{"paper_id":"50aee335-5e04-49b8-bc92-e7c02410221f","body_text":"Sublethal effects of Oberon Speed® on Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) and potential compatibility for integrated management of two-spotted spider mite | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sublethal effects of Oberon Speed® on Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) and potential compatibility for integrated management of two-spotted spider mite Elham Rezaei, Shahram Aramideh, J. P. Michaud, Shahram Mirfakhrae, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4059726/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (TSSM), is an important cosmopolitan pest of horticultural crops that is often managed in greenhouses with a combination of acaricides and augmentation of predatory mites. Here we examined the transgenerational effects of low concentrations of a widely-used acaricide, Oberon Speed® (a combination of spiromesifen and abamactin), on the life history of TSSM and two of its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The concentrations employed corresponded to the LC10, LC20 and LC30 values calculated for TSSM protonymphs 48 h post-exposure in a topical bioassay, which yielded an LC50 value of 207.2 ppm. Parental exposure of TSSM to all three sublethal concentrations increased the total developmental time of progeny; both the LC20 and LC30 treatments reduced adult longevity and number of oviposition days, but only the LC30 treatment increased the preoviposition period. Similarly, both the LC20 and LC30 treatments significantly reduced life table parameters (r, R0, λ, and GRR), and increased generation time (T) and population doubling time (DT). Although maternal exposure to the acaricide had various impacts on progeny life history, the life table parameters of A. swirskii were largely unaffected in comparison to those of P. persimilis, suggesting the former species would be more compatible for integration with Oberon Speed® for control of TSSM in greenhouse vegetable production. biological control development life tables Tetranychus urticae acaricide Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most polyphagous and economically important pests of agricultural and horticultural crops in the world (Khanamani et al ., 2012; Sarbaz et al ., 2017; Havasi et al ., 2020), attacking more than 1,100 plant species (Asadi et al ., 2019), and thriving under a wide range of environmental conditions (Çobanoğlu and Kandiltaş, 2019). Mites feed from individual plant cells, causing loss of chlorophyll and reduced photosynthetic productivity (Havasi et al ., 2022), loss of plant vigor, leaf drop, and even plant death (Geroh and Tehri 2015; Susurluk and Gürkan 2020; Shang et al. 2022). Chemical acaricides have long played a vital role in suppressing this pest (Li et al ., 2017), but the evolution of resistance traits in TSSM, environmental hazards, and adverse effects on non-target organisms (Leviticus et al ., 2020; Kheradmand et al ., 2022; Havasi et al ., 2022) provide powerful incentives to develop alternative control methods. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae have been used for biological control of spider mites with various degrees of success in different agroecosystems (Abad-Moyano et al ., 2009). The predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeds on all spider mite life stages and has rapid development and reproduction (Moghadasi et al ., 2016). Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is another effective predator of TSSM (Nguyen et al . 2015), one that also feeds on whiteflies, making its application particularly useful in situations where control of both pests is required (Asadi et al ., 2019). Oberon Speed® is a combination of spiromesifen (IRAC group 23) and abamectin (IRAC group 6) with good efficacy against TSSM (Noorbakhsh, 2022). Abamectin has an inhibitory effect on the mite nervous system and is effective and is against active TSSM life stages, exhibiting toxicity via both contact and ingestion, whereas spiromesifen is an inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis with contact activity against eggs and nymphs (Ardeshir et al ., 2019). On their own, predatory mite augmentation programs can fail to provide adequate control of TSSM populations over the full cycle of crop production, necessitating the eventual application of an acaricide. Therefore, the use of a integrated of acaricides and phytoseiid mites is suggested as the most effective management solution for this pest. Indeed, successful biological control of TSSM can be achieved through adaptation of predators to current pesticides used in targeted agricultural systems (Sarbaz et al ., 2017). The overall effects of acaricides or pesticides on predatory mites should be evaluated by considering the impact on the biology of both species. A sound approach to this problem is to examine the demographic toxicology of the pesticide. Sublethal effects are determined as physiological and behavioral effects on individuals that survive the exposure to a toxic compound (Havasi et al ., 2021). Considering that chemical and biological methods are very important in controlling T. urticae in the present research, in order to prevent the development of resistance and minimize dangerous damage on the natural enemy, the sublethal effects of Oberon speed® on the TSSM and the predators P. persimilis and A. swirskii were investigated in laboratory conditions. Materials and methods Plants Seeds of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L., cv . 'Nagin') were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diam x 9 cm ht) filled by coco peat and perlite (1:1) in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Seeds were germinated, and plants grown, under climate-controlled conditions of 25 ± 3 ° C, 65 ± 5 % RH, and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. All plants used in experiments were at the 4-5 leaf growth stage. Spider mites A colony of TSSM was established from material collected from cucumber plants in a greenhouse in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and maintained in screen cages (90 x 90 x 150 cm) under the same physical conditions as the plants. Infested plants (10 pots per cage) were periodically replaced with healthy ones as they began to show symptoms of heavy mite damage. Predatory mites Colonies of P. persimilis and A. swirskii were established from material obtained from Hegmatane Company, Hamedan, Iran. Rearing arenas were constructed from 15 × 20 cm rectangles of clear plastic sheeting resting on water-soaked foam in plastic containers (25 × 25 × 40 cm). Strips of tissue paper saturated with water were laid along the edges of each plastic sheet to prevent escapes (McMurtry and Scriven 1965). The predatory mites were provisioned daily with a mixture of immature life stages of TSSM from the greenhouse colony. Both colonies were maintained in a climate-controlled chamber set to 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod (= standard experimental conditions). TSSM toxicity assay The acaricide Oberon Speed® SC 240 (Bayer Cropscience, Monheim am Rhein, Germany), containing the active ingredients abamectin @ 11.4 g/L and spiromesifen @ 228.6 g/L (hereafter, 'the miticide'), was used in all experiments of the study. Contact toxicity bioassays were conducted on protonymphs of TSSM , as immature life stages are the recommended target of the insecticide, and their control is critical to preventing reproduction of the pest. In order to determine the LC 80 and LC 20 values of Oberon Speed®, a series of preliminary tests were performed with concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ppm of the active ingredients (at a ratio of 0.05 : 1, abamectin : spiromesifen), which corresponded to 83.30, 124.97, 166.64, 208.31 and 249.98 ppm of the commercial formulation, with distilled water used as a control. Cucumber leaf discs (6 cm diam) were punched from leaves of Cucumis sativus L., cv . 'Nagin', and each was manually infested with 20 TSSM protonymph (< 24 h old). Leaf discs with mites were then sprayed in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm 2 . Each treated leaf disc (n = 4 per treatment) was then placed in a Petri dish (9 cm diam) on a tray and transferred to a climate-controlled chamber set to 25 ± 3 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod (= standard experimental conditions). Protonymph mortality was recorded 24h later. and were calculated from Probit analysis was conducted using SPSS software (SPSS, 2013) to obtain slope, SE, and confidence limits. Concentrations corresponding to LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 30 were determined and these concentrations were used in subsequent experiments. Exposure of TSSM protonymphs to sublethal concentrations Three concentrations of Oberon Speed®, corresponding to the LC 10, LC 20, and LC 30 values determined above, were selected to assay their sublethal effects on TSSM (n = 50 mites per treatment), with distilled water used as a control. Protonymphs (< 12 h post-molt) were removed from the laboratory colony and transferred to freshly cut cucumber leaf discs (6 cm diam, 10 mites per disc) and then sprayed with the appropriate concentration in the spray tower (as above). After 24 h on a laboratory bench, in a growth chamber , each surviving protonymph was transferred to a fresh cucumber leaf disc (one per disc) in a Petri dish (prepared as above) and reared under the standard experimental conditions. Leaf discs were replaced daily and the lifetime fecundity of each mite was recorded daily until its death. About 100 eggs were collected from the oviposition of ca. 50 females in each treatment and their development was observed and recorded daily in order to observe any parental effects on the F1 generation. Following adult molts, each female was paired with a male, each pair isolated in a Petri dish, and daily oviposition counted under a dissecting microscope until the female died. A few mites absconded from the rearing arena to die in the wet foam, and these were excluded from analysis. Leaf disc were kept moist and replaced as necessary, usually every third or fourth day. Maternal exposure of P. persimilis and A. swirskii to sublethal concentrations Pairs of mites of both predatory species (n = 30 per treatment, < 24 h post-molt) were exposed to leaf residues of Oberon speed® corresponding to the LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 30 , concentrations determined for TSSM (above), with distilled water used as a control. Leaf discs (6 cm diam) were each infested with 20 TSSM protonymphs, assigned to one of the four treatments (n = 30 discs per treatment), and treated in the spray tower (as above). A pair of predatory mites was then transferred to each leaf disc, which was then placed in a Petri dish (9 cm diam) in a growth chamber under the standard experimental conditions After 72 h, a series eggs (n = 50 per treatment, <12 h old) were selected at random and each was placed on a fresh (untreated) leaf disc in a clean Petri dish where their eclosion and development was monitored daily. Following molts to adult, mite pairs were established on fresh leaf discs, one per disc, and each 2was provisioned with ca. 20 immature stages of TSSM, refreshed daily. Oviposition was monitored daily until the female died. Data analysis Data from the concentration response bioassay were subjected to probit analysis (SPSS ver. 22), after correcting for control mortality using Abbott's formula (Abbott 1925). The demographic parameters of all mite species were analyzed with the age-stage-specific two-sex life table using TWO-SEX MSChart (Chi, 2022). Standard errors of all population parameters were calculated using the bootstrap technique with 100,000 replicates and treatments were compared using the paired bootstrap test of TWOSEX–MSChart (Chi and Yang 2003) with 95% confidence intervals. Results Toxicity of Oberon Speed ® to TSSM Probit analysis revealed that Oberon Speed ® had an LC 50 of 207.17 ppm for the TSSM (95% CL = 181.46 – 252.58) at 48h post-exposure, with LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 values estimated to be 97.71 (66.66 – 118.34), 126.47 (98.84 – 146.01), and 152.32 (128.51 – 173.59) ppm, respectively. Parental exposure to sublethal concentrations Exposure of TSSM in the protonymph stage to all sublethal concentrations of the miticide delayed the development of progeny, the delay becoming more pronounced as the concentration increased from LC 10 to LC 30 (Table 1). Adult longevity (both male and female) was also reduced significantly by parental exposure to the LC 20 and LC 30 concentrations, and females in these treatments laid eggs on fewer days. Parental exposure to increasing sublethal concentrations also progressively reduced the value of life table parameters measured for progeny, increasing both generation time and population doubling time (Table 2). The age-specific survival rate ( l x ), age-specific fecundity ( m x ) and age-stage-specific fecundity ( f xj ) of TSSM were all negatively affected (Fig. 2), and survival was reduced in LC 30 treatment. Maternal exposure of P. persimilis to sublethal concentrations Maternal exposure to the LC 30 concentration significantly delayed development of P. persimilis compared to controls, whereas exposure to lower concentrations did not (Table 3). The LC 30 concentration also reduced the longevity of males and female progeny, and the number of days on which female progeny laid eggs; maternal effects on the preoviposition period were inconsistent across concentrations, but the LC 20 treatment significantly increased this period. Only the LC 30 treatment significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase ( r ), the finite rate of increase ( λ ) and the gross reproductive rate ( GRR ) relative to controls, and increased the generation time ( T ) and population doubling time ( DT ) (Table 4). The LC 30 treatment was also the only one to decrease female lifespan (Fig. 3) and reduce fecundity (Fig. 4). Maternal exposure of A. swirskii to sublethal concentrations No maternal treatment with any sublethal concentration of Oberon Speed ® significantly affected the overall development time of A. swirskii compared to controls, and although various treatments slightly affected the duration of some immature stages, these impacts were mostly compensated by opposite effects on other stages (Table 5). The LC 10 treatment increased the preoviposition period of female offspring, whereas the LC 20 treatment reduced the longevity of female offspring and LC 30 treatment reduced the longevity of both male and female offspring; all three treatments reduced the number of days on which female offspring laid eggs. However, these impacts were not sufficient to significantly affect A. swirskii life table parameters, save for generation time ( T ), which was slightly increased by the LC 20 treatment (Table 6). Discussion The integration of chemical and biological control is often critical to the success of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for arthropod pests (El-Wakeil et al. 2006; Volkmar et al. 2008). Therefore, it is very important to find a pesticide that is effective on pests and less dangerous for natural enemies (Torres and Bueno, 2018). Detailed knowledge of the effects of different pesticides on the natural enemies will help to determine the timing of sprays, thus avoiding the most susceptible stages (El-Wakeil et al., 2013). Pesticides commonly used in commercial greenhouse management were evaluated for compatibility with two biological control agents: a leafminer parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), and a predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). The results showed that potentially compatible miticides (bifenazate, hexythiazox, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, etoxazole, and clofentezine) identified in laboratory trials were also evaluated in a greenhouse study and found to be compatible with leafminer biocontrol (Abraham et al., 2013).The studies conducted on the sublethal effects of pesticides showed that the negative and nonlethal effects of pesticides on pests and natural enemies can provide practical information for the formation of effective pest control strategies (Irigaray et al., 2007; Havasi et al., 2022; Mohammadi et al., 2022; Mokhtari et al., 2022). In this regard, in the study of Alinejad et al. (2015), on the effect of sublethal concentration of phenazine, Martinez-Villar et al. (2005), on sublethal concentration of azadirachtin, Wang et al. (2014) and Marcic (2007) on sublethal concentration of bifenthrin and spirodiclofen observed a decrease in fertility. Similarly, Shen et al. (2021) on sublethal concentration broflanilide, Havasi et al. (2018, 2021 and 2022), on sublethal concentrations of diflovidazin, Hexythiazox and Biomite, Shatrian Mohammadi et al. (2022) on sublethal concentration of Proteus, Leviticus et al. (2020) on fluralaner, similar results (decrease during the oviposition period and fertility rate in adult females) were obtained. Also, in the present research, the egg-laying period and the total life span by sublethal concentrations of oberon speed® showed a significant decrease compared to the control in TSSM. The growth parameters of TSSM population were also affected by the sublethal concentrations of oberon speed®, and with the increase of the sublethal concentration, the value of GRR, R 0 and r parameters decreased. In the investigation of the sublethal concentration effects of spiromesifen on TSSM by Rajaee et al. (2022), sublethal effects of difluvidazin on life table parameters of TSSM by Havasi et al. (2018) and sublethal effects of spirodiclofen, abamectin and pyridaben by Saber et al. (2018), similar to the present study, the population growth parameters of TSSM decreased. Also, in the review of Marcic et al. (2009) and Rajaei et al. (2022) on the sublethal effects of spiromesifen on TSSM observed a significant decrease in population growth parameters. In the study of sublethal effects of spinetoram on TSSM by Wang et al. (2016), reducing the time of growth and development from egg to adult and increasing fertility, as well as increasing the intrinsic rate of the population, increasing the net reproduction rate and reducing the average time of one generation, reducing the duration of eggs and larvae, which is significantly different from the present results were observed. This difference can be attributed to the type of acaricide used and laboratory conditions. Havasi et al. (2021) in a study on the effect of sublethal concentrations of hexathiazox on TSSM showed that the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) and the finite rate of population increase (λ) were not significantly different in the tested concentrations, but the net rate of reproduction ( R0 ), the gross rate reproduction (GRR) and mean reproductive time (T) were significantly reduced. Also, Havasi et al. (2022) showed that when the adult stage of on TSSM were treated with biomite, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) and the finite rate of population increase (λ) in different treatments did not decrease significantly compared to the control, which is different from the results of this research that differences in acaricide mode of action may be an important contributory factor in these differences.. In the present research, the results showed that sublethal concentrations of oberon speed® decrease fertility in TSSM, which is consistent with the results of Marcic (2007), Sangak Sani et al. (2019), Marcic et al. (2010), Askari Serizdi et al. (2013), Martinez-Villar et al. (2014), Phukan et al. (2017). Demographic approaches give a better understanding of the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms (Rahmani and Bandani, 2013). The sublethal effects of acaricides on predatory mites have been done in order to use them in integrated pest management (Ibrahim and Yee, 2000; Hamedi et al., 2010; Hamedi et al. 2011; Alinejad et al. 2016; Mollaloo et al., 2017; Abdel-Rahman and Ahmed, 2018; Shahbaz et al. 2019; Ahmed et al. 2021). Sanatgar et al. (2011), and Alinejad et al. (2016) which reported the use of sublethal concentration of hexythiazox and spirodiclofen had no significant effect on P. persimilis and A. swirskii, respectively. However, a significant reduction occurred in the r and λ values of A. swriskii and N. californicus when they were treated with fenazaquin (Alinejad et al. 2014) and Spirodiclofen (Maroufpoor et al. 2016), respectively. Residual effects of etoxazole, spiromesifen, fenpyroximate, bifenazate, and acequinocyl on life parameters of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) under laboratory conditions were studied. Fenpyroximate reduced adult female longevity to <24 h, and no eggs were laid. Longevity of spiromesifen and acequinocyl-treated adult females was reduced to 4 days, with observed reductions in fecundity and fertility. Etoxazole and bifenazate did not reduce adult female longevity, but progeny were not produced (Irigaray and Zalom, 2006.). The results achieved in this study showed that oberon speed® at sublethal concentrations have potential to adversely effect on P. persimilis in compare A. swirskii predator. Thus more care should be taken when this insecticide with P. persimilis and A. swirskii is used in IPM programs. Conclusion In conclusion, our investigation was the first step to explore the sublethal effect of oberon speed® on T. urticae and its two predators, P. persimilis and A. swirskii with respect to both sexes based on two-sex theory. The sublethal concentration (LC 30 ) effects of oberon speed® on the TSSM were more successful and on two predators have side effect. The sublethal concentration showed a significant difference in the parameters of population growth and the length of the life cycles of TSSM, and with the increase of the sublethal concentration, the fecundity rate, the length of the spawning period, the life span of both males and females decreased, and the length of the immature period increased. In the comparison between the two predators, the P. persimilis is more sensitive than the A. swirskii predator, and in the P. persimilis, the length of the immature period increases, the length of the mature period of the male and female decreases, and the length of the spawning period decreases, as well as its population growth parameters ( GRR, R 0 , r ) had a significant decrease in the sublethal concentration of LC 30 compared to the control, while in the A. swirskii , no significant difference was observed between the population growth parameters, only the length of the female period showed a decrease compared to the control. Considering the adverse effects of the sublethal concentration for the simultaneous use and management of TSSM, the release time interval of the predator mite should be considered in the biological control of TSSM in order to be more successful. 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Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 132, 102-107. Wang, S., Tang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, Q. and Xie, W., 2014. Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 19(4), 481-490. Tables Table 1. Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Tetranychus urticae life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Life stage / Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg 3.39 ± 0.05 b 3.35 ± 0.07 b 3.42 ± 0.07 b 3.75 ± 0.08 a Larva 1.67 ± 0.05 b 1.75 ± 0.05 b 1.91 ± 0.05 a 1.93 ± 0.06 a Protonymph 1.48 ± 0.06 c 1.55 ± 0.06 c 1.81 ± 0.06 b 2.26 ± 0.06 a Deutonymph 1.40 ± 0.05 b 1.53 ± 0.06 b 1.86 ± 0.04 a 1.97 ± 0.05 a Total develop. time 7.95 ± 0.11 c 8.20 ± 0.11 b 9.04 ± 0.12 b 10.00 ± 0.15 a Preoviposition period 2.47 ± 0.09 b 2.46 ± 0.10 b 2.53 ± 0.09 b 3.00 ± 0.08 a Longevity (♀) 22.26 ± 0.16 a 22.06 ± 0.18 a 20.92 ± 0.15 b 19.86 ± 0.17 c Longevity (♂) 15.29 ± 0.16 a 14.88 ± 0.18 a 14.17 ± 0.16 b 14.05 ± 0.18 b Oviposition days 14.29 ± 0.19 a 14.24 ± 0.20 a 13.43 ± 0.19 b 13.05 ± 0.20 b Fecundity (no. eggs) 38.84 ± 0.75 a 38.22 ± 0.8 a 35.04 ± 0.73 b 25.84 ± 0.87 c Table 2. Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Tetranychus urticae following exposure of protonymphs to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Parameter / Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 r 0.20 ± 0.01 a 0.19 ± 0.01 ab 0.17 ± 0.01 b 0.14 ± 0.01 c R 0 27.36 ± 1.96 a 22.22 ± 2.08 ab 19.96 ± 1.91 b 13.86 ± 1.49 c λ 1.22 ± 0.01 a 1.21 ± 0.01 ab 1.19 ± 0.01 b 1.15 ± 0.01 c GRR 30.22 ± 1.76 a 27.07 ± 2.00 ab 25.12 ± 1.84 b 19.20 ± 1.44 c T 16.32 ± 0.17 c 16.45 ± 0.17 c 17.22 ± 0.18 b 19.03 ± 0.24 a DT 3.42 ± 8.84 c 3.68 ± 0.13 bc 3.99 ± 0.15b 5.02 ± 0.23 a Table 3. Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Phytoseiulus persimilis life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Life stage / Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg 2.26 ± 0.08 a 2.14 ± 0.09 a 2.07 ± 0.08 a 2.22 ± 0.08 a Larva 1.48 ± 0.08 b 1.51 ± 0.09 b 1.55 ± 0.09 b 1.82 ± 0.07 a Protonymph 1.35 ± 0.07 b 1.49 ± 0.08 b 1.36 ± 0.08 b 1.86 ± 0.06 a Deutonymph 1.24 ± 0.07 b 1.18 ± 0.06 b 1.34 ± 0.09 b 1.86 ± 0.08 a Total develop. time 6.29 ± 0.19 b 6.26 ± 0.19 b 6.37 ± 0.18 b 7.81 ± 0.17 a Preoviposition period 1.97 ± 0.16 b 2.08 ± 0.19 ab 2.46 ± 0.17 a 2.00 ± 0.16 ab Longevity (♀) 20.70 ± 0.22 a 21.00 ± 0.24 a 21.12 ± 0.25 a 8.08 ± 0.21 b Longevity (♂) 14.67 ± 0.19 a 14.67 ± 0.42 a 14.67 ± 0.19 a 13.91 ± 0.21 b Oviposition days 15.87 ± 0.31 a 16.04 ± 0.31 a 15.88 ± 0.33 a 14.31 ± 0.28 b Fecundity (no. eggs) 29.97 ± 0.88 a 30.31 ± 0.92 a 30.23 ± 0.89 a 24.81 ± 1.18 b Table 4. Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Phytoseiulus persimilis following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Treatment / Parameter Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 r 0.20 ± 0.01 a 0.20 ± 0.01 ab 0.19 ± 0.01 ab 0.17 ± 0.01 b R 0 19.13 ± 2.16 a 17.91 ± 2.31 a 17.47 ± 2.28 a 15.00 ± 1.88 a λ 1.23 ± 0.01 a 1.22 ± 0.01 ab 1.21 ± 0.01 ab 1.19 ± 0.01 b GRR 25.92 ± 2.16 a 25.52 ± 2.37 ab 24.70 ± 2.10 ab 20.41 ± 1.63 b T 14.40 ± 0.38 b 14.60 ± 0.38 ab 15.21 ± 0.37 a 15.94 ± 0.30 a DT 3.38 ± 0.17 b 3.51 ± 0.21 ab 3.68 ± 0.23 ab 4.08 ± 0.22 a Table 5. Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Amblyseius swirskii life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Life stage / Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg 2.23 ± 0.08 a 1.68 ± 0.07 b 2.12 ± 0.08 a 2.02 ± 0.07 a Larva 1.52 ± 0.08 a 1.26 ± 0.06 b 1.69 ± 0.08 a 1.54 ± 0.08 a Protonymph 1.48 ± 0.08 b 1.70 ± 0.10 ab 1.52 ± 0.08 b 1.78 ± 0.07 a Deutonymph 1.21 ± 0.06 b 1.55 ± 0.08 a 1.46 ± 0.09 a 1.66 ± 0.08 a Total develop. time 6.43 ± 0.17 a 6.12 ± 0.12 a 6.74 ± 0.13 a 6.97 ± 0.16 a Preoviposition period 2.03 ± 0.18 b 2.61 ± 0.14 a 2.44 ± 0.16 ab 2.04 ± 0.17 b Longevity (♀) 21.00 ± 0.15 a 20.64 ± 0.19 a 19.52 ± 0.17 b 18.58 ± 0.22 c Longevity (♂) 14.57 ± 0.17 a 14.33 ± 0.17 ab 14.64 ± 0.17 a 14.00 ± 0.19 b Oviposition days 16.07 ± 0.26 a 14.30 ± 0.35 b 15.04 ± 0.30 b 14.50 ± 0.25 b Fecundity (no. eggs) 26.04 ± 0.53 a 23.33 ± 0.61 b 25.68 ± 0.59 a 22.75 ± 0.46 b Table 6. Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Amblyseius swirskii following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed ®. Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments. Parameter / Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 r 0.19 ± 0.01 a 0.19 ± 0.01 a 0.17 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.01 a R 0 16.20 ± 1.90 a 16.04 ± 1.62 a 14.27 ± 1.94 a 12.70 ± 1.74 a λ 1.21 ± 0.01 a 1.20 ± 0.01 a 1.18 ± 0.01 a 1.18 ± 0.01 a GRR 20.54 ± 1.65 a 19.33 ± 1.33 a 19.86 ± 1.75 a 17.86 ± 1.48 a T 14.81 ± 0.36 b 14.89 ± 0.21 b 15.72 ± 0.26 a 15.48 ± 0.30 ab DT 3.68 ± 0.21 a 3.72 ± 0.16 a 4.10 ± 0.25 a 4.22 ± 0.28 a Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e®\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig.16.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4059726/v1/9701daa282ce23ecd0e2ff51.png\"},{\"id\":52594832,\"identity\":\"2583b725-dfcb-4a4c-91e3-293d63064f89\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-13 11:29:13\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":57345,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAge-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific fecundity (mx) and age-stage-specific fecundity (fxj) of TSSM after exposure to various sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed® as protonymphs.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig.25.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4059726/v1/c2917829c1e44a8b0f5aa549.png\"},{\"id\":52594834,\"identity\":\"92db294b-9f66-4e34-87d9-dc4a58ad22f4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-13 11:29:13\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":56978,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAge-stage-specific survival rate (\\u003cem\\u003eS\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003exj\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) of \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis \\u003c/em\\u003eafter exposure to various sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed®.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig.34.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4059726/v1/449049b2773026b65dd38047.png\"},{\"id\":52594835,\"identity\":\"ddf0955a-7603-4e85-b20c-e014a8608e15\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-13 11:29:13\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":66568,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAge-specific survival rate (\\u003cem\\u003el\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\\u003cem\\u003ef\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003exj\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) of \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis \\u003c/em\\u003eafter exposure to various sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed®.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig.42.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4059726/v1/64536c6f62c0aed6e89fa559.png\"},{\"id\":52595064,\"identity\":\"092ab7ed-dea7-406e-86ee-9e37b8c8cf34\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-13 11:37:13\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1032457,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4059726/v1/6911a342-dfb5-4738-b936-3b447f3b3a1b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Sublethal effects of Oberon Speed® on Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) and potential compatibility for integrated management of two-spotted spider mite\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe two spotted spider mite (TSSM), \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)\\u0026nbsp;is one of the most polyphagous and economically important pests of agricultural and horticultural crops in the world\\u0026nbsp;(Khanamani \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2012;\\u0026nbsp;Sarbaz \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2017;\\u0026nbsp;Havasi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2020), attacking more than 1,100 plant species (Asadi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2019), and thriving under a wide range of environmental conditions (\\u0026Ccedil;obanoğlu and Kandiltaş, 2019).\\u0026nbsp;Mites \\u0026nbsp;feed from individual plant cells, causing loss of chlorophyll and reduced photosynthetic productivity (Havasi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2022), loss of plant vigor, leaf drop, and even plant death\\u0026nbsp;(Geroh and Tehri 2015;\\u0026nbsp;Susurluk and G\\u0026uuml;rkan 2020; Shang \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e 2022).\\u0026nbsp;Chemical acaricides have long played a vital role in suppressing this pest (Li \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2017), but the evolution of resistance traits in TSSM, environmental hazards, and adverse effects on non-target organisms (Leviticus \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2020; Kheradmand \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2022; Havasi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2022) provide powerful incentives to develop alternative control methods.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePredatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae have been used for biological control of spider mites with various degrees of success in different agroecosystems (Abad-Moyano \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2009).\\u0026nbsp;The predatory mite, \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eAthias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeds on all spider mite life stages and has rapid development and reproduction (Moghadasi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2016). \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eAthias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is another effective predator of\\u0026nbsp;TSSM (Nguyen \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2015), one that also feeds on whiteflies, making its application particularly useful in situations where control of both pests is required (Asadi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2019).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOberon Speed\\u0026reg; is a combination of spiromesifen (IRAC group 23) and abamectin (IRAC group 6) with good efficacy against TSSM (Noorbakhsh, 2022).\\u0026nbsp;Abamectin has an inhibitory effect on the mite nervous system and is effective and is against active TSSM life stages, exhibiting toxicity via both contact and ingestion, whereas spiromesifen is an inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis with contact activity against eggs and nymphs (Ardeshir \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2019).\\u0026nbsp;On their own, predatory mite augmentation programs can fail to provide adequate control of TSSM populations over the full cycle of crop production, necessitating the eventual application of an acaricide.\\u0026nbsp;Therefore, the use of a integrated of acaricides and phytoseiid mites is suggested as the most effective management solution for this pest.\\u0026nbsp;Indeed, successful biological control of\\u0026nbsp;TSSM\\u0026nbsp;can be achieved through adaptation of predators to current pesticides used in targeted agricultural systems (Sarbaz \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2017).\\u0026nbsp;The overall effects of acaricides or pesticides on predatory mites should be evaluated by considering the impact on the biology of both species. A sound approach to this problem is to examine the demographic toxicology of the pesticide. Sublethal effects are determined as physiological and behavioral effects on individuals that survive the exposure to a toxic compound (Havasi \\u003cem\\u003eet al\\u003c/em\\u003e., 2021).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConsidering that chemical and biological methods are very important in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eT. urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e in the present research, in order to prevent the development of resistance and minimize dangerous damage on the natural enemy, the sublethal effects of Oberon speed\\u0026reg; on the\\u0026nbsp;TSSM\\u0026nbsp;and the predators \\u003cem\\u003eP. persimilis\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eand\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003ewere investigated in laboratory conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePlants\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSeeds of cucumber (\\u003cem\\u003eCucumis sativus\\u003c/em\\u003e L., cv\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026apos;Nagin\\u0026apos;) were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diam x 9 cm ht) filled by coco peat and perlite (1:1) in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Seeds were germinated, and plants grown, under climate-controlled conditions of 25 \\u0026plusmn; 3 \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u0026deg;\\u003c/span\\u003eC, 65 \\u0026plusmn; 5 \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e%\\u003c/span\\u003e RH, and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. All plants used in experiments were at the 4-5 leaf growth stage.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSpider mites\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA colony of TSSM\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003ewas established from material collected from cucumber plants in a greenhouse in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and maintained in screen cages (90 x 90 x 150 cm) under the same physical conditions as the plants. Infested plants (10 pots per cage) were periodically replaced with healthy ones as they began to show symptoms of heavy mite damage.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePredatory mites\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eColonies of \\u003cem\\u003eP. persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003ewere established from material obtained from Hegmatane Company, Hamedan, Iran. Rearing arenas were constructed from 15 \\u0026times; 20 cm rectangles of clear plastic sheeting resting on water-soaked foam in plastic containers (25 \\u0026times; 25 \\u0026times; 40 cm). Strips of tissue paper saturated with water were laid along the edges of each plastic sheet to prevent escapes (McMurtry and Scriven 1965). The predatory mites were provisioned daily with a mixture of immature life stages of \\u003cem\\u003eTSSM\\u003c/em\\u003e from the greenhouse colony. Both colonies were maintained in a climate-controlled chamber set to 25 \\u0026plusmn; 2 \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u0026deg;\\u003c/span\\u003eC, 65 \\u0026plusmn; 5% RH, and a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod (= standard experimental conditions).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTSSM toxicity assay\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe acaricide Oberon Speed\\u0026reg; SC 240 (Bayer Cropscience,\\u0026nbsp;Monheim am Rhein, Germany), containing the active ingredients abamectin @ 11.4 g/L and spiromesifen @ 228.6 g/L (hereafter, \\u0026apos;the miticide\\u0026apos;), was used in all experiments of the study.\\u0026nbsp;Contact toxicity bioassays were conducted on protonymphs\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eof\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;TSSM\\u003c/em\\u003e, as immature life stages are the recommended target of the insecticide, and their control is critical to preventing reproduction of the pest. In order to determine the LC\\u003csub\\u003e80\\u003c/sub\\u003e and LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e values of Oberon Speed\\u0026reg;, a series of preliminary tests were performed with concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ppm of the active ingredients (at a ratio of 0.05 : 1, abamectin : spiromesifen), which corresponded to 83.30, 124.97, 166.64, 208.31 and 249.98 ppm of the commercial formulation, with distilled water used as a control. Cucumber leaf discs (6 cm diam) were punched from leaves of \\u003cem\\u003eCucumis sativus\\u003c/em\\u003e L., cv\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026apos;Nagin\\u0026apos;, and each was manually infested with 20 TSSM protonymph (\\u0026lt; 24 h old). Leaf discs with mites were then sprayed in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Each treated leaf disc (n = 4 per treatment) was then placed in a Petri dish (9 cm diam) on a tray and transferred to a climate-controlled chamber set to 25 \\u0026plusmn; 3 \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u0026deg;\\u003c/span\\u003eC, 65 \\u0026plusmn; 5% RH, and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod (= standard experimental conditions). Protonymph mortality was recorded 24h later.\\u0026nbsp;and were calculated from Probit analysis was conducted using SPSS software (SPSS, 2013)\\u0026nbsp;to obtain slope, SE, and confidence limits. Concentrations corresponding to LC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e, LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e and LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e were determined and these concentrations were used in subsequent experiments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eExposure of TSSM protonymphs to sublethal concentrations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThree concentrations of\\u0026nbsp;Oberon Speed\\u0026reg;, corresponding to the\\u0026nbsp;LC\\u003csub\\u003e10,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003eand\\u003csub\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e values determined above, were selected to assay their sublethal effects on TSSM (n = 50 mites per treatment), with distilled water used as a control.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eProtonymphs (\\u0026lt; 12 h post-molt) were removed from the laboratory colony and transferred to freshly cut cucumber leaf discs (6 cm diam, 10 mites per disc) and then sprayed with the appropriate concentration in the spray tower (as above). After 24 h on a laboratory bench, in a growth chamber ,\\u003ca id=\\\"_anchor_1\\\" href=\\\"#_msocom_1\\\" language=\\\"JavaScript\\\" name=\\\"_msoanchor_1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/a\\u003e each surviving protonymph was transferred to a fresh cucumber leaf disc (one per disc) in a Petri dish (prepared as above) and reared under the standard experimental conditions. Leaf discs were replaced daily and the lifetime fecundity of each mite was recorded daily until its death. About 100 eggs were collected from the oviposition of ca. 50 females in each treatment and their development was observed and recorded daily in order to observe any parental effects on the F1 generation. Following adult molts, each female was paired with a male, each pair isolated in a Petri dish, and daily oviposition counted under a dissecting microscope until the female died. A few mites absconded from the rearing arena to die in the wet foam, and these were excluded from analysis. Leaf disc were kept moist and replaced as necessary, usually every third or fourth day.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMaternal exposure of\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP. persimilis\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eand\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;to sublethal concentrations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePairs of mites\\u0026nbsp;of both predatory species (n = 30 per treatment, \\u0026lt; 24 h post-molt) were exposed to leaf residues\\u0026nbsp;of\\u0026nbsp;Oberon speed\\u0026reg; corresponding to\\u0026nbsp;the LC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e, LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e and LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e, concentrations determined for TSSM (above), with distilled water used as a control. Leaf discs (6 cm diam) were each infested with 20 TSSM protonymphs, assigned to one of the four treatments (n = 30 discs per treatment), and treated in the spray tower (as above). A pair of predatory mites was then transferred to each leaf disc, which was then placed in a Petri dish (9 cm diam) in a growth chamber under the standard experimental conditions After 72 h, a series eggs (n = 50 per treatment, \\u0026lt;12 h old) were selected at random and each was placed on a fresh (untreated) leaf disc in a clean Petri dish where their eclosion and development was monitored daily. Following molts to adult, mite pairs were established on fresh leaf discs, one per disc, and each 2was provisioned with ca. 20 immature stages of TSSM, refreshed daily. Oviposition was monitored daily until the female died.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData from the concentration response bioassay were subjected to probit analysis (SPSS ver. 22), after correcting for control mortality using Abbott\\u0026apos;s formula (Abbott 1925). The demographic parameters of all mite species were analyzed with the age-stage-specific two-sex life table using TWO-SEX MSChart (Chi, 2022). Standard errors of all population parameters were calculated using the bootstrap technique with 100,000 replicates and treatments were compared using the paired bootstrap test of TWOSEX\\u0026ndash;MSChart (Chi and Yang 2003) with 95% confidence intervals.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eToxicity of Oberon Speed\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eto TSSM\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eProbit analysis revealed that Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/strong\\u003e had an LC\\u003csub\\u003e50\\u003c/sub\\u003e of 207.17 ppm for the TSSM (95% CL = 181.46 \\u0026ndash; 252.58) at 48h post-exposure, with LC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e, LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e, and LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003evalues estimated to be 97.71 (66.66 \\u0026ndash; 118.34), 126.47 (98.84 \\u0026ndash; 146.01), and 152.32 (128.51 \\u0026ndash; 173.59) ppm, respectively.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParental exposure to sublethal concentrations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eExposure of TSSM in the protonymph stage to all sublethal concentrations of the miticide delayed the development of progeny, the delay becoming more pronounced as the concentration increased from LC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e to LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e (Table 1). Adult longevity (both male and female) was also reduced significantly by parental exposure to the LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e and LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003econcentrations, and females in these treatments laid eggs on fewer days.\\u0026nbsp;Parental exposure to increasing sublethal concentrations also\\u0026nbsp;progressively reduced the value of life table parameters measured for progeny, increasing both generation time and population doubling time\\u0026nbsp;(Table 2).\\u0026nbsp;The age-specific survival rate (\\u003cem\\u003el\\u003csub\\u003ex\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003csub\\u003ex\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\\u003cem\\u003ef\\u003csub\\u003exj\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u0026nbsp;of TSSM\\u0026nbsp;were all negatively affected (Fig. 2), and survival was reduced in LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMaternal exposure of\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP. persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;to\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003esublethal concentrations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMaternal exposure to the LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e concentration significantly delayed development of\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;P. persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e compared to controls, whereas exposure to lower concentrations did not (Table 3). The LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e concentration also reduced the longevity of males and female progeny, and the number of days on which female progeny laid eggs; maternal effects on the preoviposition period were inconsistent across concentrations, but the LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment significantly increased this period. Only the LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase (\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e), the finite rate of increase (\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lambda;\\u003c/em\\u003e) and the gross reproductive rate (\\u003cem\\u003eGRR\\u003c/em\\u003e) relative to controls, and increased the generation time (\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e) and population doubling time (\\u003cem\\u003eDT\\u003c/em\\u003e) (Table 4).\\u0026nbsp;The LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003etreatment was also the only one to decrease female lifespan (Fig. 3) and reduce fecundity (Fig. 4).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMaternal exposure of\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;to\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003esublethal concentrations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo maternal treatment with any\\u0026nbsp;sublethal concentration of\\u0026nbsp;Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/strong\\u003e significantly affected the overall development time of\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e compared to controls, and although various treatments\\u0026nbsp;slightly affected the duration of some immature stages, these impacts were mostly compensated by opposite effects on other stages (Table 5). The\\u0026nbsp;LC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment increased the preoviposition period of female offspring, whereas the LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment reduced the longevity of female offspring and LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment reduced the longevity of both male and female offspring; all three treatments reduced the number of days on which female offspring laid eggs. However, these impacts were not sufficient to significantly affect\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e life table parameters, save for generation time (\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e), which was slightly increased by the LC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e treatment (Table 6).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe integration of chemical and biological control is often critical to the success of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for arthropod pests (El-Wakeil et al. 2006; Volkmar et al. 2008). Therefore, it is very important to find a pesticide that is effective on pests and less dangerous for natural enemies (Torres and Bueno, 2018). Detailed knowledge of the effects of different pesticides on the natural enemies will help to determine the timing of sprays, thus avoiding the most susceptible stages (El-Wakeil et al., 2013). Pesticides commonly used in commercial greenhouse management were evaluated for compatibility with two biological control agents: a leafminer parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), and a predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). The results showed that potentially compatible miticides (bifenazate, hexythiazox, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, etoxazole, and clofentezine) identified in laboratory trials were also evaluated in a greenhouse study and found to be compatible with leafminer biocontrol (Abraham et al., 2013).The studies conducted on the sublethal effects of pesticides showed that the negative and nonlethal effects of pesticides on pests and natural enemies can provide practical information for the formation of effective pest control strategies (Irigaray et al., 2007; Havasi et al., 2022; Mohammadi et al., 2022; Mokhtari et al., 2022). In this regard, in the study of Alinejad et al. (2015), on the effect of sublethal concentration of phenazine, Martinez-Villar et al. (2005), on sublethal concentration of azadirachtin, Wang et al. (2014) and Marcic (2007) on sublethal concentration of bifenthrin and spirodiclofen observed a decrease in fertility. Similarly, Shen et al. (2021) on sublethal concentration broflanilide, Havasi et al. (2018, 2021 and 2022), on sublethal concentrations of diflovidazin, Hexythiazox and Biomite, Shatrian Mohammadi et al. (2022) on sublethal concentration of Proteus, Leviticus et al. (2020) on fluralaner, similar results (decrease during the oviposition period and fertility rate in adult females) were obtained. \\u0026nbsp;Also, in the present research, the egg-laying period and the total life span by sublethal concentrations of oberon speed\\u0026reg; showed a significant decrease compared to the control in TSSM. The growth parameters of TSSM population were also affected by the sublethal concentrations of oberon speed\\u0026reg;, and with the increase of the sublethal concentration, the value of GRR, R\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e and r parameters decreased. In the investigation of the sublethal concentration effects of spiromesifen on TSSM by Rajaee et al. (2022), sublethal effects of difluvidazin on life table parameters of TSSM by Havasi et al. (2018) and sublethal effects of spirodiclofen, abamectin and pyridaben by Saber et al. (2018), similar to the present study, the population growth parameters of TSSM decreased. Also, in the review of Marcic et al. (2009) and Rajaei et al. (2022) on the sublethal effects of spiromesifen on TSSM observed a significant decrease in population growth parameters. In the study of sublethal effects of\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003espinetoram\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e on TSSM by Wang et al. (2016), reducing the time of growth and development from egg to adult and increasing fertility, as well as increasing the intrinsic rate of the population, increasing the net reproduction rate and reducing the average time of one generation, reducing the duration of eggs and larvae, which is significantly different from the present results were observed. This difference can be attributed to the type of acaricide used and laboratory conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHavasi et al. (2021) in a study on the effect of sublethal concentrations of hexathiazox on TSSM showed that the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) and the finite rate of population increase (\\u0026lambda;) were not significantly different in the tested concentrations, but the net rate of reproduction (\\u003csub\\u003eR0\\u003c/sub\\u003e), the gross rate reproduction (GRR) and mean reproductive time (T) were significantly reduced.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAlso, Havasi et al. (2022) showed that when the adult stage of on TSSM were treated with biomite, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) and the finite rate of population increase (\\u0026lambda;) in different treatments did not decrease significantly compared to the control, which is different from the results of this research that differences in acaricide mode of action may be an important contributory factor in these differences..\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn the present research, the results showed that sublethal concentrations of oberon speed\\u0026reg; decrease fertility in TSSM, which is consistent with the results of Marcic (2007), Sangak Sani et al. (2019), Marcic et al. (2010), Askari Serizdi et al. (2013), Martinez-Villar et al. (2014),\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/span\\u003ePhukan et al. (2017).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDemographic approaches give a better understanding of the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms (Rahmani and Bandani, 2013).\\u0026nbsp;The sublethal effects of acaricides on predatory mites have been done in order to use them in integrated pest management (Ibrahim and Yee, 2000; Hamedi et al., 2010; Hamedi et al. 2011; Alinejad et al. 2016; Mollaloo et al., 2017; Abdel-Rahman and Ahmed, 2018; Shahbaz et al. 2019; Ahmed et al. 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSanatgar et al. (2011), and Alinejad et al. (2016) which reported the use of sublethal concentration of hexythiazox and spirodiclofen had no significant effect on P. persimilis and A. swirskii, respectively. However, a significant reduction occurred in the r and \\u0026lambda; values of A. swriskii and N. californicus when they were treated with fenazaquin \\u0026nbsp;(Alinejad et al. 2014) and Spirodiclofen (Maroufpoor et al. 2016), respectively.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eResidual effects of etoxazole, spiromesifen, fenpyroximate, bifenazate, and acequinocyl on life parameters of\\u0026nbsp;Galendromus occidentalis\\u0026nbsp;(Nesbitt) under laboratory conditions were studied. Fenpyroximate reduced adult female longevity to \\u0026lt;24\\u0026nbsp;h, and no eggs were laid. Longevity of spiromesifen and acequinocyl-treated adult females was reduced to 4\\u0026nbsp;days, with observed reductions in fecundity and fertility. Etoxazole and bifenazate did not reduce adult female longevity, but progeny were not produced (Irigaray and Zalom, 2006.).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe results achieved in this study showed that oberon speed\\u0026reg; at sublethal concentrations have potential to adversely effect on P. persimilis in compare A. swirskii predator. Thus more care should be taken when this insecticide with P. persimilis and A. swirskii is used in IPM programs.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, our investigation was the first step to explore the sublethal effect of oberon speed\\u0026reg; on \\u003cem\\u003eT. urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eand \\u0026nbsp;its two\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003epredators,\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;P. persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e with respect to both sexes based on two-sex theory. The sublethal concentration (LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e) effects of oberon speed\\u0026reg; on the TSSM were more successful and on two predators have side effect. The sublethal concentration showed a significant difference in the parameters of population growth and the length of the life cycles of TSSM, and with the increase of the sublethal concentration, the fecundity rate, the length of the spawning period, the life span of both males and females decreased, and the length of the immature period increased.\\u0026nbsp;In the comparison between the two predators, the \\u003cem\\u003eP. persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e is more sensitive than the \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e predator, and in the P. persimilis, the length of the immature period increases, the length of the mature period of the male and female decreases, and the length of the spawning period decreases, as well as its population growth parameters (\\u003cem\\u003eGRR, R\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e, r\\u003c/em\\u003e) had a significant decrease in the sublethal concentration of LC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e compared to the control, while in the \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, no significant difference was observed between the population growth parameters, only the length of the female period showed a decrease compared to the control.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Considering the adverse effects of the sublethal concentration for the simultaneous use and management of TSSM, the release time interval of the predator mite should be considered in the biological control of TSSM in order to be more successful. 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Experimental and Applied Acarology, 50(3), 255-267.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMart\\u0026iacute;nez-Villar, E., S\\u0026aacute;enz-De-Cabez\\u0026oacute;n, F.J., Moreno-Grijalba, F., Marco, V. and P\\u0026eacute;rez-Moreno, I., 2005. Effects of azadirachtin on the two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch, (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental \\u0026amp; Applied Acarology, 35, 215-222.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMcMurtry, J.A. and Scriven, G.T., 1965. Insectary production of phytoseiid mites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 58(2), 282-284.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMoghadasi, M., Allahyari, H., Saboori, A. and Zahedi Golpayegan, A., 2016. Life table and predation capacity of \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on rose.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMohammadi, M.N.S., Alsendi, A.K., Abdulhasan, H. and Karaj, I., 2022. Sublethal effects of Proteus on the demographic characteristics of \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch 1836. Annals of Forest Research, 65(1), 2094-2106.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMokhtari, B., Saber, M., Mahdavinia, G.R. and Iranipour, S., 2022. Lethal and sublethal impacts of cyflumetofen and bromopropylate on \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Persian Journal of Acarology, 11(3), 531-543.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMollaloo, M.G., Kheradmand, K., Sadeghi, R. and Talebi, A.A., 2017. Demographic analysis of sublethal effects of spiromesifen on \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia, 57(3), 571-580.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eNauen, R., Schnorbach, H.J. and Elbert, A., 2005. The biological profile of spiromesifen (Oberon)\\u0026ndash;a new tetronic acid insecticide/acaricide. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer, 58(3), 417-440.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Nguyen, D.T., Vangansbeke, D. and De Clercq, P., 2015. Performance of four species of phytoseiid mites on artificial and natural diets. Biological Control, 80, 56-62.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eNoorbakhsh, N. 2022. List of important pests, diseases and weeds of major agricultural products. Pesticides and recommended methods to control them. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Agricultural Plant Protection Organization. 229 \\u0026nbsp;(In Farsi).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003ePhukan, B., Rahman, S. and Bhuyan, K.K., 2017. Effects of botanicals and acaricides on management of \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Koch) in tomato. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5, 241-46.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eRajaee, F., Maroofpour, N., Ghane-Jahromi, M., Sedaratian-Jahromi, A. and Guedes, R.N.C., 2022. Transgenerational sublethal effects of spiromesifen on \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tetranychidae) and on its phytoseiid predator \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 27(5), 888-904.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eRahmani, S., and Bandani, A. R., 2013. Sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam adversely affect life table parameters of the aphid predator, \\u003cem\\u003eHippodamia\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003evariegata\\u003c/em\\u003e (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Crop Protection, 54, 168\\u0026ndash;175.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSanatgar, E., Shoushtari, R.V., Zamani, A.A. and Nejadian, E.S., 2011. Effect of frequent application of hexythiazox on predatory mite \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Academic Journal of Entomology, 4(3), 94\\u0026ndash;101.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSaber, M., Ahmadi, Z. and Mahdavinia, G., 2018. Sublethal effects of spirodiclofen, abamectin and pyridaben on life-history traits and life-table parameters of two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 75(1), 55-67.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSangak Sani, N., Kheradmand, K. and Talebi, A.A., 2019. Sublethal effects of spirodiclofen on the demographic parameters of \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 52(9-10), 938-952.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSarbaz, S., Goldasteh, S., Zamani, A.A., Solymannejadiyan, E. and Vafaei Shoushtari, R., 2017. Side effects of spiromesifen and spirodiclofen on life table parameters of the predatory mite, \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae). International Journal of Acarology, 43(5), 380-386.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSato, M.E., Da Silva, M.Z., Raga, A., Cangani, K.G., Veronez, B. and Nicastro, R.L., 2011. Spiromesifen toxicity to the spider mite \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e and selectivity to the predator \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e. Phytoparasitica, 39, 437-445.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eShahbaz, M., Khoobdel, M., Khanjani, M., Hosseininia, A. and Khederi, S.J., 2019. Sublethal effects of acetamiprid on biological aspects and life table of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on \\u003cem\\u003eAleuroclava jasmini\\u003c/em\\u003e (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 24(5), 814-824.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eShang, S., Chang, Y., Li, W.Z., Chang-Qing, W. and Peng-Cheng, N., 2022. Effects of B-azolemiteacrylic on life-history traits and demographic parameters of two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 86, 61-71.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eShen, N., Li, Y., Leviticus, K., Chang, X.L., Tang, T., Cui, L., Han, Z.J. and Zhao, C.Q., 2021. Effect of broflanilide on the phytophagous mite \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e and the predatory mite \\u003cem\\u003eTyphlodromips swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. Pest Management Science, 77(6), 2964-2970.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSPSS, 2013. SPSS Statistics for Windows, Ver. 22.0. IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSusurluk, H. and G\\u0026uuml;rkan, M.O., 2020. Mode of inheritance and biochemical mechanisms underlying lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin resistance in the laboratory-selected two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e. Crop Protection, 137, p.105280.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eTorres, J.B.; Bueno, A.F., 2018. Conservation biological control using selective insecticides: A valuable tool for IPM. Biocontrol 126, 53\\u0026ndash;64.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eVolkmar, C, Schumacher, K, and M\\u0026uuml;ller, J., 2008. Impact of low-input pesticides usage on spider communities with special regards to accumulated effects. Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms IOBC/ Wprs Bull 35: 18-25.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWachendorff, U., Nauen, R., Schnorbach, H.J., Stumpf, N. and Elbert, A., 2002. The biological profile of spirodiclofen (Envidor\\u0026reg;)-a new selective tetronic acid acaricide. Pflanzenschutz Nachrichten Bayer - English edition, 55, 149-176.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWang, L., Zhang, Y., Xie, W., Wu, Q. and Wang, S., 2016. Sublethal effects of spinetoram on the two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 132, 102-107.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWang, S., Tang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, Q. and Xie, W., 2014. Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin on the two-spotted spider mite, \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 19(4), 481-490.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Tables\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) duration (no. days) of \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLife stage / Treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEgg\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.39\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.05 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.35\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.07 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.42 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.75 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLarva\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.67\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.05 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.75\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.05 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.91 \\u0026plusmn; 0.05 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.93 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eProtonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.48\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.06 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.55\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.06 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.81 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.26 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDeutonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.40\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.05 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.53\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.06 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.86 \\u0026plusmn; 0.04 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.97 \\u0026plusmn; 0.05 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal develop. time\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 7.95\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.11 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 8.20\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.11 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 9.04 \\u0026plusmn; 0.12 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.00 \\u0026plusmn; 0.15 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePreoviposition period\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.47\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.09 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.46\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.10 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.53 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.00 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♀)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.26\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.06\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.18 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.92 \\u0026plusmn; 0.15 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.86 \\u0026plusmn; 0.17 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♂)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.29\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.88\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.18 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.17 \\u0026plusmn; 0.16 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.05 \\u0026plusmn; 0.18 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOviposition days\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.29\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.19 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.24\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.20 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.43 \\u0026plusmn; 0.19 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.05 \\u0026plusmn; 0.20 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.84\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.75 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.22\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.8 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.73 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.84\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.87 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) life table parameters for \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus urticae\\u003c/em\\u003e following exposure of protonymphs to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"648\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eParameter\\u0026nbsp;/ Treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.20\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.19 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.17 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.14 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.36 \\u0026plusmn; 1.96 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.22 \\u0026plusmn; 2.08 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.96 \\u0026plusmn; 1.91 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.86 \\u0026plusmn; 1.49 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lambda;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.22\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.21 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.19 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.15 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGRR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.22 \\u0026plusmn; 1.76 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.07 \\u0026plusmn; 2.00 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.12 \\u0026plusmn; 1.84 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.20 \\u0026plusmn; 1.44 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.32\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.45 \\u0026plusmn; 0.17 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.22 \\u0026plusmn; 0.18 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.03 \\u0026plusmn; 0.24 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.85185185185185%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.42\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 8.84 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;3.68\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.13 bc\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.51851851851852%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;3.99\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.15b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.59259259259259%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;5.02\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.23 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) duration (no. days) of\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e life stages\\u0026nbsp;and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following maternal exposure to sublethal\\u0026nbsp;concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLife stage / Treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEgg\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.26 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.14 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.07 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.22 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLarva\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.48 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.51 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.55 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.82 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eProtonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.35 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.49 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.36 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.86 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDeutonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.24 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.18 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.34 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.86 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal develop. time\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.29 \\u0026plusmn; 0.19 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.26 \\u0026plusmn; 0.19 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.37 \\u0026plusmn; 0.18 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 7.81 \\u0026plusmn; 0.17 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePreoviposition period\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.97 \\u0026plusmn; 0.16 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.08 \\u0026plusmn; 0.19 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.46 \\u0026plusmn; 0.17 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.00 \\u0026plusmn; 0.16 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♀)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.70\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.22 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.00\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.24 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.12\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.25 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 8.08 \\u0026plusmn; 0.21 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♂)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.67\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.19 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.67\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.42 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.67\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.19 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.91\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.21 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOviposition days\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.87\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.31 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.31 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.88\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.33 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.31\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.28 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e29.97\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.88 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.31\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.92 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.23\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.89 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.81\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.18 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) life table parameters for \\u003cem\\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\\u003c/em\\u003e following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with a paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"570\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTreatment\\u0026nbsp;/\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eParameter\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.20 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.20 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.19 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.17 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.13 \\u0026plusmn; 2.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.91 \\u0026plusmn; 2.31 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.47 \\u0026plusmn; 2.28 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.00 \\u0026plusmn; 1.88 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lambda;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.23\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.22\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.21\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.19\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGRR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.92 \\u0026plusmn; 2.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.52 \\u0026plusmn; 2.37 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.70 \\u0026plusmn; 2.10 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.41 \\u0026plusmn; 1.63 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.40\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.38 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.60\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.38 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.21\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.37 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.94\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.30 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.789473684210526%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.38\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"22.105263157894736%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.51\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.21 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.05263157894737%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.68\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.23 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 4.08\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.22 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 5.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) duration (no. days) of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e life stages\\u0026nbsp;and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLife stage / Treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEgg\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.23 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.68 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.12 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 2.02 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLarva\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.52 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.26 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.69 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.54 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eProtonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.48 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.70 \\u0026plusmn; 0.10 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.52 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.78 \\u0026plusmn; 0.07 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDeutonymph\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.21 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.55 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.46 \\u0026plusmn; 0.09 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.66 \\u0026plusmn; 0.08 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal develop. time\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.43 \\u0026plusmn; 0.17 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.12 \\u0026plusmn; 0.12 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.74 \\u0026plusmn; 0.13 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 6.97 \\u0026plusmn; 0.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePreoviposition period\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.03\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.18 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.61\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.14 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.44\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.16 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♀)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.00\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.15 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.64\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.19 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.52\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18.58\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.22 c\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity\\u0026nbsp;(♂)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.57\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.33\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.64\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.17 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.00\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.19 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOviposition days\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.07\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.26 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.30\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.35 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.30 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.50\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.25 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.641025641025642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.58974358974359%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.53 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.23076923076923%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.33\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.61 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.628205128205128%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.68\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.59 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.91025641025641%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.75\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.46 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 6.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Mean (\\u0026plusmn; SE) life table parameters for \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e following maternal exposure to sublethal concentrations of Oberon Speed\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026reg;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eMeans were separated with a paired bootstrap test (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"654\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eParameter\\u0026nbsp;/ Treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e20\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLC\\u003csub\\u003e30\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.19 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.19 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.17 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 0.16 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.20\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.90 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.04\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.62 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.27\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.94 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.70\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.74 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lambda;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.21 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.20 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.18 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 1.18 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGRR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.54\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.65 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.33\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.33 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.86\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.75 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.86\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 1.48 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.81\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.36 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.89\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.21 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.72\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.26 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.48\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026plusmn; 0.30 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.605504587155963%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDT\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.68 \\u0026plusmn; 0.21 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 3.72 \\u0026plusmn; 0.16 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 4.10 \\u0026plusmn; 0.25 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.34862385321101%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; 4.22 \\u0026plusmn; 0.28 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"biological control, development, life tables, Tetranychus urticae, acaricide\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4059726/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4059726/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (TSSM), is an important cosmopolitan pest of horticultural crops that is often managed in greenhouses with a combination of acaricides and augmentation of predatory mites. Here we examined the transgenerational effects of low concentrations of a widely-used acaricide, Oberon Speed® (a combination of spiromesifen and abamactin), on the life history of TSSM and two of its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The concentrations employed corresponded to the LC10, LC20 and LC30 values calculated for TSSM protonymphs 48 h post-exposure in a topical bioassay, which yielded an LC50 value of 207.2 ppm. Parental exposure of TSSM to all three sublethal concentrations increased the total developmental time of progeny; both the LC20 and LC30 treatments reduced adult longevity and number of oviposition days, but only the LC30 treatment increased the preoviposition period. Similarly, both the LC20 and LC30 treatments significantly reduced life table parameters (r, R0, λ, and GRR), and increased generation time (T) and population doubling time (DT).\\nAlthough maternal exposure to the acaricide had various impacts on progeny life history, the life table parameters of A. swirskii were largely unaffected in comparison to those of P. persimilis, suggesting the former species would be more compatible for integration with Oberon Speed® for control of TSSM in greenhouse vegetable production.\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Sublethal effects of Oberon Speed® on Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) and potential compatibility for integrated management of two-spotted spider mite\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-03-13 11:29:08\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4059726/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"19a70ea8-8d61-4a9a-94fc-e1c2a5390eaa\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 13th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-03-15T07:01:01+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-03-13 11:29:08\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4059726\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4059726\",\"identity\":\"rs-4059726\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}