{"paper_id":"4e66b58a-86e9-466c-9740-0ab70a72889e","body_text":"Estimating Proprioceptive Position Sense of Upper Limbs Using Joint Distance and Joint Angle Symmetries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Estimating Proprioceptive Position Sense of Upper Limbs Using Joint Distance and Joint Angle Symmetries Shivakeshavan Ratnadurai-Giridharan, Dalina Delfing, Maxime T Robert, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Proprioceptive position sense (PPS) plays a critical role in movement and coordination of the upper limbs. It is commonly affected in neurological disorders such as unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) and stroke. However, UL PPS is often not considered during assessment or treatment in motor rehabilitation programs, in part due to limitations of current methods to quantify PPS. Traditional methods assess the similarity or symmetry of angles of a single joint and may not be sufficiently sensitive nor accurate. Emerging methods such as the use of robotic technology typically are limited to 2D and are also not standardizable as they are not easily available to clinics and research labs. This study aims to introduce a standardized and accessible way to quantify multi-joint PPS using 3D kinematic measures. Methods We developed novel multi-joint angle and distance-based measures of symmetry to assess upper limb PPS. Healthy adults (N = 17) and children with USCP (N=9) participated in this study. Kinematics were extracted during upper limb 3D pose matching tasks using a VICON Nexus system. Brunner-Munzel permutation tests were used for statistical comparisons between groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the different symmetry measures and pose matching tasks. Results We introduced novel angle and distance-based measures of symmetry to estimate PPS. Healthy adults scored higher on both these symmetry measures compared to children with USCP. Angle and distance-based symmetries did correlate with each other. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that both angle symmetry and joint distance symmetry were highly loaded by the latent factor that best explained variance in the data. These results suggest that the two measures of pose symmetry are not redundant. It was also observed that distance symmetry was less sensitive to the different poses while angle symmetry varied across poses. Conclusions Symmetry measures derived from kinematics during upper limb pose matching tasks can estimate multi-joint PPS. Angle and distance-based symmetries together provide information about an individual’s ability to sense joint position. This framework will allow clinicians and researchers to measure PPS of upper limbs only using kinematic acquisition devices. Neurobiology of Disease Physical Medicine & Rehab Proprioception Position Sense Upper Limb Cerebral Palsy Kinematics Symmetry Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Full Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-413094\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":22512916,\"identity\":\"3669cdd4-232c-4bd0-a3fd-8530783d8610\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Shivakeshavan Ratnadurai-Giridharan\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQbmBwkGNnJApgFEhJ25gYGBDa8WNoMPFWnGCC3MjAS1MEjOOHMosYFoLfKzex8Y87YdSF/b3ryB4UfFvTx+kJYPZYdxajG4c9zgMW/bndxtZ44VMPacKS6WbGZsYJxxDo8WiTQGoC3PcrfdyDFgZmxLSNxwmLGBmbcNtxb5GWkM0kAF6Wb330C07Adp+YtHC8ONNJD3DyeY3eCB2gL0C5CBx2E30sCBbLjtTFrBwZ4zCYkzgLYc7DmXjs9h4KiUNzt+eOODHxUJif3tzQcf/Cizxu0wZHAAgzEKRsEoGAWjgDwAAEr6W9FXhgLQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7915-9772\",\"institution\":\"Burke Medical Research Institute: Burke Neurological Institute\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Shivakeshavan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ratnadurai-Giridharan\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":22512917,\"identity\":\"b0a4c46f-dc71-443b-b72d-dae5a7e1a6bd\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Dalina Delfing\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Teachers College of Columbia University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Dalina\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Delfing\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":22512918,\"identity\":\"6c6b6133-3c6e-448e-8a30-44d5ce1df793\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Maxime T Robert\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Université Laval: Universite Laval\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Maxime\",\"middleName\":\"T\",\"lastName\":\"Robert\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":22512919,\"identity\":\"3ebb0755-3c7f-45e3-a13a-50f168bf0a0f\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Tomoko Kitago\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Burke Medical Research Institute: Burke Neurological Institute\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tomoko\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kitago\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":22512920,\"identity\":\"53f1f47d-e243-48e0-88a5-129272c5511c\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Andrew M Gordon\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Teachers College of Columbia University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Andrew\",\"middleName\":\"M\",\"lastName\":\"Gordon\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":22512921,\"identity\":\"7b13d0d8-0f97-43dd-a5c4-8f7f2371269e\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Kathleen M Friel\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Burke Medical Research Institute: Burke Neurological Institute\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Kathleen\",\"middleName\":\"M\",\"lastName\":\"Friel\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2021-04-12 01:29:11\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":8329493,\"identity\":\"f4c74e92-ea11-4dc1-9027-bcac0be200ca\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:17:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":615166,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Poses used for estimating proprioception. A) Superhero-powerbars: Lower arms point vertically downwards. A ninety-degree angle is subtended around the elbows. Elbows are collinear causing a 180-degree angle to be subtended around the shoulders as shown. B) Superhero-muscles: Similar to superhero-powerbars but with forearms pointing vertically upwards.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig1Poses.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/3f6b5fe3094c3fdbe55591e2.png\"},{\"id\":8329903,\"identity\":\"05649de2-bc3b-47f4-b0d8-95e7c78d825e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:20:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":3382458,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Distance symmetry measure. A) Ratios of distances of right wrist to neck (rRWN) and left wrist to neck (rLWN) are measured. Similarly, the ratios of distances of right elbow to neck (rREN) and left elbow to neck (rLEN) are measured. The ratios are closer to 1 the more symmetric the pose matching is. B) Again, we measure the ratio of distances of the wrist and elbow joints to a reference position which is the mid-sternum instead of the neck.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig2distancesymmetry.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/f45578889948192ec4d0fabb.png\"},{\"id\":8329498,\"identity\":\"332ab8f5-9309-4e8d-81d5-b6636001a72d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:17:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":247253,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Angle symmetry of upper limb joints based on the angles subtended by the right and left elbows as well as the right and left shoulders. The ratios of corresponding angles are used to compute angle symmetry. The closer the ratios are to 1, the more symmetric the pose.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig3anglesymmetry.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/a3c5bdebd467b33a5b74d333.png\"},{\"id\":8329864,\"identity\":\"d79c3dcc-dea6-4fe1-bf38-d04c9af436ab\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:20:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2198681,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Symmetry measures of healthy adults. A) For the superhero-powerbars pose, distance symmetry was 0.93±0.03, angle symmetry was 0.94±0.03 and pose drift was 3 ± 1 cm. B) For the superhero-muscles pose, distance symmetry was 0.94 ± 0.03, angle symmetry was 0.93 ± 0.03, and pose drift was 2 ± 1 cm. C) Correlation matrix comparing measures and poses. Darker colors indicate higher correlation. Distance symmetries are well correlated across the two joint matching tasks while angle symmetries are not.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig4AdultsCorr.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/100defbadcf0b9a313fabaef.png\"},{\"id\":8330081,\"identity\":\"5851cbf1-98d7-4f5c-aa6b-ec6f1962a303\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:23:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2199515,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Symmetry measures of children with USCP. A) For the superhero-powerbars pose, distance symmetry was 0.83±0.06, angle symmetry was 0.81±0.12 and pose drift was 0.09 ± 0.05m. B) For the superhero-muscles pose, distance symmetry was 0.8 ± 0.1, angle symmetry was 0.77 ± 0.15, and pose drift was 0.1 ± 0.05m. C) Correlation matrix comparing measures and poses: Darker colors indicate higher correlation. Distance symmetries are well correlated across the two joint matching tasks while angle symmetries are not. Within the same task, we also find that distance-angle symmetries are better correlated for children with USCP.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig5CPAH.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/83e14abc658046fb51dc7376.png\"},{\"id\":8329865,\"identity\":\"d4147956-6bae-490a-93f4-935c055d1723\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:20:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2401280,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"A-B) The two groups. Healthy adults and children with USCP, show significant separation in the metric space defined by distance and angle symmetry. The healthy adult scores are generally tightly clustered in the upper right quadrant, indicative of overall high symmetries. There is a relatively large intercluster distance (distance between centroids) between the two groups. C-D) Within each group we see there is no significant separation of the symmetry measures based on the type of joint matching task.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig6Clusters.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/147b8d0555aa2586b0bd9cba.png\"},{\"id\":8329910,\"identity\":\"b7080f13-9c2b-4ef5-90b2-8001f6dc10e8\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:20:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":777469,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Factor loadings on the first two components that explain \\u003e 90% of variance for A) superhero- powerbars and B) superhero-muscles. In both cases the first component primarily loads strongly onto the pose symmetries while the second component loads more on to pose drift.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig7FactorAnalysis.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/6a671dbd1e35a31198ffe69d.png\"},{\"id\":8329499,\"identity\":\"d1e89e6e-a441-40e7-b4a4-96c56ea4bb9a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:17:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":731326,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Symmetry and pose drift measures from children with USCP performing the joint masking tasks using their less affected hand. The measures do not differ much regardless of the choice of hand used to perform the joint matching tasks.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig8CPLA.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1/1476b505432b9735f6a3f659.png\"},{\"id\":8330204,\"identity\":\"8f4f9aed-5847-4679-a6fc-a800018370ca\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-04-22 14:27:03\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":447036,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Paperv9.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-413094/v1_stamped.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEstimating Proprioceptive Position Sense of Upper Limbs Using Joint Distance and Joint Angle Symmetries\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Full Text\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\\u003c/p\\u003e \"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Proprioception, Position Sense, Upper Limb, Cerebral Palsy, Kinematics, Symmetry\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBackground \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eProprioceptive position sense (PPS) plays a critical role in movement and coordination of the upper limbs. It is commonly affected in neurological disorders such as unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) and stroke. However, UL PPS is often not considered during assessment or treatment in motor rehabilitation programs, in part due to limitations of current methods to quantify PPS. Traditional methods assess the similarity or symmetry of angles of a single joint and may not be sufficiently sensitive nor accurate. Emerging methods such as the use of robotic technology typically are limited to 2D and are also not standardizable as they are not easily available to clinics and research labs. This study aims to introduce a standardized and accessible way to quantify multi-joint PPS using 3D kinematic measures. \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMethods \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWe developed novel multi-joint angle and distance-based measures of symmetry to assess upper limb PPS. Healthy adults (N = 17) and children with USCP (N=9) participated in this study. Kinematics were extracted during upper limb 3D pose matching tasks using a VICON Nexus system. Brunner-Munzel permutation tests were used for statistical comparisons between groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the different symmetry measures and pose matching tasks. \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eResults \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWe introduced novel angle and distance-based measures of symmetry to estimate PPS. Healthy adults scored higher on both these symmetry measures compared to children with USCP. Angle and distance-based symmetries did correlate with each other. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that both angle symmetry and joint distance symmetry were highly loaded by the latent factor that best explained variance in the data. These results suggest that the two measures of pose symmetry are not redundant. It was also observed that distance symmetry was less sensitive to the different poses while angle symmetry varied across poses. \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eConclusions \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSymmetry measures derived from kinematics during upper limb pose matching tasks can estimate multi-joint PPS. Angle and distance-based symmetries together provide information about an individual’s ability to sense joint position. This framework will allow clinicians and researchers to measure PPS of upper limbs only using kinematic acquisition devices.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Estimating Proprioceptive Position Sense of Upper Limbs Using Joint Distance and Joint Angle Symmetries\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2021-04-22 14:17:54\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-413094/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"982814c1-cfca-42d7-963d-d628639822d4\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"April 22nd, 2021\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":3830730,\"name\":\"Neurobiology of Disease\"},{\"id\":3830731,\"name\":\"Physical Medicine \\u0026 Rehab\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2021-06-30T02:45:39+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2021-04-22 14:17:54\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-413094\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-413094\",\"identity\":\"rs-413094\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}