{"paper_id":"4dfd7bec-5178-41e0-ac5a-0db37757b2e1","body_text":"Antixenosis and Antibiosis Mechanisms of Resistance in Barley Genotypes to Barley Shoot fly, Delia flavibasis (Stein) in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Antixenosis and Antibiosis Mechanisms of Resistance in Barley Genotypes to Barley Shoot fly, Delia flavibasis (Stein) in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia Megersa Abdisa, Wakuma Bayissa, Allo Aman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Shoot fly ( D.flavibasis Stein) is a major insect pest of barley at the seedling stage, with infestation levels up to 100% on susceptible barley genotypes in the study area. Host plant resistance is the most effective methods in managing this pest, and to develop insect plant with durable resistance is important to understand the contribution of different components of resistance. Hence, this study aimed to determine the different categories of resistance (antixenosis and antibiosis) against D. flavibasis in various barley genotypes. Twelve (12) barley genotypes were selected to determine category of resistance such as antixenosis test under multi, dual, and no-choice conditions, while the antibiosis test was done under no-choice condition from August 2023 to December 2024. In multi-choice test, shoot fly showed oviposition preferences on T376, HB-42 and 55, than genotypes T281, T506, T524, and T575. In the no-choice test, the oviposition preference for the resistant genotypes (T281, T506, T524, and T575) was lower and had fewer dead hearts compared to the susceptible genotypes. In dual-choice test, fewer eggs were observed on genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso when compared with the susceptible check (HB-42). This insect completed its life cycle within a shorter period on susceptible barley genotypes based on the antibiosis and its indices test. Thus, the barley genotypes with low oviposition preference and high levels of antibiosis can be used as sources of resistance to increase the levels of resistance and enhanced this pest management strategy to D. flavibasis in barley genotypes. Biological sciences/Genetics Biological sciences/Plant sciences Biological sciences/Zoology Antibiosis Antixenosis Delia flavibasis Barley Hordeum vulgare Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is known among the top five cereal crops cultivated in Ethiopia after teff ( Eragrostis tef ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), maize ( Zea mays ), and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) 1 . It is an important for human consumption, animal feed and brewing 2 . Furthermore, it is traditionally used for preparation of local recipes and beverages like Dabo, Kolo, Ganfo, Kinche, Baso, Tela, and Borde. Insect pests are one of the major constraints on the production and productivity of barley. Among these, barley shoot fly, Delia flavibasis (Stein) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), is one of the most economic important pests of barley in the Bale highlands, Southeastern Ethiopia; with an infestation levels often reaching up to 100% in susceptible barley genotypes 3 , 4 . This pest causes huge damage to barley by having its larvae migrate to the top of the leaf, move along the leaf whorl, and reach the growth point, through the leaf sheath. Subsequently, the larva cut off the growing point, leading to wilting and drying of the central leaf, known as dead heart, and then feed on rotting plant tissue, resulting in an unpleasant smell when the dead heart is easily removed. Typically, damage occurs within 1 to 4 weeks after seedling emergence, ultimately leading to reduced barley production 5 , 6 . Therefore, as the prevalence and impact of this pest continue to grow, understanding the mechanisms of resistance in barley is an important for effective management and reduction strategies. There are three main types of resistance categories in plants: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. These types of resistance can coexist within a plant, and it may exhibit one or more of these types to impact insect pest populations 7 . Antixenosis refers to plant traits that deter pest infestation by repelling or reducing the pest’s preference for the plant 8 . These traits may include physical barriers or chemical deterrents that make the plant less attractive or accessible to the pest. Likewise, Antibiosis involves plant traits that adversely affect the pest’s development, survival, or reproduction once it has infested the plant 9 . Such traits can impair the pest’s ability to feed, grow, or reproduce, ultimately reducing its impact on the crop. The tolerance mechanism refers to the ability of the host plant to withstand an insect population sufficiently 10 . In Bale zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, the impact of D. flavibasis is particularly pronounced due to the region’s diverse barley cropping systems and heterogeneity of agro-ecological conditions 11 , 12 . Despite the high levels of pest pressure, research on the specific resistance mechanisms present in local barley varieties remains limited. Thus, identifying and characterizing these resistance mechanisms is essential for developing barley varieties that are more resilient to shoot fly infestation. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to evaluate and characterize both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance to Delia flavibasis in barley genotypes grown in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Description of the study area The study was carried out at the potential area of Bale Zone, Sinana on Station, Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC) in Oromia Regional State located at about 463 km south East of Addis Ababa. This zone lies between latitudes 07 0 07’ N and 40 0 10’ E longitude. The elevation of the zone is 2400 meter above sea level. The area experienced an annual average rainfall of 750 to 1000 mm. The area is represented by bimodal rainfall pattern two growing seasons locally known in the study area Ganna which extends from March to July and Bona, from August to December. The temperature of the zone varies between 9 0 C to 21°C. There are two growing seasons locally known in the study area Ganna which extends from March to July and Bona, from August to December. The major soil type of the area is clay loam having black color with a pH range between 6.3–6.8 13 . Cereal crops are predominantly grown in the area 14 . 2.2. Plant Materials A total of 12 barley genotypes (9 landraces and 3 exotic) barley genotypes were evaluated in this study (Table 1 ). Table 1 List of barley genotypes No. Entry No. Source Description Barley types 1 T281 BETin Landrace Food Barley 2 T506 BETin Landrace Malt Barley 3 T524 BETin Landrace Food Barley 4 T575 BETin Landrace Food Barley 5 T364 BETin Landrace Irregular 6 150 IEMBSN-20/21 Exotic Line Malt Barley 7 T123 BETin Landrace Malt Barley 8 55 IBON-20/21 Exotic Line Malt Barley 9 168 IEMBSN-20/21 Exotic Line Malt Barley 10 T376 BETin Landrace Food Barley 11 HB-42(S) HARC Local Genotypes Food Barley 12 Aruso(R) HARC Local Genotypes Food Barley BETin = Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, IEMBSN-20/21 = ICARDA=Ethiopia Malt Barley Special Nursery 2020/2021, IBON-20/21 = International Barley Observation Nursery for HI Input Areas 2020/2021, HARC=Holleta Agricultural Research Center. 2.3. Category of resistance to shoot fly 2.3.1. Insect culture To multiply shoot fly, the susceptible barley genotypes (HB-42) was planted on the field, before plantation of test genotypes. Barley seedlings with dead heart were carefully collected from the field and put in cages (30 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm) after six days of dead heart formation; the dead heart was covered with moistened soil in the cages up to the depth of 14 cm and kept at room temperature in the laboratory until the emergence of adult flies 6 .The purpose of adding soil to dead heart in the cages was to provide the pupae with suitable conditions for survival, since in the field pupae normally occurs with or among plant root 15 . The adult barley shoot fly with an interval of 24h was carefully removed by using a siphon trap and was released in a cage (50 by 50 by 50 cm).The adult barley shoot fly diet was made using glucose, brewer’s yeast, and distilled water at a ratio of 4:7:10, respectively 6 . The diet was changed daily. After three days of conditioning, the shoot flies were used for studies on antixenosis and antibiosis components of resistance to this insect 16 . The sex of the shoot fly was identified based on their size, that means; males are smaller than the females 15 , 17 , and color (female is gray and male is blackish) 15 , 18 . 2.3.2. Antixenosis or non-preference test 2.3.2.1. Multiple choice tests Twelve (12) barley genotypes were selected to study non preference or antixenosis category of resistance to shoot fly under multiple choice test in the field. From the 12 barley genotypes selected, 4 were resistance (T281, T506, T524 and T575), three were moderate resistance (T364, 150, and T123), three were susceptible (55, 168, and T376) and two were standard check (Aruso- as resistance and HB-42- as susceptible). During 2023/2024 main cropping season “Bona”, the test material was planted in the field. Each genotype was planted in two rows per plot with 2 m length. The distance between row to row, plot to plot, and block to block was 0.2m, 0.5m, and 1.5m, respectively. There were three replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data collected were eggs per seedling, seedling with egg in percent, and dead heart percent. 2.3.2.2. Dual and no-choice test Antixenosis for oviposition was also studied under dual-choice and no-choice conditions in a rectangular woven cloth-screened cage (Figs. 1 and 2 ). The cage was made from a cloth mesh to allow air circulation. The above 12 selected genotypes were also used for the study of antixenosis under dual and no-choice conditions. The test genotypes were planted in plastic pots with a potting mixture of black soil, sand, and farmyard manure (2:1:1) 19 . The recommended fertilizer rates were mixed with the soil before planting. Twelve (12) seedlings of each genotype were planted in each plastic pot and thinned to ten (10) seedlings before releasing newly emerged adult flies. For no-choice tests, only one genotype was planted in each pot and put in one cage. For dual-choice tests, there were a pair of pots, one with test genotypes and the other with susceptible control (HB-42) in one cage. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used in both dual and no-choice tests. A pair of female and male adult barley shoot flies were released into a single pot at 7 days after seedling emergence, during the 1.1-growth stage (first leaf unfolded), as proposed by 15 . The flies were provided with a diet consisting of brewers’ yeast, glucose, and water until they were removed from the cages after four days. Numbers of eggs per 10 seedlings, percentages of plants with eggs, and, after five days of infestation, percent of dead heart plants were recorded, following the procedure of 20 . 2.3.3. Antibiosis test The antibiosis category of resistance was studied under a no-choice test, and 12 selected barley genotypes were planted in the plastic pots covered with net under field conditions to make well-suited conditions. The seedling was inoculated with eggs of D. flavibasis at the rate of three per seedling before first leaf folded 6 . Camel hairbrush was used. The eggs were carefully placed at the base of seedlings in each pot using camel hairbrush 6 , 21 . After 9 days of eggs inoculation, all the dead heart in each genotype was carefully uprooted and put in individual cages (20 cm diameter x 30 cm height) in the laboratory of SARC. The dead heart collected from the field was covered by moistened soil in the plastic cage, up to the depth of 14 cm. The aim of adding the soil to cages was to make suitable conditions for the pupae 15 , 21 . The cages were arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. Larval and Pupal periods, larval and pupal survival, pupal weight, adult emergence, and fecundity or number of eggs laid per female was collected. 2.4. Data Collection and its Methods 2.4.1. Antixenosis test data collected Number of eggs \\(\\:{10}^{-1}\\) seedlings was counted from 10 randomly taken plants per plot and their summation was put in numbers. Percentages of seedling with eggs were calculated from the percent of seedling that contains eggs from 10 selected plants. $$\\:\\text{D}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{d}\\:\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\:\\:\\text{\\%}\\:=\\frac{Dead\\:heart\\:seedlings\\:per\\:10\\:plants}{10\\:plants}x\\:100$$ 2.4.2. Antibiosis test data collected Larval period (days): It was recorded after egg hatching up to pre-pupation. It is equal to the number of days from the appearance of the dead heart to pupation plus one day (because the dead heart takes one day to realize after the egg hatches). It was recorded separately for each larva, and the mean larval period for each genotype was calculated for the surviving larvae 20 . Larval survival (%): It is the percent of larvae survive out of total dead heart collected for each genotype 20 . Pupa period (days): Measured from days of pre-pupation until reaching adulthood. For each pupa it was measured separately, and for surviving pupae, the average pupal duration of each genotype was calculated. Pupal weight (mg): It was measured for individual pupa on an electronic balance, within 24 h after pupation. After weighing, the pupae were placed in respective cage on moist soils to avoid the water loss and pupal mortality because of desiccation 6 . Adult emergence (%): From the total dead heart collected in each genotype the number of adults that emerged was counted and expressed as a percentage of adult emergences 20 . Fecundity: Two (2) pair of newly emerged flies, 24 h old, were released into individual cages (30 by 20 by 20 cm) having ten newly emerged seedlings per cage of 1.1-growth stage (first leaf unfolded) for oviposition. The adult flies were provided with a diet prepared from glucose, brewer’s yeast, and distilled water at a ratio of 4:7:10, respectively. The cages were monitored daily to record the number of eggs laid per female throughout its adult life 6 . 2.4.3. Antibiosis indices data collected The antibiosis indices, like growth index, relative growth index, developmental index, adult emergence index, and fecundity index, were also calculated following the procedures of 20 . Growth index = \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{P}\\text{u}\\text{p}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\left(\\text{\\%}\\right)}{Larval\\:Period\\left(days\\right)}\\) . Relative growth index = \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{g}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\:\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\text{p}\\text{e}}{\\text{g}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{w}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{c}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{k}}\\) Developmental index = \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{L}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{v}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:+\\:\\text{p}\\text{u}\\text{p}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\:\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\text{p}\\text{e}}{\\text{L}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{v}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:+\\:\\text{p}\\text{u}\\text{p}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{c}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{k}}\\) Adult emergence index = \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{A}\\text{d}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{t}\\:\\text{e}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\:\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\text{p}\\text{e}}{\\text{A}\\text{d}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{t}\\:\\text{e}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{c}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{k}}\\) Fecundity index = \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{e}\\text{g}\\text{g}\\text{s}\\:\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{d}\\:\\text{b}\\text{y}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{s}\\:\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\:\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\text{p}\\text{e}}{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{e}\\text{g}\\text{g}\\text{s}\\:\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{d}\\:\\text{b}\\text{y}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\:\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{c}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{k}.}\\) 2.5. Statistical Analysis The significance differences between the genotypes were tested by F-tests, while the treatment means were compared by least significant differences (LSD) at P = 0.05. For the dual-choice tests, paired t-test (P = 0.05) was used to test the significance of the difference between the test genotype and the susceptible check (HB-42) at P = 0.05 using R.4.1.3 software. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1. Antixenosis for Oviposition 3.1.1. Multiple choice tests Among the evaluated barley genotypes highly significant variations (p < 0.001) were recorded for all traits under multiple choice tests (Table 2 ). This shows that females shoot fly exhibit a distinct preference when selecting the site for oviposition among various available hosts. This is consistent with the findings of 22 , who noted that oviposition preference might indicate the morphological and biochemical properties that affect the selection of the host. Similar studies also reported by 23 , who found that eggs are typically laid on those hosts that ensure greater survival possibilities for their offspring. Table 2 Analysis of variance of oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under multi-choice test in the field Traits Sources of variation Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(> F) Eggs plant-1 at 10 DAE Genotypes 11 24.4267 2.22061 73.28 1.035e-14 *** Replication 2 0.1667 0.08333 2.75 0.0859 Residuals 22 0.6667 0.0303 Total 35 25.2601 Eggs plant-1 at 13 DAE Genotypes 11 25.2031 2.29119 70.7178 1.509e-14 *** Replication 2 0.1672 0.08361 2.5807 0.09844 Residuals 22 0.7128 0.0324 Total 35 52.23 Seedling with eggs at 10 DAE Genotypes 11 8287.7 753.42 30.4928 9.192e-11 *** Replication 2 9.8 4.9 0.1982 0.8217 Residuals 22 543.6 24.71 Total 35 8841.1 Seedling with eggs at 13 DAE Genotypes 11 9623.8 874.89 40.7098 4.842e-12 *** Replication 2 106.5 53.24 2.4771 0.1071 Residuals 22 472.8 21.49 Total 35 10203.1 Dead heart at 18 DAE Genotypes 11 8576.5 779.68 169.0767 < 2e-16 *** Replication 2 0.1 0.04 0.0079 0.9921 Residuals 22 101.5 4.61 Total 35 8678.1 ***= (P < 0.001); DAE=Days after emergence The average oviposition preference and damage caused by female barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes during a multi-choice test in the field at SARC in 2023/2024 are shown in Table 3 . The average number of eggs laid per seedling with the genotype ranged from 2.03 (T575) to 4.43 (T376) eggs at 10 days after seedling emergence (DAE) and 1.83 (T524) to 4.30 (T376) eggs at 13 days after seedling emergence (DAE). The lowest number of eggs per seedling was recorded on the resistant genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso compared to the susceptible check, HB-42. Hence, the resistant genotypes were less preferred for oviposition by the barley shoot fly. On the other hand, an intermediate number of eggs per seedling were recorded on the T364, T150, and T123 genotypes. While the highest number of eggs per seedling was recorded on the susceptible genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42 as compared to the resistance check (Aruso) (Table 3 ). The results demonstrate that during oviposition, female barley shoot fly distinguish between the barley genotypes that was studied. In the multiple-choice test, the shoot flies laid fewer eggs on resistant genotypes than on susceptible genotypes. This result was corroborating the results of 20 , who stated that non-preference genotype by insects is often projected as a property of the plant to render it unattractive for oviposition, feeding, or shelter. This might be due to the morphological traits of barley genotypes at seedling stage has a strong influence on the oviposition of shoot fly females. This result is similar with that of 24 , who reported that plant morphology has a strong impact on shoot fly damage, especially seedling characteristics that physically reduce feeding, oviposition, and shelter. Therefore, the present results indicated that oviposition non-preference is the primary component of resistance to shoot fly under multi-choice test field conditions. The current result is consistent to the previous findings of 20 . Likewise, seedlings with eggs were significantly varied (p < 0.001) among genotypes. Seedlings with eggs ranged from 55.90 to 94.93%, and 47.10 to 96.20% at 10 and 13 DAE, respectively (Table 3 ). This large variation makes it evident that different barley genotypes are more appealing to Delia flavibasis for oviposition and shelter. Genotypes such as T281, T506, T524, and T575 had a significantly lower proportion of seedlings with eggs as compared to the susceptible check (HB-42), though on par with the resistance check (Aruso). This implies that the genotypes have strong antixenosis resistance traits and are therefore not ideal for laying eggs and sheltering. Even though the genotypes such as 55, 168, and T376 had a higher proportion of seedlings with eggs as compared to the resistance check, Aruso, but concurrent with the susceptible check (HB-42), there were a few exceptions. This revealed that there is a clear significant difference among the genotypes evaluated for shelter under a multiple-choice test. In this study, resistance genotypes were less preferred or unattractive for shelter under a multiple-choice test than susceptible genotypes. This result is in line with the previous report of 20, 24 , which underlined the importance of plant morphological traits in influencing the oviposition behaviour of shoot flies. As well as, the dead hear percentage was highly significant difference (p < 0.001) under multi choice test among genotypes tested (Table 2 ). The dead heart percentages were ranged from 17.07(T575) to 56.83% (T376) at 18 DAE (Table 12). The dead heart percentages were significantly lower in T281, T506, T524, and T575 genotypes as compared with susceptible check, HB-42; while the dead hearts percentages were higher in 55, 168, and T376 genotypes as compared to resistance check, Aruso (Table 3 ). This indicates that, resistance genotypes were less damaged than susceptible genotypes. Similarly, genotypes preferred for oviposition also show heavy dead heart formation 20 , 25 , 26 . Table 3 Average oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under multi-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024. Genotypes Eggs seedling − 1 Seedlings with eggs (%) Dead hearts (%) 10DAE 13 DAE 10DAE 13DAE 18DAE T281 2.47 d 2.33 c 57.83 c 59.47 c 17.82 e T506 2.67 d 2.43 c 56.20 c 53.03 cd 16.14 e T524 2.03 e 1.83 d 55.90 c 47.10 d 15.80 e T575 2.03 e 2.23 c 62.13 c 58.77 c 15.07 e T364 3.47 c 3.40 b 71.37 b 70.17 b 29.23 d 150 3.53 c 3.37 b 73.30 b 71.33 b 29.47 d T123 3.57 c 3.50 b 71.47 b 69.93 b 29.00 d 55 4.00 b 4.20 a 93.90 a 89.67 a 51.30 b 168 4.07 b 4.00 a 89.49 a 88.38 a 43.57 c T376 4.43 a 4.30 a 94.93 a 96.20 a 56.83 a HB-42(S) 4.27 ab 4.10 a 92.13 a 93.30 a 54.80 a Aruso(R) 2.67 d 2.53 c 56.30 c 55.30 cd 18.03 e Mean 3.45 3.65 78.06 71.05 31.42 SE ± 0.12 0.11 2.77 2.84 1.19 CV (%) 26 27.09 21.8 24.03 50.11 LSD (P = 0.05) 0.31401 0.3226847 8.09184 8.278988 3.465931 Means in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; DAE=Days after Emergence; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences =Susceptible; R=Resistance. 3.1.2. No-choice test The present study showed that there were highly significant differences among the genotypes for the number of eggs per seedling, and percentages of dead heart were significantly different (p < 0.001). In contrast, the percentage of eggs with seedlings was not statistically significant under no-choice condition tests in the cage with pot culture (Table 4 ). This shows that non-preference for oviposition is a strong resistance component under no-choice tests. This result is in contrary to the previous findings of 20 , who reported that there were no significant differences in number of eggs among the genotypes tested and non-preference for oviposition was no strong resistance components under no-choice conditions. Table 4 Analysis of variance oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly, Delia flavibasis females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field. Traits Source of variation Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(> F) Eggs plant − 1 at 10 DAE Genotypes 11 22.116 2.01051 36.009 3.236e-12 *** Residuals 24 1.34 0.05583 Total 35 23.456 Eggs plant − 1 at 13 DAE Genotypes 11 7.7831 0.70755 5.1667 0.0003819 *** Residuals 24 3.2867 0.13694 Total 35 11.0698 Seedling with eggs at 10 DAE Genotypes 11 13.952 1.2684 0.9658 0.5009 ns Residuals 24 31.520 1.3133 Total 35 45.472 Seedling with eggs at 13 DAE Genotypes 11 6.5589 0.59626 0.4929 0.8892 ns Residuals 24 29.0333 1.20972 Total 35 35.5922 Dead heart at 18 DAE Genotypes 11 3393.9 308.535 32.254 1.09e-11 *** Residuals 24 229.6 9.566 Total 35 3623.5 *** = (P < 0.001); ns = Non-Significant; DAE=Days After Emergence The average oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024 are presented in Table 5 . The mean of oviposition preference was highly significant differences (p < 0.001) under no choice test conditions. The average number of eggs per seedling on different barley genotypes under no choice test in the pot ranged from 2.73 to 4.83 numbers and 2.67 to 4.80 numbers at 10 and 13 DAE, respectively (Table 5 ). The lowest mean number of eggs per seedling under no choice tested was observed on T281, T506, T524, and T575 genotypes compared to susceptible check HB-42; though on par with resistance check, Aruso. On the other hand, the highest mean number of eggs per seedling was recorded on 55, 168, and T376 compared to resistance check Aruso; though on par with susceptible check, HB-42. Other shows medium level of mean number of eggs per seedling. This result indicates that, oviposition behavior of the barley shoot fly shows very clear resistance in different barley genotypes in field conditions under no choice test. Corroborating the results of this study, 27 reported that oviposition behavior in the pea weevil reflects very well the resistance of different genotypes of field pea found in a field situation. Even though, seedlings with eggs were not exhibit significant (p = 0.05) among genotypes (Table 5 ). This finding is in line with the previous reports of 20 . This shows that there is not clear significance difference among the genotypes evaluated for shelter under no-choice test situation. However, the dead heart percentage was highly significant varied (p < 0.001) under no- choice test (Table 4 ). This result is also in contrary with the result obtained by 20 . The lowest and highest dead heart percentages were recorded on resistance (T506) and susceptible (168) genotypes with the values of 53.23% and 84.03%, respectively. The dead heart percentages were significantly lower in T506, T524, T281, and T575 genotypes as compared with susceptible check, HB-42; while the dead hearts percentages were higher in 55, 168, and T376 genotypes as compared to resistance check, Aruso (Table 5 ). This confirms that, resistance genotypes were less damaged than susceptible genotypes. Consequently, genotypes preferred for oviposition also show heavy dead heart formation 20 , 25 , 26 . Additionally, this result is contrasted by 28 , who reported that, there is no clear evidence of antixenosis for oviposition under no choice conditions. Table 5 Average oviposition preference and damage by the D. flavibasis females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024. Genotypes Eggs seedling − 1 Seedlings with eggs (%) Dead hearts (%) 10DAE 13 DAE 10DAE 13DAE 18DAE T281 3.20 c 3.17 e 98.23 a 99.00 a 56.63 ef T506 3.17 c 3.10 e 98.43 a 99.60 a 53.23 f T524 2.73 d 2.67 e 99.50 a 99.10 a 56.67 ef T575 2.73 d 2.70 e 99.00 a 99.60 a 55.80 ef T364 3.87 b 4.07 bcd 98.57 a 98.40 a 68.73 d 150 4.00 b 3.77 d 99.30 a 99.53 a 68.63 d T123 4.07 b 3.93 cd 100.00 a 98.93 a 69.38 cd 55 4.63 a 4.80 a 98.40 a 98.83 a 74.53 bc 168 4.80 a 4.40 abc 100.00 a 100.00 a 84.03 a T376 4.83 a 4.53 ab 98.90 a 98.73 a 72.30 cd HB-42(S) 4.57 a 4.60 ab 100.00 a 99.23 a 79.27 ab Aruso(R) 2.87 cd 2.83 e 99.20 a 99.10 a 58.73 e Mean 3.79 4.60 99.13 99.17 66.50 SE ± 0.14 0.21 0.66 0.64 1.79 CV (%) 21.60 22.00 11.50 10.20 15.30 LSD (P = 0.05) 0.3981892 0.5659193 1.931213 1.85347 5.212016 Means in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; DAE=Days After Emergence; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences; S=Susceptible; R=Resistance. 3.1.3. Dual-choice test The study examines the average number of eggs per plant, seedlings with eggs, and dead hearts under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) are presented on Fig. 4, 5 , and 6. Dual choice test experiment was conducted in cage with pot culture by pairing each of eleventh test genotypes with the susceptible check, HB-42, in order to see the genotype influence on ovipositional antixenosis of barley shoot fly. The number of eggs per seedling, seedlings with eggs, and dead hearts were ranged from 1.20–2.66 eggs, 42.55–96.87% and 20.32–54.92% in test genotypes; and 2.22 to 3.75 eggs, 94 to 99.57%, and 53.82–85.43% in susceptible check (HB-42), respectively. The average number of eggs per seedling was less preferred for the genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso, compared with the susceptible genotype, HB-42. However, the average number of eggs per seedling for susceptible genotypes (55, 168, and T376) was on pair with susceptible genotypes (HB-42) (Fig. 4). Under dual choice test, the shoot fly laid more eggs on susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes. This indicates that the susceptible genotype is highly preferred for oviposition under dual choice test. This result is similar to the previous report of 20, 27 . Likewise, the percentage of plants with eggs was less preferred on the genotypes T506, T524, T575, T281 and Aruso compared to the susceptible check (HB-42). This indicates that there is less preference for resistance genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. However, the genotypes like 55,168, and T376 were on par or no statistical significance with susceptible check (HB-42) (Fig. 5 ). Similarly, the percentage of dead hearts is less preferred for the resistance genotypes than susceptible check, HB-42. Even though, the percentage of dead hearts genotypes for 55, 168, and T376 were on par with the susceptible check (HB-42)(Fig. 6). In general, the preference for certain traits in the shoot fly may be used to develop pest management techniques like intercropping and trap cropping, under dual choice test. The combination of resistance and susceptible barley genotypes reduced ovipositional and damage parameters, could be used as intercropping and trap cropping. This might be due to reduced result shoot fly damage parameters, during combination of resistance (T575, T524, T506 and T281) and susceptible check (HB-42). This result is in line with the previous report of 27 . The t-values and p-values were as follows: 7.25** and 0.0007809, 2.35 ns and 0.06596, 1.23 ns and 0.2722, 25.72** and 1.66E -06 , 18.09** and 9.5E -06 , 62.99** and 1.909E -08 , 4.89** and 0.004527, 0.24 ns and 0.822, 28.81** and 9.438E -07 , 65.73** and 1.54E -08 , and 18.33** and 8.893E -06 , respectively, from left to right. Figure 4. Average oviposition preference by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024. Where t-value and p-value were 31.44** and 6.11E − 07 , 0.038 ns and 0.9712, 1.14 ns and 0.3042, 34.26** and 3.99E − 07 , 12.84** and 5.10E − 05 , 30.76** and 6.81E − 07 , 11.72** and 7.96E − 05 , 2.56 ns and 0.05084, 22.12** and 3.51E − 06 , 40.97** and 1.63E − 07 , and 44.38** and 1.10E − 07 , respectively, from left to right. Where t-value and p-value were 31.44**and 6.11E − 07 , 0.038 ns and 0.9712, 1.14 ns and 0.3042, 34.26** and 3.99E − 07 , 12.84** and 5.10E − 05 , 30.76** and 6.81E − 07 , 11.72** and 7.96E − 05 , 2.56 ns and 0.05084, 22.12** and 3.51E − 06 , 40.97** and 1.63E − 07 , and 44.38** and 1.10E − 07 , respectively, from left to right. Figure 6 . Average of dead heart percentages by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024. 3.2. Antibiosis Test for Developmental Period The current findings demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.001) between genotypes for all developmental parameters of Delia flavibasis for larval period, pupal period, pupal weight, pupation percentage, adult emergence, and fecundity (Table 6 ), which indicates a significant variation in biology and life cycle of this pest as a consequence of different genotypes of barley, suggesting strong antibiosis activity. This is in line with the result reported by 6 . Table 6 Analysis of variance for the average developmental parameters of D. flavibasis on 12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023). Traits Source of variation Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(> F) Larval period (days) Genotypes 11 6.9495 0.63177 96.7 < 2.2e-16 *** Residuals 24 0.1568 0.00653 Total 35 7.1063 Pupal period (days) Genotypes 11 4.9241 0.44764 116.95 < 2.2e-16 *** Residuals 24 0.0919 0.00383 Total 35 5.016 Pupal weight(grams) Genotypes 11 1.2535 0.113954 26.639 8.738e-11*** Residuals 24 0.10267 0.004278 Total 35 1.35617 Pupation (%) Genotypes 11 873.49 79.408 8.0866 1.086e-05 *** Residuals 24 235.67 9.82 Total 35 1109.16 Adult Emergence (%) Genotypes 11 2014.71 183.156 39.608 1.122e-12 *** Residuals 24 110.98 4.624 Total 35 2125.69 Fecundity per female Genotypes 11 26.8514 2.44104 37.561 2.026e-12 *** Residuals 24 1.5597 0.06499 Total 35 28.4111 ***=(P < 0.001) The average developmental parameters measured for D. flavibasis life cycle on 12 barley genotypes are presented in Table 7 . The larval period was ranged between 6.04 days for T376 to 7.26 days for T524. Larval period was longer than one day on T506 (7.25), T524 (7.26), and approximately longer one day on T575, T281 and Aruso (6.93 to 7.00 days) as comparable to the susceptible check HB-42(6.19 days). In comparable to the resistance check, Aruso (7.00 days), the larval period was also approximately shorter one day in susceptible genotypes of 55, 168, T376, and HB-42. The pupal period was ranged from 9.27 days in T376 to 10.23 days in T524. The resistance genotypes T281, T524, T506, T575, and Aruso had longer pupal period than other susceptible genotypes. This suggests that susceptible genotypes had shorter larval and pupal periods in contrast to resistance genotypes. Resistant varieties of barley slow insect development by prolonging the immature stages, as evidenced by the wide variation in larval and pupal stage duration among different genotypes. In some genotypes, the extended immature period indicates low nutritional value or harmful substances that lower the insects' growth efficiency. The extended development period is a clear indicator of antibiosis resistance since it reduces insect fitness due to high probability of death during the immature period 29 , 30 . On the other hand, shorter developmental times in the vulnerable genotypes create an environment where insects can grow effectively. The pupal weights ranged from 3.26 grams to 3.80 grams. The highest pupal weights were found in susceptible barley genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42, with values of 3.80, 3.78, 3.70, and 3.76 grams, respectively. In contrast, the lowest pupal weights were observed in resistant barley genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso with values of 3.39, 3.26, 3.28, 3.40 and 3.37 grams, respectively. In addition, variation in weight among different pupal types also provides evidence in support of antibiosis. Genotypes that are resistant produce relatively light-weighted pupae because of ineffective food intake by larvae. Pupae of lighter weight are usually associated with low fitness levels, poor reproduction capability, and decreased chances of survival 31 – 33 . Susceptible genotypes, on the other hand, usually have a relatively heavy pupa, which shows that these genotypes make good hosts for insects and effective food utilization. Pupation and adult emergence percentages were ranged from 69.91% to 83.33% and 59.11% to 77.78%, respectively. The resistance genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso showed lower pupation and adult emergence percentages compared to the susceptible check HB-42. Conversely, susceptible genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42 exhibited higher pupation and adult emergence percentages compared to the resistance check Aruso. The variation in numbers of larvae that become pupae and adults clearly suggests that antibiosis is the mode of resistance. The reduction in the number of pupation and adult emergence among resistant plants implies an increase in mortality at the larval stage, possibly due to toxins or anti-nutritional substances found in the plant tissues. This supports the new findings on how the secondary metabolites in plants, including phenolic and alkaloid compounds, can significantly reduce the survival and development of insects 34 – 36 . The number of fecundities per female was ranged from 16.00(T506) to 18.36(168). More number of eggs was laid under the susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes (Table 7 ). This confirms that the efficiency of larval feeding is crucial to how reproductively fit they become when they grow into adults. When larvae receive inadequate nutrition, or there are mechanisms within the plants to defend against them, then the amount of energy needed for egg production will decline, leading to reduced fertility rates. In terms of insect pest control, that would reduce the population of the next generation 37 – 39 . Therefore, based on the evidence presented, there is clear indication of antibiosis mechanisms of resistance in barley against shoot fly. These findings align with the results of 20, 40 . However, these results contradict the earlier findings of 15 , who reported no significant differences between resistant and susceptible barley genotypes, except for the weight of adult flies (p < 0.01). Table 7 The average developmental parameters of D. flavibasis on 12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023). Genotypes Larval Period (days) Pupal period (days) Pupal weight (mg) Pupation (%) Adult Emergence (%) Fecundity Female − 1 T281 6.93 b 10.16 ab 3.39 cd 70.37 e 60.92 e 16.19 e T506 7.25 a 10.19 ab 3.26 e 69.91 e 59.11 e 16.00 e T524 7.26 a 10.23 a 3.28 de 70.20 e 60.29 e 16.07 e T575 6.98 b 10.18 ab 3.40 c 70.37 e 60.54 e 16.33 e T364 6.54 c 9.59 c 3.53 b 74.07 cde 66.40 d 16.96 d 150 6.58 c 9.54 c 3.53 b 79.32 abc 72.38 c 17.13 cd T123 6.53 c 9.59 c 3.54 b 83.33 a 77.78 a 17.40 c 55 6.08 de 9.40 d 3.80 a 80.29 ab 76.63 ab 18.19 ab 168 6.06 de 9.37 de 3.78 a 83.33 a 77.39 a 18.36 a T376 6.04 e 9.27 e 3.70 a 77.73 bc 73.67 bc 18.07 ab HB-42(S) 6.19 d 9.37 de 3.76 a 76.68 bcd 76.45 ab 17.91 b Aruso(R) 7.00 b 10.09 b 3.37 cde 72.22 de 61.11 e 16.23 e Mean 6.62 9.75 3.53 75.65 68.56 17.07 SE ± 0.05 0.04 0.04 1.81 1.24 0.15 LSD(P = 0.05) 0.14 0.10 0.11 5.28 3.62 0.43 CV (%) 6.81 4.00 5.58 7.44 11.37 5.28 Means in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences; S =Susceptible Check; R=Resistance Check. 3.3. Antibiosis indices The variance analysis results showed highly significant differences (p < 0.001) among genotypes of barley for all indexes of antibiosis: growth index, relative growth index, development index, adult emergence index, and fecundity index (Table 8 ); therefore, the genotypes varied significantly in their ability to affect the development, growth, survival, and reproduction of Delia flavibasis , which is in agreement with the reports of 41 . Table 8 Analysis of variance for the average Antibiosis indices of D. flavibasis on12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023) Traits Source of variation Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(> F) Growth index Genotypes 11 73.697 6.6997 25.448 1.429e-10 *** Residuals 24 6.319 0.2633 Total 35 80.016 Relative Growth Index Genotypes 11 0.47958 0.043598 25.448 1.429e-10 *** Residuals 24 0.04112 0.001713 Total 35 0.5207 Developmental index Genotypes 11 0.095781 0.0087073 149.95 < 2.2e-16 *** Residuals 24 0.001394 0.0000581 Total 35 0.097175 Adult emergence index Genotypes 11 0.3447 0.0313361 39.608 1.122e-12 *** Residuals 24 0.01899 0.0007911 Total 35 0.36369 Fecundity Index Genotypes 11 0.08371 0.00761 37.561 2.026e-12 *** Residuals 24 0.004862 0.0002026 Total 35 0.088572 ***=(P < 0.001) The average antibiosis indices for the barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes are presented in Table 9 . The indices of growth, relative growth, development, adult emergence, and fecundity ranged from 9.65 (T506) to 13.74 (161), 0.78 (T506 and T524) to 1.11 (168), 0.98 (T376) to 1.12 (T506 and T524), 0.77 (T506) to 1.02 (T123), and 0.89 (T506) to 1.03 (168), respectively, and were lower in the susceptible genotypes than in the resistance genotypes; however, the development index was higher in the resistance genotypes than the susceptible genotypes (Table 9 ). Low GI and RGI values reflect poor growth of the larvae and inefficient use of the nutrients of the host plant, which indicates an unfavorable, less nutritious environment for insect growth; this is characteristic of the type of antibiosis resistance due to anti-nutritive components or poisonous secondary metabolites that disrupt the digestive or metabolic systems of insects 42 – 44 . In contrast, the higher GI and RGI values for the susceptible genotypes suggest that the environment for insect growth and development is more favorable. Most likely, they have fewer defense mechanisms or components increasing the effectiveness of food processing, resulting in better growth and increased biomass. Similar tendencies have been observed in recent research on the relationship between host plant resistance and insect performance 30 , 45 . This shows that, the barley shoot fly complete her life cycle within a short period of days in susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes. The results in the current study are in line with the previous findings of 16 ; except fecundity index. Table 9 Average antibiosis indices of barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes (SARC, South Eastern Ethiopia, 2023/2024). Genotypes GI RGI DI AEI FI T281 10.15 e 0.82 e 1.10 b 0.80 e 0.90 e T506 9.65 e 0.78 e 1.12 a 0.77 e 0.89 e T524 9.66 e 0.78 e 1.12 a 0.79 e 0.90 e T575 10.09 e 0.81 e 1.10 b 0.79 e 0.91 e T364 11.32 d 0.91 d 1.04 c 0.87 d 0.95 d 150 12.06 cd 0.97 cd 1.04 c 0.95 c 0.96 cd T123 12.76 bc 1.03 bc 1.04 c 1.02 a 0.972 c 55 13.21 ab 1.07 ab 0.99 de 1.00 ab 1.02 ab 168 13.74 a 1.11 a 0.99 de 1.01 a 1.03 a T376 12.87 bc 1.04 bc 0.98 e 0.96 bc 1.01 ab HB-42(S) 12.40 bc 1.00 bc 1.00 d 1.00 ab 1.00 b Aruso(R) 10.31 e 0.83 e 1.10 b 0.80 e 0.91 e Mean 11.52 0.93 1.05 0.90 0.95 SE ± 0.30 0.024 0.004 0.02 0.01 LSD(P < 0.05) 0.86 0.07 0.013 0.05 0.024 CV (%) 13.13 13.13 5.01 11.37 5.28 Means with superscripts in a row are significantly different; SE=Standard error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least significant differences; S =Susceptible check; R=Resistance check.GI=Growth index, RGI=Relative growth index, DI=Developmental index, AEI=Adult emergence index, and FI=Fecundity index. Limitations Although this study considered antixenosis and antibiosis as mechanisms of resistance to the barley shoot fly, some limitations were identified: First, it was conducted in a single location over a single season which limits its broader applicability across different environments, Second, only twelve barley genotypes were used in the experiments, which might be not capturing the potential full genetic diversity. Third, the mechanism of resistance tolerance was not assessed, nor was the biochemical and molecular bases of resistance investigated, and lastly, some experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, which may not fully represent field realities. Therefore, future studies should focus on multi-location and multi-season evaluations to validate the consistency and robustness of these genotypes; increase the number of evaluated barley genotypes to capture complete genetic variability; integrate all the plant resistance mechanisms (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance) with molecular and biochemical studies to demonstrate a more comprehensive understanding of resistance to the barley shoot fly; and conduct the experiments in both the controlled environments and fields simultaneously to validate field shoot fly resistance. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation The results of the current study demonstrated that there were significant differences (p < 0.001) for resistance to Delia flavibasis through both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms among the assessed barley genotypes. The genotypes T281, T506, T524, and T575 indicated a low oviposition preference, a low percentage of seedlings with eggs, and minimal dead heart damage in comparison with the susceptible check (HB-42) under field and controlled conditions, indicating an effective antixenosis resistance by rendering the plants less attractive for oviposition and by providing an unsuitable shelter. In addition, the results from the antibiosis study confirm that the development of the shoot fly is negatively affected by the biology and life cycle. These include delaying larva and pupa development, reducing pupal weight, and hindering pupation, adult emergence, and fecundity. During this study, resistant genotypes, therefore, provide unfavorable environments for the development and reproduction of the shoot fly. Conversely, the development and reproduction of susceptible genotypes are faster and more viable. Furthermore, these results are confirmed by the antibiosis indices, which showed lower growth rate, relative growth, emergence, and fecundity in resistant genotypes. In contrast, the susceptible genotypes had higher developmental indexes, which suggested slower development of insects. Overall, the study confirms that both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms play a significant role in conferring resistance to barley shoot fly in barley genotypes. Based on the findings of this study, there is a recommendation to encourage the use of resistant lines such as T281, T506, T524, and T575 to exploit their resistance in breeding programs. The use of these lines will enable the management of D. flavibasis and develop varieties that have a high level of resistance, thereby reducing reliance on insecticide chemicals. To achieve sustainable results, the resistant lines must be combined with other pest management techniques. In general, host plant resistance through antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms provides an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing barley shoot fly in Ethiopia and similar agro-ecologies. Declarations Competing interest The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval No specific ethical approval was required for this type of study. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.A. Funding This study obtained financial support from the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI). The funders had no role in decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Author Contribution I conceived and designed the study, conducted field and laboratory experiments, performed antixenosis and antibiosis evaluations, collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data, and wrote the main manuscript text. Also, I prepared all tables and figures and approved the final version of the thesis manuscript. Acknowledgement I am deeply grateful to God for granting me the strength and perseverance to complete this work. I sincerely thank my advisors, Dr. Wakuma Bayissa and Dr. Allo Aman, for their invaluable guidance, constructive comments, and continuous encouragement starting from proposal development to the completion of this study. I also extend my appreciation to the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) and Sinana Agricultural Research Centre (SARC) for sponsoring and facilitating this research, and to Jimma University for providing the academic opportunity to pursue my graduate studies. Data Availability 1) https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/125528/records/68878f967fd4d06c32a922712) https://repository.ju.edu.et/handle/123456789/9828 3) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kabna-Asefa-2/publication/395296358_2_Crop_Protection_Research_Proceeding_2025_2/links/68bac898e2a6c3717837c3d7/2-Crop-Protection-Research-Proceeding-2025-2.pdf#page=138, page 123-133 References Yirgu, M., Kebede, M., Feyissa, T., Lakew, B. & Woldeyohannes, A. B. Morphological variations of qualitative traits of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions in Ethiopia. Heliyon 8 , e10949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10949 (2022). Noreen, S. et al. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of different varieties of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) available in Pakistan. Front. Nutr. 12 , 1618457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1618457 (2025). Zeleke, T., Hundie, B. & Negash, T. Evaluation of seed dressing pesticides on barley shoot fly ( Delia flavibasis ) and barley stripe ( Pyrenophora graminea ) disease in south-eastern Ethiopia. J. Plant. Sci. 5 , 29–33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170501.14 (2017). Dido, A. A., Singh, B. J. K. & Degefu, D. T. R. K. Diversity and resistance components analysis of barley landraces to barley shoot fly ( Delia flavibasis ). J. Plant. Dis. Prot. 128 , 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00364-4 (2021). Malipatil, M. & Plant Health Australia. Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Grains Industry. (Plant Health Australia, (2008). Goftishu, M., Tefera, T. & Getu, E. Biology of barley shoot fly Delia flavibasis Stein (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) on resistant and susceptible barley cultivars. J. Pest Sci. 82 , 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-008-0222-0 (2009). Peterson, R. K. D., Higley, L. G. & Pedigo, L. P. Integrated pest management and plant resistance: A comprehensive review. J. Agric. Entomol. 25 , 112–125 (2017). Kumar, V., Sharma, R. C. & Suresh, R. Antixenosis as a resistance mechanism in barley: A review of recent findings. Crop Prot. 152 , 105719 (2023). Girma, M., Bane, M. & Yifru, H. Antibiosis mechanisms of barley against Delia flavibasis : Insights from recent studies. Pest Manag Sci. 80 , 55–65 (2024). Kogan, M. & Ortman, E. F. Antixenosis—A new term proposed to define Painter's nonpreference modality of resistance. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24 , 175–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/besa/24.2.175 (1978). Abdisa, M., Bayissa, W. & Aman, A. Evaluation of barley genotypes for their resistance against barley shoot fly ( Delia flavibasis ) in south-eastern Ethiopia (2024). Abdi, B., Sileshi, G. & Tesfaye, K. Assessment of barley resistance to Delia flavibasis in Bale, south-eastern Ethiopia. J. Crop Prot. 14 , 33–44 (2022). Bogale, M. Growth, yield and grain quality of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) as influenced by nitrogen application in Sinana, south-eastern Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Haramaya Univ. (2015). Belachew, T. & Abera, Y. Response of maize ( Zea mays L.) to tied ridges and planting methods at Goro, south-eastern Ethiopia. Am. Eurasian J. Agron. 3 , 21–24 (2010). Jobie, T. Mechanisms of resistance in barley accessions to shoot fly ( Delia flavibasis ). MSc thesis, Alemaya Univ. (2003). Chamarthi, S. K. Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly ( Atherigona soccata ) in sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ). PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ. (2008). http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/6049 Sharma, H. C. Crop Protection Compendium: Sorghum shoot fly (CAB International, 1996). Hill, D. S. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983). Golla, S. K. et al. Biochemical components of wild relatives of chickpea confer resistance to pod borer. Arthropod Plant. Interact. 14 , 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09763-0 (2020). Dhillon, M. K., Sharma, H. C., Singh, R. & Naresh, J. S. Mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly in sorghum. Euphytica 144 , 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-7400-4 (2005). Bullock, J. A. The control of Hylemya arambourgi Séguy (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) on barley. Bull. Entomol. Res. 55 , 645–661. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049750 (1965). Giguère, T., Bailly, V., Rey, T., Cortesero, A. M. & Hervé, M. R. Understanding the impact of host plant factors on the oviposition behaviour of the cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala ). Ann. Appl. Biol. 187 , 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12976 (2025). Jones, L. C., Rafter, M. A. & Walter, G. H. Insects allocate eggs adaptively across their native host plants. Arthropod Plant. Interact. 13 , 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09688-x (2019). Vikal, Y. et al. Genomic regions associated with shoot fly resistance in maize. PLoS One . 15 , e0234335. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234335 (2020). Rana, B. S. et al. Genetic analysis for shoot fly resistance in sorghum. Indian J. Genet. 35 , 350–355. https://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v35i1.9302 (1975). Unnithan, G. C. & Seshu Reddy, K. V. Oviposition and infestation of the sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata , on certain sorghum cultivars. Insect Sci. Appl. 6 , 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400004719 (1985). Mendesil, E., Rämert, B., Marttila, S., Hillbur, Y. & Anderson, P. Oviposition preference of pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum , among host and non-host plants. Front. Plant. Sci. 6 , 1186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01186 (2016). Sharma, H. C., Leuschner, K. & Vidyasagar, P. Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the sorghum midge. Ann. Appl. Biol. 116 , 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06625.x (1990). War, A. R. et al. Plant defence against herbivory and insect adaptations. AoB Plants . 10 , ply037. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/ply037 (2018). Smith, C. M. & Clement, S. L. Molecular bases of plant resistance to arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 57 , 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642 (2012). Hellhammer, F. et al. Impact of diet on mosquito larvae development. Front. Trop. Dis. 4 , 1107857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1107857 (2023). Mackay, A. J. et al. Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity. Parasit. Vectors . 16 , 434. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z (2023). Banra, S. et al. Rearing diets affect fall armyworm development. Neotrop. Entomol. 54 , 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-025-01256-8 (2025). Divekar, P. A. et al. Plant secondary metabolites as defense tools. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 , 2690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052690 (2022). Priyanka, S. L. et al. Role of secondary plant metabolites against insects. In: Hi-tech Crop Prod. Pest Management , 325–340 (2022). Al-Khayri, J. M. et al. Plant secondary metabolites for biotic stress management. Metabolites 13 , 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060716 (2023). Dmitriew, C. & Rowe, L. Effects of larval nutrition on reproduction. PLoS One . 6 , e17399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017399 (2011). Yan, J., Kibech, R. & Stone, C. M. Effects of nutrition on mosquito survival and fecundity. Front. Zool. 18 , 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00395-z (2021). Poças, G. M., Crosbie, A. E. & Mirth, C. K. Roles of nutrition in regulating adult size. J. Insect Physiol. 139 , 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104051 (2022). Singh, S. P. & Verma, A. N. Antibiosis mechanism of resistance to stem borer. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 9 , 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400005038 (1988). Goftishu, M., Getu, E. & Tefera, T. Biology and population dynamics of Delia flavibasis in Bale, Ethiopia. In: Barley Research and Development in Ethiopia , 173 (2011). Sagar, D. et al. Influence of larval nutrition on Spodoptera frugiperda . Anim. Biol. 72 , 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10077 (2022). Amjad, A. et al. Nutritional physiology of Spodoptera frugiperda . Enfoque UTE . 15 , 30–35 (2024). Kawasaki, K. et al. Nutritional evaluation of housefly larvae meal in broilers. Animals 16 , 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030386 (2026). Horai, K. et al. Effects of early planting on rice growth and yield. Field Crops Res. 144 , 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.016 (2013). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 17 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 07 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 May, 2026 Editor invited by journal 23 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 19 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9244475\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":641628217,\"identity\":\"b6552953-dbe1-4c8b-a810-56c3313281d1\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Megersa Abdisa\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Megersa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Abdisa\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":641628218,\"identity\":\"432c5a03-29ee-4149-9854-94026c151936\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Wakuma Bayissa\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Wakuma\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Bayissa\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":641628219,\"identity\":\"c2366699-4435-41fb-a360-52270f35fa05\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Allo Aman\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bio and Emerging Technology Institute (BETin), P.O.Box-5954, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Allo\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Aman\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2026-03-27 11:55:27\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":109760222,\"identity\":\"f9af3a8d-5f0e-40c8-ba8f-e25bc88d6523\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-22 07:28:19\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":174826,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRectangular woven cloth (30 cm diameter and 40 cm height) tied to two pegs used to recording fecundity \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e females reared on different paired genotypes (test genotypes vs. HB-42), under dual choice test(From field experiment).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/4306af546d65754f720cd1ef.png\"},{\"id\":109492430,\"identity\":\"a8436093-9858-40bc-b6e0-0a9af5016064\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":68881,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRectangular woven cloth cages (25 cm diameter and 40cm height) tied to one peg used to recording fecundity \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis \\u003c/em\\u003efemales reared on different genotypes, under no choice test(From field experiment).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/574ad382a3bd3d8562416b91.png\"},{\"id\":109492431,\"identity\":\"cdf8a86b-83ff-431d-bff7-44f721436940\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":110289,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAntibiosis category of resistance during eggs inoculated under field conditions and covered with net at SARC on station in 2024(From field experiment).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/a6204fdd6482ee06a86151ea.png\"},{\"id\":109492432,\"identity\":\"8628edb4-0bd2-46c9-bdf4-79e769fcf4b1\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":205452,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAverage oviposition preference by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/a6f14aec0d2233c0bd8b29d5.png\"},{\"id\":109492434,\"identity\":\"4e3d5f2e-2ffe-4c48-bdfd-bdc67b5216c4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":153292,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAverage percentages of plants with eggs by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/7456aa8329a9324d2d9ffba6.png\"},{\"id\":109492433,\"identity\":\"e23c0415-bcce-4bb1-a0ba-467e654aea4f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":108387,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAverage of dead heart percentages by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/1f81b6b5d6700ee8a65242d1.png\"},{\"id\":109765106,\"identity\":\"6766d843-ac94-40cf-9c84-11c50847c8ae\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-22 07:39:28\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1621822,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/aa8a94ff-eda6-42d4-a98f-60f8f83a96df.pdf\"},{\"id\":109492428,\"identity\":\"3245f04d-ce4a-4c7f-af82-bc02c7ca1ace\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:33\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":18655,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Supplementarymaterials.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244475/v1/425a19154fb65a5b230018c8.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Antixenosis and Antibiosis Mechanisms of Resistance in Barley Genotypes to Barley Shoot fly, Delia flavibasis (Stein) in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBarley (\\u003cem\\u003eHordeum vulgare\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) is known among the top five cereal crops cultivated in Ethiopia after teff (\\u003cem\\u003eEragrostis tef\\u003c/em\\u003e), wheat (\\u003cem\\u003eTriticum aestivum\\u003c/em\\u003e), maize (\\u003cem\\u003eZea mays\\u003c/em\\u003e), and sorghum (\\u003cem\\u003eSorghum bicolor\\u003c/em\\u003e) \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. It is an important for human consumption, animal feed and brewing\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Furthermore, it is traditionally used for preparation of local recipes and beverages like Dabo, Kolo, Ganfo, Kinche, Baso, Tela, and Borde. Insect pests are one of the major constraints on the production and productivity of barley. Among these, barley shoot fly, \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e (Stein) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), is one of the most economic important pests of barley in the Bale highlands, Southeastern Ethiopia; with an infestation levels often reaching up to 100% in susceptible barley genotypes\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e,\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. This pest causes huge damage to barley by having its larvae migrate to the top of the leaf, move along the leaf whorl, and reach the growth point, through the leaf sheath. Subsequently, the larva cut off the growing point, leading to wilting and drying of the central leaf, known as dead heart, and then feed on rotting plant tissue, resulting in an unpleasant smell when the dead heart is easily removed. Typically, damage occurs within 1 to 4 weeks after seedling emergence, ultimately leading to reduced barley production \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Therefore, as the prevalence and impact of this pest continue to grow, understanding the mechanisms of resistance in barley is an important for effective management and reduction strategies.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThere are three main types of resistance categories in plants: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. These types of resistance can coexist within a plant, and it may exhibit one or more of these types to impact insect pest populations\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Antixenosis refers to plant traits that deter pest infestation by repelling or reducing the pest\\u0026rsquo;s preference for the plant\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. These traits may include physical barriers or chemical deterrents that make the plant less attractive or accessible to the pest. Likewise, Antibiosis involves plant traits that adversely affect the pest\\u0026rsquo;s development, survival, or reproduction once it has infested the plant\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Such traits can impair the pest\\u0026rsquo;s ability to feed, grow, or reproduce, ultimately reducing its impact on the crop. The tolerance mechanism refers to the ability of the host plant to withstand an insect population sufficiently\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn Bale zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, the impact of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e is particularly pronounced due to the region\\u0026rsquo;s diverse barley cropping systems and heterogeneity of agro-ecological conditions\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Despite the high levels of pest pressure, research on the specific resistance mechanisms present in local barley varieties remains limited. Thus, identifying and characterizing these resistance mechanisms is essential for developing barley varieties that are more resilient to shoot fly infestation. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to evaluate and characterize both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance to \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e in barley genotypes grown in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Description of the study area\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study was carried out at the potential area of Bale Zone, Sinana on Station, Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC) in Oromia Regional State located at about 463 km south East of Addis Ababa. This zone lies between latitudes 07\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e 07\\u0026rsquo; N and 40\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e 10\\u0026rsquo; E longitude. The elevation of the zone is 2400 meter above sea level. The area experienced an annual average rainfall of 750 to 1000 mm. The area is represented by bimodal rainfall pattern two growing seasons locally known in the study area Ganna which extends from March to July and Bona, from August to December. The temperature of the zone varies between 9\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003eC to 21\\u0026deg;C. There are two growing seasons locally known in the study area Ganna which extends from March to July and Bona, from August to December. The major soil type of the area is clay loam having black color with a pH range between 6.3\\u0026ndash;6.8\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e13\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Cereal crops are predominantly grown in the area\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Plant Materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA total of 12 barley genotypes (9 landraces and 3 exotic) barley genotypes were evaluated in this study (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eList of barley genotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEntry No.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDescription\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarley types\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT506\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMalt Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT575\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT364\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIrregular\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIEMBSN-20/21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExotic Line\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMalt Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT123\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMalt Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIBON-20/21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExotic Line\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMalt Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIEMBSN-20/21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExotic Line\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMalt Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT376\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLandrace\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHB-42(S)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHARC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLocal Genotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAruso(R)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHARC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLocal Genotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood Barley\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBETin\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, IEMBSN-20/21\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;ICARDA=Ethiopia Malt Barley Special Nursery 2020/2021, IBON-20/21\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;International Barley Observation Nursery for HI Input Areas 2020/2021, HARC=Holleta Agricultural Research Center.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Category of resistance to shoot fly\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3.1. Insect culture\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo multiply shoot fly, the susceptible barley genotypes (HB-42) was planted on the field, before plantation of test genotypes. Barley seedlings with dead heart were carefully collected from the field and put in cages (30 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm) after six days of dead heart formation; the dead heart was covered with moistened soil in the cages up to the depth of 14 cm and kept at room temperature in the laboratory until the emergence of adult flies\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.The purpose of adding soil to dead heart in the cages was to provide the pupae with suitable conditions for survival, since in the field pupae normally occurs with or among plant root\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The adult barley shoot fly with an interval of 24h was carefully removed by using a siphon trap and was released in a cage (50 by 50 by 50 cm).The adult barley shoot fly diet was made using glucose, brewer\\u0026rsquo;s yeast, and distilled water at a ratio of 4:7:10, respectively\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The diet was changed daily. After three days of conditioning, the shoot flies were used for studies on antixenosis and antibiosis components of resistance to this insect\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The sex of the shoot fly was identified based on their size, that means; males are smaller than the females\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and color (female is gray and male is blackish) \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3.2. Antixenosis or non-preference test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section4\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3.2.1. Multiple choice tests\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTwelve (12) barley genotypes were selected to study non preference or antixenosis category of resistance to shoot fly under multiple choice test in the field. From the 12 barley genotypes selected, 4 were resistance (T281, T506, T524 and T575), three were moderate resistance (T364, 150, and T123), three were susceptible (55, 168, and T376) and two were standard check (Aruso- as resistance and HB-42- as susceptible). During 2023/2024 main cropping season \\u0026ldquo;Bona\\u0026rdquo;, the test material was planted in the field. Each genotype was planted in two rows per plot with 2 m length. The distance between row to row, plot to plot, and block to block was 0.2m, 0.5m, and 1.5m, respectively. There were three replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data collected were eggs per seedling, seedling with egg in percent, and dead heart percent.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section4\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3.2.2. Dual and no-choice test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAntixenosis for oviposition was also studied under dual-choice and no-choice conditions in a rectangular woven cloth-screened cage (Figs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The cage was made from a cloth mesh to allow air circulation. The above 12 selected genotypes were also used for the study of antixenosis under dual and no-choice conditions. The test genotypes were planted in plastic pots with a potting mixture of black soil, sand, and farmyard manure (2:1:1)\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e19\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The recommended fertilizer rates were mixed with the soil before planting. Twelve (12) seedlings of each genotype were planted in each plastic pot and thinned to ten (10) seedlings before releasing newly emerged adult flies. For no-choice tests, only one genotype was planted in each pot and put in one cage. For dual-choice tests, there were a pair of pots, one with test genotypes and the other with susceptible control (HB-42) in one cage. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used in both dual and no-choice tests. A pair of female and male adult barley shoot flies were released into a single pot at 7 days after seedling emergence, during the 1.1-growth stage (first leaf unfolded), as proposed by\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e15\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The flies were provided with a diet consisting of brewers\\u0026rsquo; yeast, glucose, and water until they were removed from the cages after four days. Numbers of eggs per 10 seedlings, percentages of plants with eggs, and, after five days of infestation, percent of dead heart plants were recorded, following the procedure of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3.3. Antibiosis test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe antibiosis category of resistance was studied under a no-choice test, and 12 selected barley genotypes were planted in the plastic pots covered with net under field conditions to make well-suited conditions. The seedling was inoculated with eggs of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e at the rate of three per seedling before first leaf folded\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Camel hairbrush was used. The eggs were carefully placed at the base of seedlings in each pot using camel hairbrush\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. After 9 days of eggs inoculation, all the dead heart in each genotype was carefully uprooted and put in individual cages (20 cm diameter x 30 cm height) in the laboratory of SARC. The dead heart collected from the field was covered by moistened soil in the plastic cage, up to the depth of 14 cm. The aim of adding the soil to cages was to make suitable conditions for the pupae \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The cages were arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. Larval and Pupal periods, larval and pupal survival, pupal weight, adult emergence, and fecundity or number of eggs laid per female was collected.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4. Data Collection and its Methods\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4.1. Antixenosis test data collected\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNumber of eggs \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:{10}^{-1}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e seedlings was counted from 10 randomly taken plants per plot and their summation was put in numbers. Percentages of seedling with eggs were calculated from the percent of seedling that contains eggs from 10 selected plants.\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equa\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equa\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$$\\\\:\\\\text{D}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{d}\\\\:\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\:\\\\text{\\\\%}\\\\:=\\\\frac{Dead\\\\:heart\\\\:seedlings\\\\:per\\\\:10\\\\:plants}{10\\\\:plants}x\\\\:100$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4.2. Antibiosis test data collected\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLarval period (days): It was recorded after egg hatching up to pre-pupation. It is equal to the number of days from the appearance of the dead heart to pupation plus one day (because the dead heart takes one day to realize after the egg hatches). It was recorded separately for each larva, and the mean larval period for each genotype was calculated for the surviving larvae\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Larval survival (%): It is the percent of larvae survive out of total dead heart collected for each genotype\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Pupa period (days): Measured from days of pre-pupation until reaching adulthood. For each pupa it was measured separately, and for surviving pupae, the average pupal duration of each genotype was calculated. Pupal weight (mg): It was measured for individual pupa on an electronic balance, within 24 h after pupation. After weighing, the pupae were placed in respective cage on moist soils to avoid the water loss and pupal mortality because of desiccation\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Adult emergence (%): From the total dead heart collected in each genotype the number of adults that emerged was counted and expressed as a percentage of adult emergences\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Fecundity: Two (2) pair of newly emerged flies, 24 h old, were released into individual cages (30 by 20 by 20 cm) having ten newly emerged seedlings per cage of 1.1-growth stage (first leaf unfolded) for oviposition. The adult flies were provided with a diet prepared from glucose, brewer\\u0026rsquo;s yeast, and distilled water at a ratio of 4:7:10, respectively. The cages were monitored daily to record the number of eggs laid per female throughout its adult life\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4.3. Antibiosis indices data collected\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe antibiosis indices, like growth index, relative growth index, developmental index, adult emergence index, and fecundity index, were also calculated following the procedures of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cul\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrowth index =\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{P}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\left(\\\\text{\\\\%}\\\\right)}{Larval\\\\:Period\\\\left(days\\\\right)}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRelative growth index =\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{g}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{w}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\:\\\\text{i}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{x}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{y}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}}{\\\\text{g}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{w}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\:\\\\text{i}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{x}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{s}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{b}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{c}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{k}}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDevelopmental index =\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{L}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{v}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:+\\\\:\\\\text{p}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{s}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{y}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}}{\\\\text{L}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{v}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:+\\\\:\\\\text{p}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{s}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{s}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{b}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{c}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{k}}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult emergence index = \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{A}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{e}\\\\text{m}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{y}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}}{\\\\text{A}\\\\text{d}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{e}\\\\text{m}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{s}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{b}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{c}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{k}}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity index =\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{T}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:\\\\text{e}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{s}\\\\:\\\\text{l}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{d}\\\\:\\\\text{b}\\\\text{y}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{i}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{s}\\\\:\\\\text{r}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{d}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{g}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{y}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{e}}{\\\\text{T}\\\\text{o}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{l}\\\\:\\\\text{e}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{g}\\\\text{s}\\\\:\\\\text{l}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{d}\\\\:\\\\text{b}\\\\text{y}\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{i}\\\\text{n}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{t}\\\\:\\\\text{r}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{r}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{d}\\\\:\\\\text{o}\\\\text{n}\\\\:\\\\text{s}\\\\text{u}\\\\text{s}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{p}\\\\text{t}\\\\text{i}\\\\text{b}\\\\text{l}\\\\text{e}\\\\:\\\\text{c}\\\\text{h}\\\\text{e}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{k}.}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003c/ul\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5. Statistical Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe significance differences between the genotypes were tested by F-tests, while the treatment means were compared by least significant differences (LSD) at P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05. For the dual-choice tests, paired t-test (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05) was used to test the significance of the difference between the test genotype and the susceptible check (HB-42) at P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 using R.4.1.3 software.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results and Discussions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Antixenosis for Oviposition\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1.1. Multiple choice tests\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmong the evaluated barley genotypes highly significant variations (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) were recorded for all traits under multiple choice tests (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). This shows that females shoot fly exhibit a distinct preference when selecting the site for oviposition among various available hosts. This is consistent with the findings of\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e22\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who noted that oviposition preference might indicate the morphological and biochemical properties that affect the selection of the host. Similar studies also reported by\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e23\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who found that eggs are typically laid on those hosts that ensure greater survival possibilities for their offspring.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of variance of oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under multi-choice test in the field\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSources of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSum Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePr(\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;F)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs plant-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 10 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.4267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.22061\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.035e-14 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReplication\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1667\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08333\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.75\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0859\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.6667\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0303\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.2601\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs plant-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.2031\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.29119\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.7178\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.509e-14 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReplication\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1672\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08361\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.5807\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09844\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7128\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0324\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewith eggs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 10 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8287.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e753.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30.4928\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.192e-11 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReplication\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1982\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.8217\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e543.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8841.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewith eggs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9623.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e874.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40.7098\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.842e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReplication\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e106.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.4771\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1071\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e472.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10203.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDead heart\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 18 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8576.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e779.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e169.0767\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2e-16 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReplication\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0079\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.9921\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e101.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8678.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e***= (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001); DAE=Days after emergence\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe average oviposition preference and damage caused by female barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes during a multi-choice test in the field at SARC in 2023/2024 are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e. The average number of eggs laid per seedling with the genotype ranged from 2.03 (T575) to 4.43 (T376) eggs at 10 days after seedling emergence (DAE) and 1.83 (T524) to 4.30 (T376) eggs at 13 days after seedling emergence (DAE). The lowest number of eggs per seedling was recorded on the resistant genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso compared to the susceptible check, HB-42. Hence, the resistant genotypes were less preferred for oviposition by the barley shoot fly. On the other hand, an intermediate number of eggs per seedling were recorded on the T364, T150, and T123 genotypes. While the highest number of eggs per seedling was recorded on the susceptible genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42 as compared to the resistance check (Aruso) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). The results demonstrate that during oviposition, female barley shoot fly distinguish between the barley genotypes that was studied. In the multiple-choice test, the shoot flies laid fewer eggs on resistant genotypes than on susceptible genotypes. This result was corroborating the results of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who stated that non-preference genotype by insects is often projected as a property of the plant to render it unattractive for oviposition, feeding, or shelter. This might be due to the morphological traits of barley genotypes at seedling stage has a strong influence on the oviposition of shoot fly females. This result is similar with that of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e24\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who reported that plant morphology has a strong impact on shoot fly damage, especially seedling characteristics that physically reduce feeding, oviposition, and shelter. Therefore, the present results indicated that oviposition non-preference is the primary component of resistance to shoot fly under multi-choice test field conditions. The current result is consistent to the previous findings of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLikewise, seedlings with eggs were significantly varied (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) among genotypes. Seedlings with eggs ranged from 55.90 to 94.93%, and 47.10 to 96.20% at 10 and 13 DAE, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). This large variation makes it evident that different barley genotypes are more appealing to \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e for oviposition and shelter. Genotypes such as T281, T506, T524, and T575 had a significantly lower proportion of seedlings with eggs as compared to the susceptible check (HB-42), though on par with the resistance check (Aruso). This implies that the genotypes have strong antixenosis resistance traits and are therefore not ideal for laying eggs and sheltering. Even though the genotypes such as 55, 168, and T376 had a higher proportion of seedlings with eggs as compared to the resistance check, Aruso, but concurrent with the susceptible check (HB-42), there were a few exceptions. This revealed that there is a clear significant difference among the genotypes evaluated for shelter under a multiple-choice test. In this study, resistance genotypes were less preferred or unattractive for shelter under a multiple-choice test than susceptible genotypes. This result is in line with the previous report of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20, 24\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, which underlined the importance of plant morphological traits in influencing the oviposition behaviour of shoot flies.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs well as, the dead hear percentage was highly significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) under multi choice test among genotypes tested (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The dead heart percentages were ranged from 17.07(T575) to 56.83% (T376) at 18 DAE (Table\\u0026nbsp;12). The dead heart percentages were significantly lower in T281, T506, T524, and T575 genotypes as compared with susceptible check, HB-42; while the dead hearts percentages were higher in 55, 168, and T376 genotypes as compared to resistance check, Aruso (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). This indicates that, resistance genotypes were less damaged than susceptible genotypes. Similarly, genotypes preferred for oviposition also show heavy dead heart formation\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under multi-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs seedling\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedlings with eggs (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDead hearts (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.47\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.33\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.83\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59.47\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.82\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT506\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.67\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.43\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.20\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.03\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.14\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.03\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.83\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.90\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47.10\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.80\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT575\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.03\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.23\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.13\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58.77\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.07\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT364\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.47\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.40\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71.37\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.17\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.23\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.53\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.37\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.30\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71.33\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.47\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT123\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.57\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.50\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71.47\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e69.93\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.00\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.20\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.90\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.67\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.30\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.07\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.49\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.38\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e43.57\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT376\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.43\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.30\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.20\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.83\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHB-42(S)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.27\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.10\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.13\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.30\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.80\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAruso(R)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.67\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.53\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.30\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.30\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.03\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSE \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldUnderline\\\" class=\\\"BoldUnderline\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003e\\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLSD (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.31401\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3226847\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.09184\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.278988\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.465931\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeans in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; DAE=Days after Emergence; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences =Susceptible; R=Resistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1.2. No-choice test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe present study showed that there were highly significant differences among the genotypes for the number of eggs per seedling, and percentages of dead heart were significantly different (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001). In contrast, the percentage of eggs with seedlings was not statistically significant under no-choice condition tests in the cage with pot culture (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). This shows that non-preference for oviposition is a strong resistance component under no-choice tests. This result is in contrary to the previous findings of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who reported that there were no significant differences in number of eggs among the genotypes tested and non-preference for oviposition was no strong resistance components under no-choice conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of variance oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly, \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSum Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePr(\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;F)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs plant\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 10 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.116\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.01051\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.009\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.236e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05583\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.456\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs plant\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.7831\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.70755\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.1667\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0003819 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.2867\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.13694\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.0698\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewith eggs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 10 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.952\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.2684\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.9658\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5009\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.520\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.3133\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45.472\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewith eggs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.5589\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.59626\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4929\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.8892\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.0333\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.20972\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.5922\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDead heart\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eat 18 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3393.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e308.535\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.254\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.09e-11 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e229.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.566\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3623.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e*** = (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001); ns\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Non-Significant; DAE=Days After Emergence\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe average oviposition preference and damage by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024 are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e. The mean of oviposition preference was highly significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) under no choice test conditions. The average number of eggs per seedling on different barley genotypes under no choice test in the pot ranged from 2.73 to 4.83 numbers and 2.67 to 4.80 numbers at 10 and 13 DAE, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). The lowest mean number of eggs per seedling under no choice tested was observed on T281, T506, T524, and T575 genotypes compared to susceptible check HB-42; though on par with resistance check, Aruso. On the other hand, the highest mean number of eggs per seedling was recorded on 55, 168, and T376 compared to resistance check Aruso; though on par with susceptible check, HB-42. Other shows medium level of mean number of eggs per seedling. This result indicates that, oviposition behavior of the barley shoot fly shows very clear resistance in different barley genotypes in field conditions under no choice test. Corroborating the results of this study, \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e27\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003ereported that oviposition behavior in the pea weevil reflects very well the resistance of different genotypes of field pea found in a field situation. Even though, seedlings with eggs were not exhibit significant (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05) among genotypes (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). This finding is in line with the previous reports of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. This shows that there is not clear significance difference among the genotypes evaluated for shelter under no-choice test situation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHowever, the dead heart percentage was highly significant varied (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) under no- choice test (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). This result is also in contrary with the result obtained by\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The lowest and highest dead heart percentages were recorded on resistance (T506) and susceptible (168) genotypes with the values of 53.23% and 84.03%, respectively. The dead heart percentages were significantly lower in T506, T524, T281, and T575 genotypes as compared with susceptible check, HB-42; while the dead hearts percentages were higher in 55, 168, and T376 genotypes as compared to resistance check, Aruso (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). This confirms that, resistance genotypes were less damaged than susceptible genotypes. Consequently, genotypes preferred for oviposition also show heavy dead heart formation \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Additionally, this result is contrasted by \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e28\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who reported that, there is no clear evidence of antixenosis for oviposition under no choice conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage oviposition preference and damage by the \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e females on 12 barley genotypes under no-choice test in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEggs seedling\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedlings with eggs (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDead hearts (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13 DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18DAE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.20\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.17\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.23\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.63\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT506\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.17\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.10\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.43\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.60\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.23\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.73\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.67\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.50\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.10\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.67\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT575\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.73\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.70\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.60\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.80\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT364\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.87\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.07\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.57\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.40\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.73\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.77\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.30\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.53\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.63\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT123\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.07\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.93\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e69.38\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.63\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.80\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.40\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.83\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.53\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.80\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.40\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.03\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT376\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.83\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.53\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.90\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.73\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.30\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHB-42(S)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.57\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.60\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100.00\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.23\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.27\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAruso(R)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.87\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.83\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.20\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.10\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58.73\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e66.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSE \\u003cspan type=\\\"Underline\\\" class=\\\"Underline\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003e\\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLSD (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3981892\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5659193\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.931213\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.85347\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.212016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeans in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; DAE=Days After Emergence; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences; S=Susceptible; R=Resistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1.3. Dual-choice test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study examines the average number of eggs per plant, seedlings with eggs, and dead hearts under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) are presented on Fig.\\u0026nbsp;4, \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, and 6. Dual choice test experiment was conducted in cage with pot culture by pairing each of eleventh test genotypes with the susceptible check, HB-42, in order to see the genotype influence on ovipositional antixenosis of barley shoot fly. The number of eggs per seedling, seedlings with eggs, and dead hearts were ranged from 1.20\\u0026ndash;2.66 eggs, 42.55\\u0026ndash;96.87% and 20.32\\u0026ndash;54.92% in test genotypes; and 2.22 to 3.75 eggs, 94 to 99.57%, and 53.82\\u0026ndash;85.43% in susceptible check (HB-42), respectively. The average number of eggs per seedling was less preferred for the genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso, compared with the susceptible genotype, HB-42. However, the average number of eggs per seedling for susceptible genotypes (55, 168, and T376) was on pair with susceptible genotypes (HB-42) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;4). Under dual choice test, the shoot fly laid more eggs on susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes. This indicates that the susceptible genotype is highly preferred for oviposition under dual choice test. This result is similar to the previous report of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20, 27\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Likewise, the percentage of plants with eggs was less preferred on the genotypes T506, T524, T575, T281 and Aruso compared to the susceptible check (HB-42). This indicates that there is less preference for resistance genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. However, the genotypes like 55,168, and T376 were on par or no statistical significance with susceptible check (HB-42) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, the percentage of dead hearts is less preferred for the resistance genotypes than susceptible check, HB-42. Even though, the percentage of dead hearts genotypes for 55, 168, and T376 were on par with the susceptible check (HB-42)(Fig.\\u0026nbsp;6). In general, the preference for certain traits in the shoot fly may be used to develop pest management techniques like intercropping and trap cropping, under dual choice test. The combination of resistance and susceptible barley genotypes reduced ovipositional and damage parameters, could be used as intercropping and trap cropping. This might be due to reduced result shoot fly damage parameters, during combination of resistance (T575, T524, T506 and T281) and susceptible check (HB-42). This result is in line with the previous report of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e27\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe t-values and p-values were as follows: 7.25** and 0.0007809, 2.35\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 0.06596, 1.23\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 0.2722, 25.72** and 1.66E\\u003csup\\u003e-06\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 18.09** and 9.5E\\u003csup\\u003e-06\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 62.99** and 1.909E\\u003csup\\u003e-08\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 4.89** and 0.004527, 0.24\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 0.822, 28.81** and 9.438E\\u003csup\\u003e-07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 65.73** and 1.54E\\u003csup\\u003e-08\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and 18.33** and 8.893E\\u003csup\\u003e-06\\u003c/sup\\u003e, respectively, from left to right.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eFigure 4.\\u003c/b\\u003e Average oviposition preference by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e Where t-value and p-value were 31.44** and 6.11E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 0.038\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003eand 0.9712, 1.14\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003eand 0.3042, 34.26** and 3.99E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 12.84** and 5.10E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;05\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 30.76** and 6.81E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 11.72** and 7.96E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;05\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 2.56\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 0.05084, 22.12** and 3.51E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;06\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 40.97** and 1.63E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and 44.38** and 1.10E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, respectively, from left to right.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhere t-value and p-value were 31.44**and 6.11E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 0.038\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003eand 0.9712, 1.14\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003eand 0.3042, 34.26** and 3.99E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 12.84** and 5.10E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;05\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 30.76** and 6.81E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 11.72** and 7.96E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;05\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 2.56\\u003csup\\u003ens\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 0.05084, 22.12** and 3.51E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;06\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 40.97** and 1.63E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and 44.38** and 1.10E\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;07\\u003c/sup\\u003e, respectively, from left to right.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eFigure 6\\u003c/b\\u003e. Average of dead heart percentages by the barley shoot fly females on 12 barley genotypes under dual choice conditions, in relation to susceptible check (HB-42) in the cages in the field at SARC 2023/2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.2. Antibiosis Test for Developmental Period\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe current findings demonstrated significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) between genotypes for all developmental parameters of \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e for larval period, pupal period, pupal weight, pupation percentage, adult emergence, and fecundity (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e), which indicates a significant variation in biology and life cycle of this pest as a consequence of different genotypes of barley, suggesting strong antibiosis activity. This is in line with the result reported by\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e6\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab6\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of variance for the average developmental parameters of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e on 12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSum Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePr(\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;F)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLarval period (days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.9495\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.63177\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2.2e-16 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1568\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00653\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.1063\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupal period (days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.9241\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.44764\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e116.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2.2e-16 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0919\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00383\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupal weight(grams)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.2535\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.113954\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.639\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.738e-11***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.004278\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.35617\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupation (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e873.49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.408\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.0866\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.086e-05 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e235.67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1109.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult Emergence (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2014.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e183.156\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.608\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.122e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e110.98\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.624\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2125.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity per female\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.8514\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.44104\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.561\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.026e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.5597\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06499\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.4111\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e***=(P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe average developmental parameters measured for \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e life cycle on 12 barley genotypes are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e. The larval period was ranged between 6.04 days for T376 to 7.26 days for T524. Larval period was longer than one day on T506 (7.25), T524 (7.26), and approximately longer one day on T575, T281 and Aruso (6.93 to 7.00 days) as comparable to the susceptible check HB-42(6.19 days). In comparable to the resistance check, Aruso (7.00 days), the larval period was also approximately shorter one day in susceptible genotypes of 55, 168, T376, and HB-42. The pupal period was ranged from 9.27 days in T376 to 10.23 days in T524. The resistance genotypes T281, T524, T506, T575, and Aruso had longer pupal period than other susceptible genotypes. This suggests that susceptible genotypes had shorter larval and pupal periods in contrast to resistance genotypes. Resistant varieties of barley slow insect development by prolonging the immature stages, as evidenced by the wide variation in larval and pupal stage duration among different genotypes. In some genotypes, the extended immature period indicates low nutritional value or harmful substances that lower the insects' growth efficiency. The extended development period is a clear indicator of antibiosis resistance since it reduces insect fitness due to high probability of death during the immature period \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. On the other hand, shorter developmental times in the vulnerable genotypes create an environment where insects can grow effectively. The pupal weights ranged from 3.26 grams to 3.80 grams. The highest pupal weights were found in susceptible barley genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42, with values of 3.80, 3.78, 3.70, and 3.76 grams, respectively. In contrast, the lowest pupal weights were observed in resistant barley genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso with values of 3.39, 3.26, 3.28, 3.40 and 3.37 grams, respectively. In addition, variation in weight among different pupal types also provides evidence in support of antibiosis. Genotypes that are resistant produce relatively light-weighted pupae because of ineffective food intake by larvae. Pupae of lighter weight are usually associated with low fitness levels, poor reproduction capability, and decreased chances of survival \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR32\\\" citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Susceptible genotypes, on the other hand, usually have a relatively heavy pupa, which shows that these genotypes make good hosts for insects and effective food utilization. Pupation and adult emergence percentages were ranged from 69.91% to 83.33% and 59.11% to 77.78%, respectively. The resistance genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso showed lower pupation and adult emergence percentages compared to the susceptible check HB-42. Conversely, susceptible genotypes 55, 168, T376, and HB-42 exhibited higher pupation and adult emergence percentages compared to the resistance check Aruso. The variation in numbers of larvae that become pupae and adults clearly suggests that antibiosis is the mode of resistance. The reduction in the number of pupation and adult emergence among resistant plants implies an increase in mortality at the larval stage, possibly due to toxins or anti-nutritional substances found in the plant tissues. This supports the new findings on how the secondary metabolites in plants, including phenolic and alkaloid compounds, can significantly reduce the survival and development of insects \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR35\\\" citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The number of fecundities per female was ranged from 16.00(T506) to 18.36(168). More number of eggs was laid under the susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e). This confirms that the efficiency of larval feeding is crucial to how reproductively fit they become when they grow into adults. When larvae receive inadequate nutrition, or there are mechanisms within the plants to defend against them, then the amount of energy needed for egg production will decline, leading to reduced fertility rates. In terms of insect pest control, that would reduce the population of the next generation \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR38\\\" citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Therefore, based on the evidence presented, there is clear indication of antibiosis mechanisms of resistance in barley against shoot fly. These findings align with the results of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e20, 40\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. However, these results contradict the earlier findings of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e15\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e, who reported no significant differences between resistant and susceptible barley genotypes, except for the weight of adult flies (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.01).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab7\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 7\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe average developmental parameters of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e on 12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLarval\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeriod\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eperiod\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eweight\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePupation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEmergence\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.93\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.16\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.39\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.37\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e60.92\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.19\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT506\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.25\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.19\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.26\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e69.91\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59.11\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.00\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.26\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.23\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.28\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.20\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e60.29\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.07\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT575\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.98\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.18\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.40\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.37\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e60.54\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.33\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT364\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.54\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.59\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.53\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.07\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e66.40\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.96\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.58\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.54\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.53\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.32\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.38\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.13\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT123\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.53\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.59\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.54\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.33\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.78\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.40\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.08\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.40\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.80\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.29\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.63\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.19\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.06\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.37\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.78\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.33\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.39\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.36\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT376\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.04\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.27\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.70\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.73\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.67\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.07\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHB-42(S)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.19\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.37\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.76\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.68\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.45\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.91\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAruso(R)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.09\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.37\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.22\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.11\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.23\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.75\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003cspan type=\\\"Underline\\\" class=\\\"Underline\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003e\\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.81\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLSD(P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.81\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeans in a row followed by different letters are significantly different; SE=Standard Error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least Significant Differences; S =Susceptible Check; R=Resistance Check.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3.3. Antibiosis indices\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe variance analysis results showed highly significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) among genotypes of barley for all indexes of antibiosis: growth index, relative growth index, development index, adult emergence index, and fecundity index (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e); therefore, the genotypes varied significantly in their ability to affect the development, growth, survival, and reproduction of \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e, which is in agreement with the reports of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e41\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab8\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 8\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of variance for the average Antibiosis indices of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e on12 barley genotypes under laboratory condition (SARC, 2023)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSum Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePr(\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;F)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrowth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eindex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.697\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.6997\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.448\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.429e-10 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.319\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2633\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRelative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrowth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.47958\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.043598\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.448\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.429e-10 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04112\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.001713\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5207\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDevelopmental index\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.095781\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0087073\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e149.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2.2e-16 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.001394\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0000581\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.097175\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eemergence\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eindex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3447\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0313361\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.608\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.122e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01899\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0007911\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.36369\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFecundity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08371\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00761\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.561\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.026e-12 ***\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.004862\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0002026\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.088572\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e***=(P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe average antibiosis indices for the barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e. The indices of growth, relative growth, development, adult emergence, and fecundity ranged from 9.65 (T506) to 13.74 (161), 0.78 (T506 and T524) to 1.11 (168), 0.98 (T376) to 1.12 (T506 and T524), 0.77 (T506) to 1.02 (T123), and 0.89 (T506) to 1.03 (168), respectively, and were lower in the susceptible genotypes than in the resistance genotypes; however, the development index was higher in the resistance genotypes than the susceptible genotypes (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e). Low GI and RGI values reflect poor growth of the larvae and inefficient use of the nutrients of the host plant, which indicates an unfavorable, less nutritious environment for insect growth; this is characteristic of the type of antibiosis resistance due to anti-nutritive components or poisonous secondary metabolites that disrupt the digestive or metabolic systems of insects\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR43\\\" citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. In contrast, the higher GI and RGI values for the susceptible genotypes suggest that the environment for insect growth and development is more favorable. Most likely, they have fewer defense mechanisms or components increasing the effectiveness of food processing, resulting in better growth and increased biomass. Similar tendencies have been observed in recent research on the relationship between host plant resistance and insect performance\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e. This shows that, the barley shoot fly complete her life cycle within a short period of days in susceptible genotypes than the resistance genotypes. The results in the current study are in line with the previous findings of \\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e16\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e; except fecundity index.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab9\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 9\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage antibiosis indices of barley shoot fly on 12 barley genotypes (SARC, South Eastern Ethiopia, 2023/2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRGI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAEI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.15\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.82\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.10\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.80\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.90\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT506\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.65\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.78\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.66\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.78\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.90\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT575\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.09\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.81\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.10\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.91\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT364\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.32\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.91\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.06\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.96\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT123\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.76\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.03\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.972\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.21\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.07\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.99\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.74\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.11\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.99\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.01\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.03\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eT376\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.87\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.98\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.96\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.01\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHB-42(S)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.40\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAruso(R)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.31\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.10\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.80\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.91\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSE \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.004\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLSD(P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.013\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeans with superscripts in a row are significantly different; SE=Standard error; CV=coefficient of variation, LSD=Least significant differences; S =Susceptible check; R=Resistance check.GI=Growth index, RGI=Relative growth index, DI=Developmental index, AEI=Adult emergence index, and FI=Fecundity index.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eLimitations\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlthough this study considered antixenosis and antibiosis as mechanisms of resistance to the barley shoot fly, some limitations were identified: First, it was conducted in a single location over a single season which limits its broader applicability across different environments, Second, only twelve barley genotypes were used in the experiments, which might be not capturing the potential full genetic diversity. Third, the mechanism of resistance tolerance was not assessed, nor was the biochemical and molecular bases of resistance investigated, and lastly, some experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, which may not fully represent field realities. Therefore, future studies should focus on multi-location and multi-season evaluations to validate the consistency and robustness of these genotypes; increase the number of evaluated barley genotypes to capture complete genetic variability; integrate all the plant resistance mechanisms (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance) with molecular and biochemical studies to demonstrate a more comprehensive understanding of resistance to the barley shoot fly; and conduct the experiments in both the controlled environments and fields simultaneously to validate field shoot fly resistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Conclusion and Recommendation\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe results of the current study demonstrated that there were significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001) for resistance to \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e through both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms among the assessed barley genotypes. The genotypes T281, T506, T524, and T575 indicated a low oviposition preference, a low percentage of seedlings with eggs, and minimal dead heart damage in comparison with the susceptible check (HB-42) under field and controlled conditions, indicating an effective antixenosis resistance by rendering the plants less attractive for oviposition and by providing an unsuitable shelter. In addition, the results from the antibiosis study confirm that the development of the shoot fly is negatively affected by the biology and life cycle. These include delaying larva and pupa development, reducing pupal weight, and hindering pupation, adult emergence, and fecundity. During this study, resistant genotypes, therefore, provide unfavorable environments for the development and reproduction of the shoot fly. Conversely, the development and reproduction of susceptible genotypes are faster and more viable. Furthermore, these results are confirmed by the antibiosis indices, which showed lower growth rate, relative growth, emergence, and fecundity in resistant genotypes. In contrast, the susceptible genotypes had higher developmental indexes, which suggested slower development of insects. Overall, the study confirms that both antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms play a significant role in conferring resistance to barley shoot fly in barley genotypes. Based on the findings of this study, there is a recommendation to encourage the use of resistant lines such as T281, T506, T524, and T575 to exploit their resistance in breeding programs. The use of these lines will enable the management of \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e and develop varieties that have a high level of resistance, thereby reducing reliance on insecticide chemicals. To achieve sustainable results, the resistant lines must be combined with other pest management techniques. In general, host plant resistance through antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms provides an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing barley shoot fly in Ethiopia and similar agro-ecologies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\" \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics Approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo specific ethical approval was required for this type of study.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAdditional information\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.A.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study obtained financial support from the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI). The funders had no role in decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eI conceived and designed the study, conducted field and laboratory experiments, performed antixenosis and antibiosis evaluations, collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data, and wrote the main manuscript text. Also, I prepared all tables and figures and approved the final version of the thesis manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgement\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eI am deeply grateful to God for granting me the strength and perseverance to complete this work. I sincerely thank my advisors, Dr. Wakuma Bayissa and Dr. Allo Aman, for their invaluable guidance, constructive comments, and continuous encouragement starting from proposal development to the completion of this study. I also extend my appreciation to the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) and Sinana Agricultural Research Centre (SARC) for sponsoring and facilitating this research, and to Jimma University for providing the academic opportunity to pursue my graduate studies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eData Availability\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1) https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/125528/records/68878f967fd4d06c32a922712) https://repository.ju.edu.et/handle/123456789/9828 3) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kabna-Asefa-2/publication/395296358_2_Crop_Protection_Research_Proceeding_2025_2/links/68bac898e2a6c3717837c3d7/2-Crop-Protection-Research-Proceeding-2025-2.pdf#page=138, page 123-133\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYirgu, M., Kebede, M., Feyissa, T., Lakew, B. \\u0026amp; Woldeyohannes, A. B. Morphological variations of qualitative traits of barley (\\u003cem\\u003eHordeum vulgare\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) accessions in Ethiopia. \\u003cem\\u003eHeliyon\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e8\\u003c/b\\u003e, e10949. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10949\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10949\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eNoreen, S. et al. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of different varieties of barley (\\u003cem\\u003eHordeum vulgare\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) available in Pakistan. \\u003cem\\u003eFront. Nutr.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e12\\u003c/b\\u003e, 1618457. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1618457\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fnut.2025.1618457\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2025).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZeleke, T., Hundie, B. \\u0026amp; Negash, T. Evaluation of seed dressing pesticides on barley shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e) and barley stripe (\\u003cem\\u003ePyrenophora graminea\\u003c/em\\u003e) disease in south-eastern Ethiopia. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Plant. Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e5\\u003c/b\\u003e, 29\\u0026ndash;33. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170501.14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.11648/j.jps.20170501.14\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2017).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDido, A. A., Singh, B. J. K. \\u0026amp; Degefu, D. T. R. K. Diversity and resistance components analysis of barley landraces to barley shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e). \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Plant. Dis. Prot.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e128\\u003c/b\\u003e, 139\\u0026ndash;152. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00364-4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s41348-020-00364-4\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2021).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMalipatil, M. \\u0026amp; Plant Health Australia. Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Grains Industry. (Plant Health Australia, (2008).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGoftishu, M., Tefera, T. \\u0026amp; Getu, E. Biology of barley shoot fly \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e Stein (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) on resistant and susceptible barley cultivars. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Pest Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e82\\u003c/b\\u003e, 67\\u0026ndash;71. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-008-0222-0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10340-008-0222-0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2009).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePeterson, R. K. D., Higley, L. G. \\u0026amp; Pedigo, L. P. Integrated pest management and plant resistance: A comprehensive review. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Agric. Entomol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e25\\u003c/b\\u003e, 112\\u0026ndash;125 (2017).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKumar, V., Sharma, R. C. \\u0026amp; Suresh, R. Antixenosis as a resistance mechanism in barley: A review of recent findings. \\u003cem\\u003eCrop Prot.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e152\\u003c/b\\u003e, 105719 (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGirma, M., Bane, M. \\u0026amp; Yifru, H. Antibiosis mechanisms of barley against \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e: Insights from recent studies. \\u003cem\\u003ePest Manag Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e80\\u003c/b\\u003e, 55\\u0026ndash;65 (2024).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKogan, M. \\u0026amp; Ortman, E. F. Antixenosis\\u0026mdash;A new term proposed to define Painter's nonpreference modality of resistance. \\u003cem\\u003eBull. Entomol. Soc. Am.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e24\\u003c/b\\u003e, 175\\u0026ndash;176. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/besa/24.2.175\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1093/besa/24.2.175\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1978).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAbdisa, M., Bayissa, W. \\u0026amp; Aman, A. Evaluation of barley genotypes for their resistance against barley shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e) in south-eastern Ethiopia (2024).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAbdi, B., Sileshi, G. \\u0026amp; Tesfaye, K. Assessment of barley resistance to \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e in Bale, south-eastern Ethiopia. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Crop Prot.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e14\\u003c/b\\u003e, 33\\u0026ndash;44 (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBogale, M. Growth, yield and grain quality of durum wheat (\\u003cem\\u003eTriticum turgidum\\u003c/em\\u003e L. var. durum) as influenced by nitrogen application in Sinana, south-eastern Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Haramaya Univ. (2015).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBelachew, T. \\u0026amp; Abera, Y. Response of maize (\\u003cem\\u003eZea mays\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) to tied ridges and planting methods at Goro, south-eastern Ethiopia. \\u003cem\\u003eAm. Eurasian J. Agron.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e3\\u003c/b\\u003e, 21\\u0026ndash;24 (2010).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJobie, T. Mechanisms of resistance in barley accessions to shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e). MSc thesis, Alemaya Univ. (2003).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eChamarthi, S. K. Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eAtherigona soccata\\u003c/em\\u003e) in sorghum (\\u003cem\\u003eSorghum bicolor\\u003c/em\\u003e). PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ. (2008). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttp://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/6049\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/6049\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSharma, H. C. \\u003cem\\u003eCrop Protection Compendium: Sorghum shoot fly\\u003c/em\\u003e (CAB International, 1996).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHill, D. S. \\u003cem\\u003eAgricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control\\u003c/em\\u003e 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGolla, S. K. et al. Biochemical components of wild relatives of chickpea confer resistance to pod borer. \\u003cem\\u003eArthropod Plant. Interact.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e14\\u003c/b\\u003e, 623\\u0026ndash;639. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09763-0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s11829-020-09763-0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2020).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDhillon, M. K., Sharma, H. C., Singh, R. \\u0026amp; Naresh, J. S. Mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly in sorghum. \\u003cem\\u003eEuphytica\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e144\\u003c/b\\u003e, 301\\u0026ndash;312. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-7400-4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s10681-005-7400-4\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2005).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBullock, J. A. The control of \\u003cem\\u003eHylemya arambourgi\\u003c/em\\u003e S\\u0026eacute;guy (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) on barley. \\u003cem\\u003eBull. Entomol. Res.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e55\\u003c/b\\u003e, 645\\u0026ndash;661. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049750\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1017/S0007485300049750\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1965).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGigu\\u0026egrave;re, T., Bailly, V., Rey, T., Cortesero, A. M. \\u0026amp; Herv\\u0026eacute;, M. R. Understanding the impact of host plant factors on the oviposition behaviour of the cabbage stem flea beetle (\\u003cem\\u003ePsylliodes chrysocephala\\u003c/em\\u003e). \\u003cem\\u003eAnn. Appl. Biol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e187\\u003c/b\\u003e, 34\\u0026ndash;44. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12976\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/aab.12976\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2025).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJones, L. C., Rafter, M. A. \\u0026amp; Walter, G. H. Insects allocate eggs adaptively across their native host plants. \\u003cem\\u003eArthropod Plant. Interact.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e13\\u003c/b\\u003e, 181\\u0026ndash;191. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09688-x\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s11829-019-09688-x\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2019).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eVikal, Y. et al. Genomic regions associated with shoot fly resistance in maize. \\u003cem\\u003ePLoS One\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003e15\\u003c/b\\u003e, e0234335. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234335\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1371/journal.pone.0234335\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2020).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRana, B. S. et al. Genetic analysis for shoot fly resistance in sorghum. \\u003cem\\u003eIndian J. Genet.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e35\\u003c/b\\u003e, 350\\u0026ndash;355. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v35i1.9302\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.18805/asd.v35i1.9302\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1975).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eUnnithan, G. C. \\u0026amp; Seshu Reddy, K. V. Oviposition and infestation of the sorghum shoot fly, \\u003cem\\u003eAtherigona soccata\\u003c/em\\u003e, on certain sorghum cultivars. \\u003cem\\u003eInsect Sci. Appl.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e6\\u003c/b\\u003e, 409\\u0026ndash;412. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400004719\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1017/S1742758400004719\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1985).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMendesil, E., R\\u0026auml;mert, B., Marttila, S., Hillbur, Y. \\u0026amp; Anderson, P. Oviposition preference of pea weevil, \\u003cem\\u003eBruchus pisorum\\u003c/em\\u003e, among host and non-host plants. \\u003cem\\u003eFront. Plant. Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e6\\u003c/b\\u003e, 1186. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01186\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fpls.2015.01186\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2016).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSharma, H. C., Leuschner, K. \\u0026amp; Vidyasagar, P. Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the sorghum midge. \\u003cem\\u003eAnn. Appl. Biol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e116\\u003c/b\\u003e, 431\\u0026ndash;439. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06625.x\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06625.x\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1990).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWar, A. R. et al. Plant defence against herbivory and insect adaptations. \\u003cem\\u003eAoB Plants\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003e10\\u003c/b\\u003e, ply037. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/ply037\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1093/aobpla/ply037\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2018).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSmith, C. M. \\u0026amp; Clement, S. L. Molecular bases of plant resistance to arthropods. \\u003cem\\u003eAnnu. Rev. Entomol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e57\\u003c/b\\u003e, 309\\u0026ndash;328. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2012).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHellhammer, F. et al. Impact of diet on mosquito larvae development. \\u003cem\\u003eFront. Trop. Dis.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e4\\u003c/b\\u003e, 1107857. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1107857\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fitd.2023.1107857\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMackay, A. J. et al. Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity. \\u003cem\\u003eParasit. Vectors\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003e16\\u003c/b\\u003e, 434. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBanra, S. et al. Rearing diets affect fall armyworm development. \\u003cem\\u003eNeotrop. Entomol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e54\\u003c/b\\u003e, 41. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-025-01256-8\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s13744-025-01256-8\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2025).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDivekar, P. A. et al. Plant secondary metabolites as defense tools. \\u003cem\\u003eInt. J. Mol. Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e23\\u003c/b\\u003e, 2690. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052690\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/ijms23052690\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePriyanka, S. L. et al. Role of secondary plant metabolites against insects. In: \\u003cem\\u003eHi-tech Crop Prod. Pest Management\\u003c/em\\u003e, 325\\u0026ndash;340 (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAl-Khayri, J. M. et al. Plant secondary metabolites for biotic stress management. \\u003cem\\u003eMetabolites\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e13\\u003c/b\\u003e, 716. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060716\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/metabo13060716\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDmitriew, C. \\u0026amp; Rowe, L. Effects of larval nutrition on reproduction. \\u003cem\\u003ePLoS One\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003e6\\u003c/b\\u003e, e17399. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017399\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1371/journal.pone.0017399\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2011).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYan, J., Kibech, R. \\u0026amp; Stone, C. M. Effects of nutrition on mosquito survival and fecundity. \\u003cem\\u003eFront. Zool.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e18\\u003c/b\\u003e, 10. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00395-z\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1186/s12983-021-00395-z\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2021).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePo\\u0026ccedil;as, G. M., Crosbie, A. E. \\u0026amp; Mirth, C. K. Roles of nutrition in regulating adult size. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Insect Physiol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e139\\u003c/b\\u003e, 104051. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104051\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104051\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSingh, S. P. \\u0026amp; Verma, A. N. Antibiosis mechanism of resistance to stem borer. \\u003cem\\u003eInt. J. Trop. Insect Sci.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e9\\u003c/b\\u003e, 579\\u0026ndash;582. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400005038\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1017/S1742758400005038\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1988).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGoftishu, M., Getu, E. \\u0026amp; Tefera, T. Biology and population dynamics of \\u003cem\\u003eDelia flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e in Bale, Ethiopia. In: \\u003cem\\u003eBarley Research and Development in Ethiopia\\u003c/em\\u003e, 173 (2011).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSagar, D. et al. Influence of larval nutrition on \\u003cem\\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eAnim. Biol.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e72\\u003c/b\\u003e, 203\\u0026ndash;216. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10077\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1163/15707563-bja10077\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2022).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAmjad, A. et al. Nutritional physiology of \\u003cem\\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eEnfoque UTE\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003e15\\u003c/b\\u003e, 30\\u0026ndash;35 (2024).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKawasaki, K. et al. Nutritional evaluation of housefly larvae meal in broilers. \\u003cem\\u003eAnimals\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e16\\u003c/b\\u003e, 386. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030386\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/ani16030386\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2026).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHorai, K. et al. Effects of early planting on rice growth and yield. \\u003cem\\u003eField Crops Res.\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e144\\u003c/b\\u003e, 11\\u0026ndash;18. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.016\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.016\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2013).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Antibiosis, Antixenosis, Delia flavibasis, Barley, Hordeum vulgare\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eShoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eD.flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e Stein) is a major insect pest of barley at the seedling stage, with infestation levels up to 100% on susceptible barley genotypes in the study area. Host plant resistance is the most effective methods in managing this pest, and to develop insect plant with durable resistance is important to understand the contribution of different components of resistance. Hence, this study aimed to determine the different categories of resistance (antixenosis and antibiosis) against \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e in various barley genotypes. Twelve (12) barley genotypes were selected to determine category of resistance such as antixenosis test under multi, dual, and no-choice conditions, while the antibiosis test was done under no-choice condition from August 2023 to December 2024. In multi-choice test, shoot fly showed oviposition preferences on T376, HB-42 and 55, than genotypes T281, T506, T524, and T575. In the no-choice test, the oviposition preference for the resistant genotypes (T281, T506, T524, and T575) was lower and had fewer dead hearts compared to the susceptible genotypes. In dual-choice test, fewer eggs were observed on genotypes T281, T506, T524, T575, and Aruso when compared with the susceptible check (HB-42). This insect completed its life cycle within a shorter period on susceptible barley genotypes based on the antibiosis and its indices test. Thus, the barley genotypes with low oviposition preference and high levels of antibiosis can be used as sources of resistance to increase the levels of resistance and enhanced this pest management strategy to \\u003cem\\u003eD. flavibasis\\u003c/em\\u003e in barley genotypes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Antixenosis and Antibiosis Mechanisms of Resistance in Barley Genotypes to Barley Shoot fly, Delia flavibasis (Stein) in Bale, South Eastern Ethiopia\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:29\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244475/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-17T20:34:43+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"73475863514992661459163904419344231599\",\"date\":\"2026-05-14T14:52:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"291154139750570021171680135165736277074\",\"date\":\"2026-05-13T15:37:33+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"335995794424268902881224831762433960138\",\"date\":\"2026-05-11T23:29:36+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"251282139851666187489719892571018991129\",\"date\":\"2026-05-08T11:20:46+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-07T10:51:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-02T10:02:23+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-23T07:34:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-19T17:06:13+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2026-04-19T17:00:06+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5e5b6100-743d-4fac-bf32-4d1ac9eb1819\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 18th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-17T20:34:43+00:00\",\"index\":88,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"73475863514992661459163904419344231599\",\"date\":\"2026-05-14T14:52:24+00:00\",\"index\":86,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"291154139750570021171680135165736277074\",\"date\":\"2026-05-13T15:37:33+00:00\",\"index\":85,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"335995794424268902881224831762433960138\",\"date\":\"2026-05-11T23:29:36+00:00\",\"index\":83,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"251282139851666187489719892571018991129\",\"date\":\"2026-05-08T11:20:46+00:00\",\"index\":65,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"25\",\"date\":\"2026-05-07T10:51:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":68245523,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Genetics\"},{\"id\":68245524,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Plant sciences\"},{\"id\":68245525,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Zoology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-18T18:13:29+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-05-18 18:13:29\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-9244475\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-9244475\",\"identity\":\"rs-9244475\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}