{"paper_id":"4ddec768-e97e-4f67-9a95-364e12f31373","body_text":"Resting-State Theta Oscillations as Biomarkers of Adaptive Neuroplasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot EEG Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Resting-State Theta Oscillations as Biomarkers of Adaptive Neuroplasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot EEG Study Pardo-Garcia Rebeca, Ruiz-Izquierdo Maria, Martín García Vega Mercedes, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Stroke-related motor deficits persist in many patients despite rehabilitation, highlighting the need for objective biomarkers of brain recovery. Resting-state EEG offers a non-invasive window into functional reorganization and cortical network dynamics. Objective To investigate changes in resting-state EEG following upper limb rehabilitation in chronic MCA stroke patients and to evaluate qEEG parameters as biomarkers of adaptive neuroplasticity. Methods Ten chronic left MCA stroke patients and seven healthy controls underwent 64-channel EEG before and after a 15-session occupational therapy program. EEG spectral power (delta, theta, alpha, beta) and composite indices (Delta/Alpha Ratio [DAR], Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio [DTABR], Brain Symmetry Index [pdBSI]) were calculated. Motor function was assessed with the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity scale (FM-UE). Results Patients showed higher delta and theta and lower alpha and beta power versus controls. DAR, DTABR, and pdBSI were elevated. Post-treatment, FM-UE scores improved (p = 0.008) and relative theta power increased (p = 0.038), with a trend toward reduced delta (p = 0.051). Theta and alpha power correlated with motor outcomes. Conclusion Theta power increased after therapy and was associated with motor improvement, suggesting a role in adaptive cortical reorganization. Quantitative EEG chronic stroke theta power DAR neuroplasticity upper limb rehabilitation Figures Figure 1 Significance qEEG measures, particularly theta activity, may serve as translational biomarkers of neuroplasticity and motor recovery in chronic stroke. Highlights 1. Theta power increased after upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke 2. Theta activity was associated with functional motor recovery 3. qEEG metrics may serve as biomarkers of neuroplasticity post-stroke Introduction Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term adult disability, with motor impairments—particularly affecting the upper limb(Kwakkel et al., 2023)—posing major rehabilitation challenges. Ischemic strokes involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA) often lead to persistent hemiparesis, especially when the dominant hemisphere is affected. Despite advances in rehabilitation, understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms that support motor recovery remains essential to improving outcomes. (Pollock et al., 2014) , (Guggisberg et al., 2019) Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive method for probing brain function and has been increasingly used to characterize post-stroke brain dynamics and predict motor recovery.(Lanzone et al., 2023; Saes et al., 2019) Quantitative EEG (qEEG) analyses allow for the evaluation of spectral power across frequency bands—delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), and beta (12–30 Hz)—which reflect alterations in cortical excitability and network communication.(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Niedermeyer, E., 2005) In stroke patients, elevated delta and theta activity, alongside reduced alpha and beta activity, are frequently associated with cortical dysfunction and poorer functional outcomes.(Ding et al., 2024a; Finnigan et al., 2007; Saes et al., 2019; Sood et al., 2024; Wang, Y., et al, 2021)Quantitative indices such as the Delta/Alpha Ratio (DAR) and the combined Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio (DTABR) have emerged as reliable biomarkers correlating with stroke severity and motor impairment.(Chen et al., 2017; Mane et al., 2019; Saes et al., 2019) However, their dynamic evolution following targeted rehabilitation in the chronic stroke phase remains underexplored. Recent evidence also suggests that increased theta power may not exclusively represent cortical dysfunction, but could reflect compensatory neuroplastic processes—particularly during motor learning and recovery.(Lee et al., 2022; Neuper et al., 2006; Pfurtscheller and Lopes Da Silva, 1999; Rustamov et al., 2022; Sebastián-Romagosa et al., 2020; Trujillo et al., 2017) In the present study, we focused on a homogeneous group of chronic stroke patients with ischemic lesions in the left MCA territory and dominant upper limb deficits. We hypothesized that post-rehabilitation changes in resting-state EEG—specifically within theta and delta bands and in DAR/DTABR indices—would reflect underlying neuroplasticity and correlate with residual motor function. Our primary aim was to describe the longitudinal changes in EEG spectral features following a structured upper limb rehabilitation protocol. Additionally, we sought to identify EEG parameters most strongly associated with clinical motor outcomes, using the validated Spanish version of the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity scale (FM-UE)(González, n.d.). Understanding these relationships may provide valuable insights into the neural substrates of recovery and guide personalized rehabilitation interventions. Ethics statement This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid, Spain (assigned number Nº22/459-E_Tesis) and was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Methods i. Participants: Ten patients (6 males, 4 females; mean age ± SD: 55.9 ± 14.2 years) in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) were recruited from Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age between 18 and 80 years; (2) stroke onset between 6 months and 2 years prior to inclusion; (3) at least 20° of active wrist extension and 10° of active finger extension; (4) eligibility for EEG; (5) written informed consent; (6) good trunk control; (7) adequate vision and hearing; (8) muscular strength of the affected upper limb ≥ 2 on the Medical Research Council scale; and (9) no history of recurrent stroke. Exclusion criteria included: (1) severe cognitive impairment; (2) psychiatric illness; (3) spasticity ≥ 3 on the Modified Ashworth Scale; (4) aphasia impairing comprehension; (5) visuospatial neglect interfering with screen use; (6) concurrent upper limb therapy; and (7) pre-stroke severe functional dependence. Seven right-handed healthy controls (1 male, 6 females; mean age ± SD: 46.3 ± 23.6 years) without neurological history were recruited for comparison. Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of Hospital Clínico San Carlos (approval No. 22/459-E_Tesis), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Table 1 shows the control demographics and in Table 2 statistical comparison between groups for variables: age, sex and upper limb dominance are shown. ii. Procedure - Design of the experiment: EEG recordings were acquired before and after the rehabilitation intervention. Subjects sat comfortably in a dimly lit, quiet room, eyes closed, without task engagement. Recordings lasted 5 minutes and were conducted at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. - Rehabilitation Intervention : Patients received 15 sessions of occupational therapy, twice weekly, each lasting 30 minutes. Therapy focused on upper limb motor training and functional task engagement. - Clinical Assessment : Motor function was assessed before and after rehabilitation using the Spanish-validated Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the Upper Extremity (FM-UE) [20]. Stroke severity in the acute phase was retrospectively obtained using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). - Data acquisition: EEG data were collected using a 64-channel Ag/AgCl electrode cap (Electro-Cap International), following the international 10–20 system, with A2 as reference. Vertical and horizontal eye movements were recorded using four ocular electrodes. Signals were sampled at 1000 Hz. iii. Data processing: - Pre-processing: EEG data were processed and analyzed using the EEGLAB toolbox (Delorme and Makeig, 2004), the ERPLAB toolbox (Lopez-Calderon and Luck, 2014), and custom MATLAB scripts. After visual inspection, bad EEG channels were removed (an average of one channel per recording). If the removed channels were of interest (FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FC6, FCZ, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, CZ, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CPZ), spherical interpolation was performed. To reduce power-line artifacts, a notch filter was used at 50 Hz. In addition, channels whose spectra exceeded a threshold of 5 standard deviations were rejected. Further rejection and detection of artifacts were completed through Independent Component Analysis (ICA), using the runica algorithm. ICA was used to remove artifacts embedded in the data, such as ocular and muscle artifacts. Components related to brain activity accounting for less than 10% of data variance were removed. Additionally, EEG signals were delimited between [-100 100] microvolts and filtered with a bandpass filter (0.5-100 Hz). EEG continuous data was segmented into 2-second, non-overlapping epochs. - qEEG computation: An EEGLAB plugin named EEGSTATS was used to compute power spectral density for each channel using Welch’s periodogram. It was calculated for four frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8 -12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz). Spectral power was initially calculated for every channel considered (FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FC6, FCZ, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, CZ, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6 and CPZ) and then averaged across electrodes for the calculation of indices. Four separate indices were calculated: - Delta, Alpha, Beta and Theta relative power: Other studies have suggested that analysing relative power indices helps minimize the introduction of physiological variance across subjects due to different conduction patterns (Fanciullacci et al., 2017). In this study, the relative power index analysed is the relative power of each band. Power in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands was calculated as the mean value of the spectral power in the specific band (Saes et al., 2020; Trujillo et al., 2017; Vanputten, 2006). Band relative power was calculated as the ratio of each band absolute power to the total summed power of the four frequency ranges studied. - Delta/Alpha ratio (DAR): it is defined as the ratio of delta to alpha spectral power (Mane et al., 2019; Saes et al., 2019). Power of each band was calculated as the mean spectral power over all N EEG channels considered: - Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta ratio (DTABR), also known as Power Ratio Index (PRI): it is defined as the ratio of spectral power of delta plus theta to alpha plus beta, representing the ratio between the slow frequencies and the higher frequencies (Mane et al., 2019; Trujillo et al., 2017): - Brain Symmetry Index (BSI): it is defined as the absolute normalized difference in power spectral density between homologous channels, AH for the electrode in the affected hemisphere and UH for the one in the unaffected hemisphere. Therefore, for the calculation of this index, the electrodes were divided into two groups: UH (FC2, FC4, C2, C4, C6, CP2) and AH (FC1, FC3, C1, C3, C5, CP1). In this study, BSI has been calculated for each frequency range separately (Vanputten, 2006) The values of this index range from 0 to 1, meaning perfect symmetry for all channels and maximal asymmetry, respectively (Saes et al., 2020). Statistical analysis Given the small sample size, non-parametric tests were used. Between-group comparisons (patients vs. controls) were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Pre- vs. post-treatment changes were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlations between EEG features and clinical scores (FM-UE, NIHSS) were evaluated using Spearman’s rho. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 . Analyses were conducted using SPSS v26 and StataSE v15. Results i. Frequency-Specific Power Measures : Compared to healthy controls, stroke patients exhibited significantly increased relative delta power (p = 0.023) and reduced beta and alpha relative power (p = 0.039 and p = 0.007, respectively). Median and interquartile range (IQR) values for all bands are presented in Table 2. ii. Quantitative Indices: Patients demonstrated significantly higher Delta/Alpha Ratio (DAR; p = 0.009) and Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio (DTABR; p = 0.007) compared to controls. The pairwise-derived Brain Symmetry Index (pdBSI) was also elevated in patients (p = 0.007). Detailed results are shown in Table 2. iii. Changes after Rehabilitation : i. Motor function: Following the rehabilitation protocol, patients exhibited significant improvements in upper limb motor function as measured by the FM-UE scale (p = 0.008). The mean FM-UE score increased from 28.2 (SD = 13.5) pre-treatment to 44.2 (SD = 17.1) post-treatment. ii. EEG Parameters: Post-treatment EEG analysis revealed a significant increase in relative theta power (p = 0.038). Relative delta power showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.051). All post-rehabilitation EEG results are summarized in Table 3. iv. Correlations Between EEG Metrics and Clinical Scores: The NIHSS score in the acute stage was positively correlated with DAR (R = +0.614, p = 0.011), DTABR (R = +0.637, p = 0.008), and relative delta power (R = +0.527, p = 0.036), and negatively correlated with relative alpha power (R = −0.643, p = 0.007). The FM-UE score in the chronic stage was negatively correlated with DAR (R = −0.660, p = 0.005), DTABR (R = −0.700, p = 0.003), and relative delta power (R = −0.610, p = 0.012), and positively correlated with relative alpha power (R = +0.725, p = 0.001). Greater asymmetry as measured by pdBSI was associated with lower FM-UE scores (R = −0.592, p = 0.016) and higher NIHSS scores (R = +0.549, p = 0.027). Results in Table 4. Discussion This study aimed to characterize resting-state EEG changes in chronic MCA stroke patients undergoing a structured upper limb rehabilitation protocol. Our primary finding—an increase in relative theta power post-rehabilitation—occurred alongside significant improvements in motor function. This result challenges conventional interpretations of theta activity as solely pathological and supports emerging views of its potential role in neuroplastic adaptation. Traditionally, elevated theta and delta power in stroke patients have been associated with cortical dysfunction and poor motor outcomes.(Ding et al., 2024b; Finnigan et al., 2016, 2007; Sood et al., 2024; Wang, Y., et al, 2021) However, theta oscillations are also implicated in attentional modulation and sensorimotor integration, processes essential for motor learning and recovery.(Begus and Bonawitz, 2020; Neuper et al., 2006; Pfurtscheller and Lopes Da Silva, 1999; Zhang and Jacobs, 2015) A recent study further supports this dual role, reporting enhanced theta–gamma coupling in motor areas correlated with functional improvement during brain–computer interface therapy.(Rustamov et al., 2022) This suggests that theta oscillations may not solely be markers of dysfunction but also indicators of the brain's compensatory mechanisms during recovery. In line with previous reports,(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Leon-Carrion et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2016) we found that chronic stroke patients exhibited increased delta, theta and decreased alpha and beta relative power compared to healthy controls, alongside elevated DAR and DTABR indices—well-established markers of cortical dysfunction post-stroke.(Finnigan et al., 2016; Lanzone et al., 2023; Saes et al., 2020) These alterations likely reflect persistent deafferentation and impaired cortico-cortical communication in the lesioned hemisphere.(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Niedermeyer, E., 2005) Post-rehabilitation changes included increased theta power and a trend toward reduced delta power, suggesting partial normalization of EEG rhythms. These neurophysiological changes may indicate functional reorganization and improved efficiency of motor networks.(Guggisberg et al., 2019; Schaechter, 2004) Crucially, DAR, DTABR, and relative delta and alpha power showed robust correlations with both acute stroke severity (NIHSS) and chronic motor impairment (FM-UE), confirming their value as cross-sectional markers and potential prognostic indicators (Leon-Carrion et al., 2009; Saes et al., 2020; Sood et al., 2024). Higher DAR and DTABR values reflect increased slow-to-fast wave imbalance, a pattern consistently associated with poorer functional status and worse recovery potential.(Finnigan et al., 2007; Wang, Y., et al, 2021; Wu et al., 2016) The pdBSI, a measure of hemispheric asymmetry, also correlated with motor outcomes and NIHSS, reinforcing its relevance beyond the acute phases(Agius Anastasi et al., 2017; Van Putten and Tavy, 2004; Vanputten, 2006; Wang et al., 2023). Limitations: This study has several limitations. The small sample size limits generalizability and statistical power, especially for detecting subtle EEG changes. Additionally, the absence of a sham or untreated control group precludes causal attribution of EEG changes to the rehabilitation intervention. The spatial resolution of scalp EEG is limited; future studies may benefit from integrating source localization or multimodal approaches such as fMRI or DTI.(Guggisberg et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2016) Conclusion Our findings suggest that increased resting-state theta power following upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients may reflect beneficial neuroplastic changes, rather than pathological slowing. This challenges traditional interpretations of slow-wave activity and highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of EEG dynamics during recovery. Composite qEEG markers such as DAR, DTABR, and pdBSI appear promising for tracking functional status and guiding rehabilitation in chronic stroke. Declarations Acknowledgments: ‘Not applicable’ Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid, Spain (assigned number Nº22/459-E_Tesis) and was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Consent to participate: All patients provided written informed consent; healthy subjects provided verbal informed consent. Consent for publication: ‘Not applicable’ Declaration of conflicting interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding statement: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. References Agius Anastasi, A., Falzon, O., Camilleri, K., Vella, M., Muscat, R., 2017. Brain Symmetry Index in Healthy and Stroke Patients for Assessment and Prognosis. Stroke Res. 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Neurosci. 35, 12477–12487. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5102-14.2015 Tables Table 1 : Patients and controls demographics Patient Nº*** EEG Nº Age Sex Dominance (left/right) Race Stroke etiology** SPECTS NIHSS (acute) Months since stroke FM-UE* (chronic) rdelta ralpha DAR DTABR gBSI Patient 1 PAC1 56 M Right Caucasic Thrombotic - 4 13 35 0,70 0,08 10,09 6,45 ,17 Patient 2 PAC3 60 M Right Caucasic Thrombotic 5 25 12 17 0,71 0,08 9,38 8,22 ,18 Patient 3 PAC2 56 F Right Caucasic Non especified - 20 12 12 ,84 0,04 20,17 16,51 -,01 Patient 4 PAC4 72 F Right Caucasic Embolic 9 24 13 44 ,52 0,13 4,40 3,90 ,13 Patient 5 PAC6 60 F Right Caucasic Embolic 7 5 12 18 ,69 0,15 4,80 4,26 ,18 Patient 6 PAC5 50 M Right Caucasic embolic 3 24 23 20 0,78 0,04 17,85 13,08 ,07 Patient 7 PAC7 78 M Right Caucasic non-especified 10 18 15 33 ,27 0,38 ,73 1,49 ,29 Patient 8 PAC8 41 M Right Latin non-especified 10 4 12 52 ,65 0,18 4,11 4,15 ,21 Patient 13 PAC9 58 M Right Caucasic thrombotic 10 18 17 35 ,54 0,11 5,22 6,92 ,19 Patient 21 PAC10 28 F Right Latin Non-especified 6 23 14 16 ,51 0,13 4,04 3,19 ,33 Control 1 C1 58 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 - - - - - Control 2 C2 64 M Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,56 0,28 2,55 2,39 ,13 Control 3 C3 22 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,46 0,32 1,47 1,63 ,22 Control 4 C4 22 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,41 0,36 1,20 1,59 ,09 Control 5 C5 20 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,32 0,44 ,73 ,90 -,07 Control 6 C6 68 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,42 0,22 1,90 1,58 ,05 Control 7 C7 70 F Right Caucasic - - 0 - 66 ,48 0,28 1,96 1,51 ,06 *Fugl Meyer upper extremity (Scale validated to Spanish language). **All were left ischemic ACM strokes. TABLE 2 | No statistical differences between groups were found between variables: age, sex and upper limb dominance between groups. Symmetrical distribution was evaluated for all variables. Resting values of the parameters are shown for Controls and Patients. Median and Percentile (25-75) values are described. Differences between groups were examined. Mann Whitney coefficient was used. *p < 0.05.**p<0.01 Controls Patients Mann Whitney U H-P Wilcoxon-W Z Signification (bilateral) Age 44,33 (25,3) 55,9 (14,2) 24,00 45,00 -,652 .514 Sex 0,83 (0,4) 0,4 (0,5) 17,000 72,000 -1,638 .101 Upper-limb dominance 0,00 (0,00) 0,00 (0,00) 30,000 85,000 0,000 1.000 qEEG (resting state) parameters rDelta 0,44(,4-,5) 0,67(,5-,7) 9,000 30,000 -2,278 .023* rTheta 0,12(,1-0,2) 0,12(0,1-0,2) 30,000 85,000 ,000 1.00 rAlpha 0,3(,3-,4) 0,12(,1-0,2) 5,000 60,000 -2,712 .007** rBeta 0,06(0,03-0,1) 0,02(0,02-0,04) 11,000 66,000 -2,061 .039* DAR 1,69 (1,1-2,1) 5,01(4,1-12,0) 6,000 27,000 -2,603 .009** DTABR 1,59(01,4-1,8-2,4) 5,4(3,7-9,4) 5,000 26,000 -2,712 .007** pdBSI 0,07(,05-,1) 0,18(,2-,2) 5,000 26,000 -2,712 .007** Table 3: Pre-post treatment differences in resting EEG parameters. Non-parametric Wilcoxon test for related measures was used. Resting EEG parameters Pre treatment Post treatment Z Signification (bilateral) DAR 5,01 (4,1-12,0) 3,5 (1,1-4,4) -1,362 0.173 DTABR 5,35(3,7-9,4) 2,95(1,4-4,5) -1,244 0,214 rAlpha 0,12(0,1-0,2) 0,15 (0,1-0,4) -0,889 0,374 rTheta 0,12(0,1-0,2) 0,17 (0,1-0,3) -2,073 0,038 rDelta 0,67(0,5-0,7) 0,46 (0,4-0,5) -1,955 0,051 rBeta 0,03(0,02-0,04) 0,06 (0,05-0,07) -1,718 0.086 pdBSI 0,19 (0,19-0,25) 0,23(0,19-0,26) -0,652 0,515 TABLE 4: Spearman non-parametric correlation to evaluate correlation between FM-UE (chronic phase) and resting EEG parameters. Values of r 2 are included. *p<0.05; **p<0.01. Only significant correlations are shown, all the other correlations were not significative (p>0.05). Spearman Rho FMUE Correlation coefficient Signification (bilateral) N NIHSS Correlation coefficient Signification (bilateral) N qEEG resting DAR -,660 ** .005 16 ,614 * .011 16 DTABR -,700 ** .003 16 ,637 ** .008 16 ralpha ,725 ** .001 16 -,643 ** .007 16 rdelta -,610 * .012 16 ,527 * .036 16 gBSI -,592 .016 16 ,549 .027 16 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6958817\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":475963284,\"identity\":\"1fa684e2-5864-49bd-967a-b0d0ce349cc6\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Pardo-Garcia Rebeca\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjDJ2E+6lpkNJGvZcIBYDebtvQcfF9Tck918I/npBoaKOsJaZM6cSzaecazYeNuNNLMbDGcOE9YiIZFjJs3DlpC47UYO2w3GNiKcJyH/xvw3z7+ExM0zQFr+EeEwCQkeM2betoTEDRIgLQ3MRGjhyUuWntmXYDzjzDOzGwnHiPEL+9mDnwu+Jcj2tyc/u/GhhgiHgQDCMQnEaUDWMgpGwSgYBaMAGwAAvlg59ZPCIb4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hospital Clinico San Carlos\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pardo-Garcia\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rebeca\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963285,\"identity\":\"6e152c8a-4e6b-4daf-8dac-92706d177fb1\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Ruiz-Izquierdo Maria\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ruiz-Izquierdo\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Maria\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963286,\"identity\":\"8198bd8f-bf61-4952-a289-9c2a1e6d2f18\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Martín García Vega Mercedes\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Martín\",\"middleName\":\"García Vega\",\"lastName\":\"Mercedes\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963287,\"identity\":\"a488cd0f-8673-448e-9363-b74c29f6af2a\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Calvillo-Torres Rocio\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Complutense de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Calvillo-Torres\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rocio\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963288,\"identity\":\"5ce57039-b88e-4d59-8dd5-b6cd2e1be228\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Kontaxakis George\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Kontaxakis\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"George\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963289,\"identity\":\"f9525022-9e5d-4950-a32d-58e4e44c374e\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Barca Fernandez Idoya\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hospital Clinico San Carlos\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Barca\",\"middleName\":\"Fernandez\",\"lastName\":\"Idoya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963290,\"identity\":\"a0ccabba-a8c6-4bcf-bbf6-73ceca8afcb9\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Eva M. Moreno\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Complutense de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Eva\",\"middleName\":\"M.\",\"lastName\":\"Moreno\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963291,\"identity\":\"099c82dc-a93c-4f78-8eaf-91f0740c5fcb\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Lucia Garvin Ocampos\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hospital Clinico San Carlos\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lucia\",\"middleName\":\"Garvin\",\"lastName\":\"Ocampos\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":475963292,\"identity\":\"6563065e-079c-4e9a-85ba-5e8ba0ff41eb\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Miguel A. Pozo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Complutense de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Miguel\",\"middleName\":\"A.\",\"lastName\":\"Pozo\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-06-23 16:53:18\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":85618649,\"identity\":\"86aa86f2-8c21-42b6-9145-41da1e7a8236\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-29 14:50:34\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":169795,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6958817/v1/b60f4a515ce1279650029ce3.jpg\"},{\"id\":85619382,\"identity\":\"e2fcd10b-ac0e-4545-b230-7c78f414ba9a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-29 14:58:34\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1120496,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6958817/v1/ddd7b8cc-0df8-4606-9574-39729944ad2b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Resting-State Theta Oscillations as Biomarkers of Adaptive Neuroplasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot EEG Study\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Significance\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eqEEG measures, particularly theta activity, may serve as translational biomarkers of neuroplasticity and motor recovery in chronic stroke.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Highlights\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e1.\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Theta power increased after upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2.\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Theta activity was associated with functional motor recovery\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3. \\u0026nbsp; qEEG metrics may serve as biomarkers of neuroplasticity post-stroke\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eStroke remains a leading cause of long-term adult disability, with motor impairments\\u0026mdash;particularly affecting the upper limb(Kwakkel et al., 2023)\\u0026mdash;posing major rehabilitation challenges. Ischemic strokes involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA) often lead to persistent hemiparesis, especially when the dominant hemisphere is affected. Despite advances in rehabilitation, understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms that support motor recovery remains essential to improving outcomes. (Pollock et al., 2014)\\u003csup\\u003e,\\u003c/sup\\u003e(Guggisberg et al., 2019)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eResting-state electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive method for probing brain function and has been increasingly used to characterize post-stroke brain dynamics and predict motor recovery.(Lanzone et al., 2023; Saes et al., 2019) Quantitative EEG (qEEG) analyses allow for the evaluation of spectral power across frequency bands\\u0026mdash;delta (1\\u0026ndash;4 Hz), theta (4\\u0026ndash;8 Hz), alpha (8\\u0026ndash;12 Hz), and beta (12\\u0026ndash;30 Hz)\\u0026mdash;which reflect alterations in cortical excitability and network communication.(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Niedermeyer, E., 2005) In stroke patients, elevated delta and theta activity, alongside reduced alpha and beta activity, are frequently associated with cortical dysfunction and poorer functional outcomes.(Ding et al., 2024a; Finnigan et al., 2007; Saes et al., 2019; Sood et al., 2024; Wang, Y., et al, 2021)Quantitative indices such as the Delta/Alpha Ratio (DAR) and the combined Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio (DTABR) have emerged as reliable biomarkers correlating with stroke severity and motor impairment.(Chen et al., 2017; Mane et al., 2019; Saes et al., 2019)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHowever, their dynamic evolution following targeted rehabilitation in the chronic stroke phase remains underexplored. Recent evidence also suggests that increased theta power may not exclusively represent cortical dysfunction, but could reflect compensatory neuroplastic processes\\u0026mdash;particularly during motor learning and recovery.(Lee et al., 2022; Neuper et al., 2006; Pfurtscheller and Lopes Da Silva, 1999; Rustamov et al., 2022; Sebasti\\u0026aacute;n-Romagosa et al., 2020; Trujillo et al., 2017)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn the present study, we focused on a homogeneous group of chronic stroke patients with ischemic lesions in the left MCA territory and dominant upper limb deficits. We hypothesized that post-rehabilitation changes in resting-state EEG\\u0026mdash;specifically within theta and delta bands and in DAR/DTABR indices\\u0026mdash;would reflect underlying neuroplasticity and correlate with residual motor function. Our primary aim was to describe the longitudinal changes in EEG spectral features following a structured upper limb rehabilitation protocol. Additionally, we sought to identify EEG parameters most strongly associated with clinical motor outcomes, using the validated Spanish version of the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity scale (FM-UE)(Gonz\\u0026aacute;lez, n.d.). Understanding these relationships may provide valuable insights into the neural substrates of recovery and guide personalized rehabilitation interventions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEthics statement\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was approved by the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of the Hospital Cl\\u0026iacute;nico San Carlos in Madrid, Spain (assigned number N\\u0026ordm;22/459-E_Tesis) and was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ei. \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Participants: Ten patients (6 males, 4 females; mean age \\u0026plusmn; SD: 55.9 \\u0026plusmn; 14.2 years) in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) were recruited from Hospital Cl\\u0026iacute;nico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age between 18 and 80 years; (2) stroke onset between 6 months and 2 years prior to inclusion; (3) at least 20\\u0026deg; of active wrist extension and 10\\u0026deg; of active finger extension; (4) eligibility for EEG; (5) written informed consent; (6) good trunk control; (7) adequate vision and hearing; (8) muscular strength of the affected upper limb \\u0026ge; 2 on the Medical Research Council scale; and (9) no history of recurrent stroke.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eExclusion criteria included: (1) severe cognitive impairment; (2) psychiatric illness; (3) spasticity \\u0026ge; 3 on the Modified Ashworth Scale; (4) aphasia impairing comprehension; (5) visuospatial neglect interfering with screen use; (6) concurrent upper limb therapy; and (7) pre-stroke severe functional dependence.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSeven right-handed healthy controls (1 male, 6 females; mean age \\u0026plusmn; SD: 46.3 \\u0026plusmn; 23.6 years) without neurological history were recruited for comparison.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of Hospital Cl\\u0026iacute;nico San Carlos (approval No. 22/459-E_Tesis), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshows the control demographics and in \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/strong\\u003e statistical comparison between groups for variables: age, sex and upper limb dominance are shown.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eii. \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Procedure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Design of the experiment: EEG recordings were acquired before and after the rehabilitation intervention. Subjects sat comfortably in a dimly lit, quiet room, eyes closed, without task engagement. Recordings lasted 5 minutes and were conducted at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Rehabilitation Intervention : Patients received 15 sessions of occupational therapy, twice weekly, each lasting 30 minutes. Therapy focused on upper limb motor training and functional task engagement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Clinical Assessment : Motor function was assessed before and after rehabilitation using the Spanish-validated Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the Upper Extremity (FM-UE) [20]. Stroke severity in the acute phase was retrospectively obtained using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Data acquisition: EEG data were collected using a 64-channel Ag/AgCl electrode cap (Electro-Cap International), following the international 10\\u0026ndash;20 system, with A2 as reference. Vertical and horizontal eye movements were recorded using four ocular electrodes. Signals were sampled at 1000 Hz.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eiii. \\u0026nbsp;Data processing:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Pre-processing: EEG data were processed and analyzed using the EEGLAB toolbox (Delorme and Makeig, 2004), the ERPLAB toolbox (Lopez-Calderon and Luck, 2014), and custom MATLAB scripts. After visual inspection, bad EEG channels were removed (an average of one channel per recording). If the removed channels were of interest (FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FC6, FCZ, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, CZ, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CPZ), spherical interpolation was performed. To reduce power-line artifacts, a notch filter was used at 50 Hz. In addition, channels whose spectra exceeded a threshold of 5 standard deviations were rejected. Further rejection and detection of artifacts were completed through Independent Component Analysis (ICA), using the runica algorithm. ICA was used to remove artifacts embedded in the data, such as ocular and muscle artifacts. Components related to brain activity accounting for less than 10% of data variance were removed. Additionally, EEG signals were delimited between [-100 100] microvolts and filtered with a bandpass filter (0.5-100 Hz). EEG continuous data was segmented into 2-second, non-overlapping epochs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; qEEG computation: An EEGLAB plugin named EEGSTATS was used to compute power spectral density for each channel using Welch\\u0026rsquo;s periodogram. It was calculated for four frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8 -12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz). Spectral power was initially calculated for every channel considered (FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FC6, FCZ, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, CZ, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6 and CPZ) and then averaged across electrodes for the calculation of indices. Four separate indices were calculated:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Delta, Alpha, Beta and Theta relative power: Other studies have suggested that analysing relative power indices helps minimize the introduction of physiological variance across subjects due to different conduction patterns (Fanciullacci et al., 2017). In this study, the relative power index analysed is the relative power of each band. Power in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands was calculated as the mean value of the spectral power in the specific band (Saes et al., 2020; Trujillo et al., 2017; Vanputten, 2006). \\u0026nbsp;Band relative power was calculated as the ratio of each band absolute power to the total summed power of the four frequency ranges studied.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Delta/Alpha ratio (DAR): it is defined as the ratio of delta to alpha spectral power (Mane et al., 2019; Saes et al., 2019). Power of each band was calculated as the mean spectral power over all N EEG channels considered:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\" width=\\\"93\\\" height=\\\"25\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta ratio (DTABR), also known as Power Ratio Index (PRI): it is defined as the ratio of spectral power of delta plus theta to alpha plus beta, representing the ratio between the slow frequencies and the higher frequencies (Mane et al., 2019; Trujillo et al., 2017):\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKYAAAAbCAYAAAD23PTcAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAS/SURBVHhe7ZtPLm1PEMeP3wYEcwMsgTAyMGADElYgYQESrIAN+JMYYwFEDEzMhRgzNCKW4Hc/ffv79KvbfU4fP/f3Tl76k3TOPX2qq6qrqutcN++NfPaoCoWO8Y+/FgqdohRmoZOUwix0klKYhU5SCrPQSUphFjpJKcxCJymF+U0eHx+rubm5amRkpJqZmanOz8/9k+Hw/v5e7e3tVePj484mn+u4urpysl3g+PjYxUixwrdG+IE95O7ujh/cfxvT09Of+/v7XqIP91YuHGtra15ykJWVFTcsMZ1jY2NO19vbm5fqY+UYMblhgf+bm5vu89nZmbN/dHTk7ptgLXFuw+zsrBvPz8+fDw8Pzh7XFMRid3fX3/0M2GwLOSWH2i8+cd9E1BKLKUYg0QReBSL4rEK4vLx0ThM0IPC2kAWy6JJ+C8FXwoENIW/1WZtc0Rn6OEzwJ7SFz7nF1rYwldzw0LH3lA5iEcbmp2hbmPjLGupHKG9NRCXCbiAITrhZCkiBCgsZkI0FDXnk6pxjnuchrLGFyb0tbnzG9/8LYhAGPZe2hRk7mMQppQPZYcQhp6BCeIPge4gaWhNRSyizAScIqWDYLpeCAkavdFn0ihIcAvSGh0DEDg9yTZtGf9OwRWDBT2xxgHRtQ5vC1CEOu5/ilNLBgbX5Yz12Waf8Mlenx4JsG8iFcoQt7mO5jDFgSZsOAwEqJrsJteum5LBOp1i6LJww5sPBxuxGZFPBx1fkCHjd966fAP0kXnbYN3Zzgi3aFCaHxMZEIwb+2DcJUBAqEnzHZxoF87mkbKbAD3Kqw4W9XAYsoSi2MQXIJkBGmxJDMlTsKkxbRJyo0HnptknUfDgIuj1Mw4B9tHmtgvU1NlJdGnv2LcBeUwWFrNUVyxE6mEv5rRw1jdR6csFz5VgH2nbyFAOFGbbfEJTaAEFdkETq1NtNcYoJYgh27UnjHlkg2DGZFDE/7EgViYJt/WYu9y9yaNMx7UFgv+w9Zk/+2QOq+Icw16ZbgtVRBwWoHAlssp8cBn7HvLm5qRYXF/1dn62traq32WpnZ8fPfIH88vKyvxvk5eWlOjk5cet79tzoBdc//YLfBT8+Pqr5+Xk/0//tjnWjo6N+ps/FxUW1vr7uPk9MTFQbGxvV4eGhu29CPtSN7e1tL/07r6+v/tMX+k1uYWHBXYfN6empu66urrprCM96zaOampryM30mJyf9py9ub29dbIfF09PTQF3c39/7Txn0EvEL2i1Tavnc0yWp/FgLVrtPdRjghNhuJjuhTjpAeIKR4R7bYQeI2dQca4aJupX2gz26dW4XEG06JvHXm4p4sU/7VhH4FntG/FinLss1fJVnv1578rmQO4ZqCZusz7blr04BAWOxBkFnA2FhhISysUATUJ6hVw6C1uA4upVgzTMIcsx2KBPaRB59uQn/LiRevqpIw73l0KYww9jU7Y+EI5eC5/jL0KGuazox8CEH4oEssZHvXGNfP1LkH4HCj9GmMHNBZ92b6yfILUwOLwX/Xyj/5+cvgO/xvY7kvjPa75d/goODA/cd9vr62s+0p/wjjr+A1B89fwqKcmlpyd99j9IxC52kdMxCJymFWegkpTALnaQUZqGDVNW/duijA+Zlb5IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\\\" width=\\\"166\\\" height=\\\"27\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Brain Symmetry Index (BSI): it is defined as the absolute normalized difference in power spectral density between homologous channels, AH for the electrode in the affected hemisphere and UH for the one in the unaffected hemisphere. Therefore, for the calculation of this index, the electrodes were divided into two groups: UH (FC2, FC4, C2, C4, C6, CP2) and AH (FC1, FC3, C1, C3, C5, CP1). In this study, BSI has been calculated for each frequency range separately (Vanputten, 2006) The values of this index range from 0 to 1, meaning perfect symmetry for all channels and maximal asymmetry, respectively (Saes et al., 2020). \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistical analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGiven the small sample size, non-parametric tests were used. Between-group comparisons (patients vs. controls) were analyzed using the Mann\\u0026ndash;Whitney U test. Pre- vs. post-treatment changes were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlations between EEG features and clinical scores (FM-UE, NIHSS) were evaluated using Spearman\\u0026rsquo;s rho.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStatistical significance was set at \\u003cstrong\\u003ep \\u0026lt; 0.05\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Analyses were conducted using SPSS v26 and StataSE v15.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ei. \\u003cstrong\\u003eFrequency-Specific Power Measures\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Compared to healthy controls, stroke patients exhibited significantly increased relative delta power (p = 0.023) and reduced beta and alpha relative power (p = 0.039 and p = 0.007, respectively). Median and interquartile range (IQR) values for all bands are presented in \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eii. \\u003cstrong\\u003eQuantitative Indices:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Patients demonstrated significantly higher Delta/Alpha Ratio (DAR; p = 0.009) and Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio (DTABR; p = 0.007) compared to controls. The pairwise-derived Brain Symmetry Index (pdBSI) was also elevated in patients (p = 0.007). Detailed results are shown in \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eiii. \\u003cstrong\\u003eChanges after Rehabilitation\\u003c/strong\\u003e: \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ei.\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Motor function: Following the rehabilitation protocol, patients exhibited significant improvements in upper limb motor function as measured by the FM-UE scale (p = 0.008). The mean FM-UE score increased from 28.2 (SD = 13.5) pre-treatment to 44.2 (SD = 17.1) post-treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eii.\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;EEG Parameters: Post-treatment EEG analysis revealed a significant increase in relative theta power (p = 0.038). Relative delta power showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.051). All post-rehabilitation EEG results are summarized in \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eiv.\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;Correlations Between EEG Metrics and Clinical Scores:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eThe NIHSS score in the acute stage was positively correlated with DAR (R = +0.614, p = 0.011), DTABR (R = +0.637, p = 0.008), and relative delta power (R = +0.527, p = 0.036), and negatively correlated with relative alpha power (R = \\u0026minus;0.643, p = 0.007). The FM-UE score in the chronic stage was negatively correlated with DAR (R = \\u0026minus;0.660, p = 0.005), DTABR (R = \\u0026minus;0.700, p = 0.003), and relative delta power (R = \\u0026minus;0.610, p = 0.012), and positively correlated with relative alpha power (R = +0.725, p = 0.001). Greater asymmetry as measured by pdBSI was associated with lower FM-UE scores (R = \\u0026minus;0.592, p = 0.016) and higher NIHSS scores (R = +0.549, p = 0.027). Results in \\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study aimed to characterize resting-state EEG changes in chronic MCA stroke patients undergoing a structured upper limb rehabilitation protocol. Our primary finding\\u0026mdash;an increase in relative theta power post-rehabilitation\\u0026mdash;occurred alongside significant improvements in motor function. This result challenges conventional interpretations of theta activity as solely pathological and supports emerging views of its potential role in neuroplastic adaptation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTraditionally, elevated theta and delta power in stroke patients have been associated with cortical dysfunction and poor motor outcomes.(Ding et al., 2024b; Finnigan et al., 2016, 2007; Sood et al., 2024; Wang, Y., et al, 2021) However, theta oscillations are also implicated in attentional modulation and sensorimotor integration, processes essential for motor learning and recovery.(Begus and Bonawitz, 2020; Neuper et al., 2006; Pfurtscheller and Lopes Da Silva, 1999; Zhang and Jacobs, 2015)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA recent study further supports this dual role, reporting enhanced theta\\u0026ndash;gamma coupling in motor areas correlated with functional improvement during brain\\u0026ndash;computer interface therapy.(Rustamov et al., 2022) This suggests that theta oscillations may not solely be markers of dysfunction but also indicators of the brain\\u0026apos;s compensatory mechanisms during recovery. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn line with previous reports,(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Leon-Carrion et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2016) we found that chronic stroke patients exhibited increased delta, theta and decreased alpha and beta relative power compared to healthy controls, alongside elevated DAR and DTABR indices\\u0026mdash;well-established markers of cortical dysfunction post-stroke.(Finnigan et al., 2016; Lanzone et al., 2023; Saes et al., 2020) These alterations likely reflect persistent deafferentation and impaired cortico-cortical communication in the lesioned hemisphere.(Fanciullacci et al., 2017; Niedermeyer, E., 2005)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePost-rehabilitation changes included increased theta power and a trend toward reduced delta power, suggesting partial normalization of EEG rhythms. These neurophysiological changes may indicate functional reorganization and improved efficiency of motor networks.(Guggisberg et al., 2019; Schaechter, 2004) \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCrucially, DAR, DTABR, and relative delta and alpha power showed robust correlations with both acute stroke severity (NIHSS) and chronic motor impairment (FM-UE), confirming their value as cross-sectional markers and potential prognostic indicators (Leon-Carrion et al., 2009; Saes et al., 2020; Sood et al., 2024). Higher DAR and DTABR values reflect increased slow-to-fast wave imbalance, a pattern consistently associated with poorer functional status and worse recovery potential.(Finnigan et al., 2007; Wang, Y., et al, 2021; Wu et al., 2016)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe pdBSI, a measure of hemispheric asymmetry, also correlated with motor outcomes and NIHSS, reinforcing its relevance beyond the acute phases(Agius Anastasi et al., 2017; Van Putten and Tavy, 2004; Vanputten, 2006; Wang et al., 2023).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLimitations:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study has several limitations. The small sample size limits generalizability and statistical power, especially for detecting subtle EEG changes. Additionally, the absence of a sham or untreated control group precludes causal attribution of EEG changes to the rehabilitation intervention. The spatial resolution of scalp EEG is limited; future studies may benefit from integrating source localization or multimodal approaches such as fMRI or DTI.(Guggisberg et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2016)\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eOur findings suggest that increased resting-state theta power following upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients may reflect beneficial neuroplastic changes, rather than pathological slowing. This challenges traditional interpretations of slow-wave activity and highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of EEG dynamics during recovery. Composite qEEG markers such as DAR, DTABR, and pdBSI appear promising for tracking functional status and guiding rehabilitation in chronic stroke.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAcknowledgments: \\u0026lsquo;Not applicable\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEthical considerations: This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Reviewing Committee of the Hospital Cl\\u0026iacute;nico San Carlos in Madrid, Spain (assigned number N\\u0026ordm;22/459-E_Tesis) and was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConsent to participate: All patients provided written informed consent; healthy subjects provided verbal informed consent.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConsent for publication: \\u0026lsquo;Not applicable\\u0026rsquo;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDeclaration of conflicting interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFunding statement: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAgius Anastasi, A., Falzon, O., Camilleri, K., Vella, M., Muscat, R., 2017. Brain Symmetry Index in Healthy and Stroke Patients for Assessment and Prognosis. Stroke Res. Treat. 2017, 1\\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8276136\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBegus, K., Bonawitz, E., 2020. The rhythm of learning: Theta oscillations as an index of active learning in infancy. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 45, 100810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100810\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eChen, C.-C., Lee, S.-H., Wang, W.-J., Lin, Y.-C., Su, M.-C., 2017. EEG-based motor network biomarkers for identifying target patients with stroke for upper limb rehabilitation and its construct validity. PLOS ONE 12, e0178822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178822\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDelorme, A., Makeig, S., 2004. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDing, Q., Chen, Jixiang, Zhang, S., Chen, S., Li, X., Peng, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Junhui, Chen, K., Cai, G., Xu, G., Lan, Y., 2024a. Neurophysiological characterization of stroke recovery: A longitudinal TMS and EEG study. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 30, e14471. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14471\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDing, Q., Chen, Jixiang, Zhang, S., Chen, S., Li, X., Peng, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Junhui, Chen, K., Cai, G., Xu, G., Lan, Y., 2024b. Neurophysiological characterization of stroke recovery: A longitudinal TMS and EEG study. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 30, e14471. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14471\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFanciullacci, C., Bertolucci, F., Lamola, G., Panarese, A., Artoni, F., Micera, S., Rossi, B., Chisari, C., 2017. Delta Power Is Higher and More Symmetrical in Ischemic Stroke Patients with Cortical Involvement. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 385. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00385\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFinnigan, S., Wong, A., Read, S., 2016. Defining abnormal slow EEG activity in acute ischaemic stroke: Delta/alpha ratio as an optimal QEEG index. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 1452\\u0026ndash;1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.014\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFinnigan, S.P., Walsh, M., Rose, S.E., Chalk, J.B., 2007. Quantitative EEG indices of sub-acute ischaemic stroke correlate with clinical outcomes. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2525\\u0026ndash;2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.07.021\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGonz\\u0026aacute;lez, B.M.F., n.d. ADAPTACI\\u0026Oacute;N Y VALIDACI\\u0026Oacute;N AL ESPA\\u0026Ntilde;OL DE LA ESCALA FUGL-MEYER EN EL MANEJO DE LA REHABILITACI\\u0026Oacute;N DE PACIENTES CON ICTUS.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGuggisberg, A.G., Koch, P.J., Hummel, F.C., Buetefisch, C.M., 2019. Brain networks and their relevance for stroke rehabilitation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 130, 1098\\u0026ndash;1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKwakkel, G., Stinear, C., Essers, B., Munoz-Novoa, M., Branscheidt, M., Cabanas-Vald\\u0026eacute;s, R., Lakičević, S., Lampropoulou, S., Luft, A.R., Marque, P., Moore, S.A., Solomon, J.M., Swinnen, E., Turolla, A., Alt Murphy, M., Verheyden, G., 2023. Motor rehabilitation after stroke: European Stroke Organisation (ESO) consensus-based definition and guiding framework. Eur. Stroke J. 8, 880\\u0026ndash;894. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231191304\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLanzone, J., Motolese, F., Ricci, L., Tecchio, F., Tombini, M., Zappasodi, F., Cruciani, A., Capone, F., Di Lazzaro, V., Assenza, G., 2023. Quantitative measures of the resting EEG in stroke: a systematic review on clinical correlation and prognostic value. Neurol. 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Neurosci. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00213\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMane, R., Chew, E., Phua, K.S., Ang, K.K., Robinson, N., Vinod, A.P., Guan, C., 2019. Prognostic and Monitory EEG-Biomarkers for BCI Upper-Limb Stroke Rehabilitation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27, 1654\\u0026ndash;1664. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2924742\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNeuper, C., W\\u0026ouml;rtz, M., Pfurtscheller, G., 2006. ERD/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation, in: Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier, pp. 211\\u0026ndash;222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)59014-4\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNiedermeyer, E., 2005. Cerebrovascular disorders and EEG, in: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 339\\u0026ndash;362.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePfurtscheller, G., Lopes Da Silva, F.H., 1999. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842\\u0026ndash;1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePollock, A., Farmer, S.E., Brady, M.C., Langhorne, P., Mead, G.E., Mehrholz, J., Van Wijck, F., 2014. Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010820.pub2\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRustamov, N., Humphries, J., Carter, A., Leuthardt, E.C., 2022. Theta\\u0026ndash;gamma coupling as a cortical biomarker of brain\\u0026ndash;computer interface-mediated motor recovery in chronic stroke. Brain Commun. 4, fcac136. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac136\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSaes, M., Meskers, C.G.M., Daffertshofer, A., De Munck, J.C., Kwakkel, G., Van Wegen, E.E.H., 2019. How does upper extremity Fugl-Meyer motor score relate to resting-state EEG in chronic stroke? A power spectral density analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 130, 856\\u0026ndash;862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.007\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSaes, M., Zandvliet, S.B., Andringa, A.S., Daffertshofer, A., Twisk, J.W.R., Meskers, C.G.M., Van Wegen, E.E.H., Kwakkel, G., 2020. Is Resting-State EEG Longitudinally Associated With Recovery of Clinical Neurological Impairments Early Poststroke? A Prospective Cohort Study. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 34, 389\\u0026ndash;402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968320905797\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSchaechter, J.D., 2004. Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke. Prog. Neurobiol. 73, 61\\u0026ndash;72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.04.001\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSebasti\\u0026aacute;n-Romagosa, M., Udina, E., Ortner, R., Dinar\\u0026egrave;s-Ferran, J., Cho, W., Murovec, N., Matencio-Peralba, C., Sieghartsleitner, S., Allison, B.Z., Guger, C., 2020. EEG Biomarkers Related With the Functional State of Stroke Patients. Front. Neurosci. 14, 582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00582\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSood, I., Injety, R.J., Farheen, A., Kamali, S., Jacob, A., Mathewson, K., Buck, B.H., Kate, M.P., 2024. Quantitative Electroencephalography to Assess Post-Stroke Functional Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 108032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108032\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTrujillo, P., Mastropietro, A., Scano, A., Chiavenna, A., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Caimmi, M., Molteni, F., Rizzo, G., 2017. Quantitative EEG for Predicting Upper Limb Motor Recovery in Chronic Stroke Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25, 1058\\u0026ndash;1067. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2678161\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eVan Putten, M.J.A.M., Tavy, D.L.J., 2004. Continuous Quantitative EEG Monitoring in Hemispheric Stroke Patients Using the Brain Symmetry Index. Stroke 35, 2489\\u0026ndash;2492. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000144649.49861.1d\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eVanputten, M., 2006. Extended BSI for continuous EEG monitoring in carotid endarterectomy. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 2661\\u0026ndash;2666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.08.007\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWang, Y., et al, 2021. Quantitative EEG provides early prediction of poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke after endovascular treatment: a preliminary study. Neurological Research 43, 831\\u0026ndash;837. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2021.1939237\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWang, Y., Liu, W., Jiang, Y., Lu, S., Cheng, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, D., 2023. Quantitative EEG as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in hemispheric stroke patients undergoing type A aortic dissection surgery. Brain Behav. 13, e3091. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.3091\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWu, J., Srinivasan, R., Burke Quinlan, E., Solodkin, A., Small, S.L., Cramer, S.C., 2016. Utility of EEG measures of brain function in patients with acute stroke. J. Neurophysiol. 115, 2399\\u0026ndash;2405. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00978.2015\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZhang, H., Jacobs, J., 2015. Traveling Theta Waves in the Human Hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 35, 12477\\u0026ndash;12487. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5102-14.2015\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Tables\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Patients and controls demographics\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"973\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePatient N\\u0026ordm;***\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEEG N\\u0026ordm;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSex\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDominance\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(left/right)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRace\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStroke etiology**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSPECTS\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNIHSS\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e(acute)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMonths since stroke\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFM-UE*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(chronic)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erdelta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eralpha\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDAR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDTABR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003egBSI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThrombotic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10,09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6,45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThrombotic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8,22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNon especified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20,17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16,51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-,01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEmbolic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3,90\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEmbolic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eembolic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17,85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13,08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003enon-especified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLatin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003enon-especified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ethrombotic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6,92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePatient 21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLatin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNon-especified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3,19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,90\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-,07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,90\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eControl 7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eC7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 42px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 34px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 63px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCaucasic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 75px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 57px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 47px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 40px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 73px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e*Fugl Meyer upper extremity (Scale validated to Spanish language). **All were left ischemic ACM strokes. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTABLE 2\\u003c/strong\\u003e | No statistical differences between groups were found between variables: age, sex and upper limb dominance between groups. Symmetrical distribution was evaluated for all variables. Resting values of the parameters are shown for Controls and Patients. Median and Percentile (25-75) values are described. Differences between groups were examined. Mann Whitney coefficient was used. *p \\u0026lt; 0.05.**p\\u0026lt;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControls\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePatients\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMann Whitney U H-P\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWilcoxon-W\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eZ\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSignification (bilateral)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44,33 (25,3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e55,9 (14,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24,00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45,00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-,652\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.514\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSex\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,83 (0,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,4 (0,5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1,638\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.101\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eUpper-limb dominance\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,00 (0,00)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,00 (0,00)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e85,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eqEEG (resting state) parameters\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erDelta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,44(,4-,5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,67(,5-,7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,278\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.023*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erTheta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,12(,1-0,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,12(0,1-0,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e85,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erAlpha\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,3(,3-,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,12(,1-0,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,712\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.007**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erBeta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,06(0,03-0,1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,02(0,02-0,04)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,061\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.039*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDAR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,69 (1,1-2,1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,01(4,1-12,0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,603\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.009**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDTABR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,59(01,4-1,8-2,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,4(3,7-9,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,712\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.007**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003epdBSI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,07(,05-,1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,18(,2-,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26,000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,712\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.007**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Pre-post treatment differences in resting EEG parameters. Non-parametric Wilcoxon test for related measures was used.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eResting EEG parameters\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePre treatment\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePost treatment\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eZ\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSignification (bilateral)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDAR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,01 (4,1-12,0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3,5 (1,1-4,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1,362\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.173\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDTABR\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,35(3,7-9,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,95(1,4-4,5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1,244\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,214\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erAlpha\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,12(0,1-0,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,15 (0,1-0,4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0,889\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,374\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erTheta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,12(0,1-0,2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,17 (0,1-0,3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2,073\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,038\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erDelta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,67(0,5-0,7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,46 (0,4-0,5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1,955\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,051\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003erBeta\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,03(0,02-0,04)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,06 (0,05-0,07)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1,718\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.086\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003epdBSI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,19 (0,19-0,25)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,23(0,19-0,26)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0,652\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,515\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTABLE 4:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Spearman non-parametric correlation to evaluate correlation between \\u003cstrong\\u003eFM-UE\\u003c/strong\\u003e (chronic phase) and resting EEG parameters. Values of r\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eare included. *p\\u0026lt;0.05; **p\\u0026lt;0.01. Only significant correlations are shown, all the other correlations were not significative (p\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" class=\\\"fr-table-selection-hover\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSpearman Rho\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFMUE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrelation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ecoefficient\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSignification\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(bilateral)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n 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\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.036\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003egBSI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-,592\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.016\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e,549\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.027\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Quantitative EEG, chronic stroke, theta power, DAR, neuroplasticity, upper limb rehabilitation\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBackground\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStroke-related motor deficits persist in many patients despite rehabilitation, highlighting the need for objective biomarkers of brain recovery. Resting-state EEG offers a non-invasive window into functional reorganization and cortical network dynamics.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eObjective\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTo investigate changes in resting-state EEG following upper limb rehabilitation in chronic MCA stroke patients and to evaluate qEEG parameters as biomarkers of adaptive neuroplasticity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMethods\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTen chronic left MCA stroke patients and seven healthy controls underwent 64-channel EEG before and after a 15-session occupational therapy program. EEG spectral power (delta, theta, alpha, beta) and composite indices (Delta/Alpha Ratio [DAR], Delta+Theta/Alpha+Beta Ratio [DTABR], Brain Symmetry Index [pdBSI]) were calculated. Motor function was assessed with the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity scale (FM-UE).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eResults\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePatients showed higher delta and theta and lower alpha and beta power versus controls. DAR, DTABR, and pdBSI were elevated. Post-treatment, FM-UE scores improved (p = 0.008) and relative theta power increased (p = 0.038), with a trend toward reduced delta (p = 0.051). Theta and alpha power correlated with motor outcomes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTheta power increased after therapy and was associated with motor improvement, suggesting a role in adaptive cortical reorganization.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Resting-State Theta Oscillations as Biomarkers of Adaptive Neuroplasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot EEG Study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-06-29 14:50:29\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958817/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"cf1fd51d-2b72-4bd9-b32e-59902357b465\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"June 29th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-06-29T14:50:29+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-06-29 14:50:29\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6958817\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6958817\",\"identity\":\"rs-6958817\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}