{"paper_id":"4fe1371c-a741-4c2f-b229-ebf4940be02f","body_text":"Abstract\nAngiogenesis, arteriogenesis or vessel maturation, and lymphangiogenesis comprise a continuum of vascular development, with overlap and interaction between the mechanisms by which they are controlled. These processes are of clinical interest because they play roles in endometrial repair, placental development, and in gynecological disorders including endometrial cancer, endometriosis and abnormal uterine bleeding. Using mouse models we have shown that estrogen can be either proangiogenic or antiangiogenic in endometrium. Progesterone alone is proangiogenic, although this can be moderated by pretreatment with estrogen. Arteriogenesis also increases in response to progesterone, and this effect is not inhibited by estrogen. Lymphatics account for 13% of all vessels in the human functionalis compared to 57% in the basalis. Many of the basalis lymphatic vessels are closely associated with spiral arterioles and this intimate connection may provide a mechanism for paracrine communication between the functionalis and the arteries supplying the endometrium.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nGirling JE, Rogers PAW. Recent advances in endometrial angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 2005;8:89–99.\nGargett CE, Rogers PAW. Human endometrial angiogenesis. Rev Reprod. 2001;121:181–186.\nWalter LM, Rogers PAW, Girling JE. The role of progesterone in endometrial angiogenesis in pregnant and ovariectomised mice. Reproduction. 2005;129:765–777.\nHeryanto B, Rogers PAW. Regulation of endometrial endothelial cell proliferation by oestrogen and progesterone in the ovariectomised mouse. Reproduction. 2002;123:107–113.\nHeryanto B, Lipson KE, Rogers PAW. Effect of angiogenesis inhibitors on oestrogen-mediated endometrial endothelial cell proliferation in the ovariectomised mouse. Reproduction. 2003;125:337–346.\nHeryanto B, Girling JE, Rogers PAW. Intravascular neutrophils partially mediate the endometrial endothelial cell proliferative response to oestrogen in ovariectomised mice. Reproduction. 2004;127:613–620.\nRogers PA, Abberton KM. Endometrial arteriogenesis: vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and differentiation during the menstrual cycle and changes associated with endometrial bleeding disorders. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;60:412–419.\nJain RK. Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nat Med. 2003;9:685–693.\nAbberton KM, Taylor NH, Healy DL, Rogers PA. Vascular smooth muscle alpha-α distribution around endometrial arterioles during the menstrual cycle: increased expression during the perimenopause and lack of correlation with menorrhagia. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:204–211.\nAbberton KM, Healy DL, Rogers PA. Smooth muscle alpha actin and myosin heavy chain expression in the vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding human endometrial arterioles. 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PAWR’s salary was provided by NH&MRC Fellowship No. 334063.\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nRogers, P.A.W., Donoghue, J.F., Walter, L.M. et al. Endometrial Angiogenesis, Vascular Maturation, and Lymphangiogenesis. Reprod. Sci. 16, 147–151 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719108325509\nPublished:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719108325509","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}