19T11:30:31+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"archives-of-public-health\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"aoph\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Archives of Public Health](http://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)\",\"snPcode\":\"13690\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13690/3\",\"title\":\"Archives of Public Health\",\"twitterHandle\":\"@Archpubhealth\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC/SO AJ\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"87c0969f-7a10-48c7-a883-3fcd0591ee2d\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 1st, 2023\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2023-10-16T21:13:02+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-2604251\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01107-1\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"archives-of-public-health\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Archives of Public Health\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2023-05-26 20:58:11\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"May 26th, 2023\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2023-03-01 10:32:01\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1186/s13690-023-01107-1\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01107-1\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-2604251\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-2604251\",\"identity\":\"rs-2604251\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}