{"paper_id":"4d8972e3-2d22-4a41-a8dc-1a2f9ee29830","body_text":"Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country’s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country’s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions Aizhan Tleuberdinova, Nailya Nurlanova, Farida Alzhanova, Perizat Salibekova This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A serious challenge of our time, threatening the whole of humanity, is the lack of food. The aggravation of this problem in many countries is caused by climate change, natural and man-made disasters, deterioration of the epidemiological and geopolitical situation. Therefore, food security is of great importance for achieving global Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the article is to study the problem of food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of the country’s sustainable development, develop an author's methodology and assess the level of food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, substantiate ways to improve it. Hypothesis: proof/refutation of the need to increase food self-sufficiency in order to achieve country’s sustainable development. Methods: the author's methodology for assessing food self-sufficiency by individual product groups. Information: a comparative analysis of existing methods, official statistical data, FAO data, a list of socially significant food products, physiological norms of food consumption in Kazakhstan. Results: calculations showed an increase in the level of Kazakhstan’s self-sufficiency for most types of socially significant food products in 2010-2022. However, there are big differences across the Kazakhstan’s regions. The level of self-sufficiency was very high in 5 regions, and in 2 western regions there was a very low level of self-sufficiency in most types of products, except meat. Conclusions: to improve food security and ensure sustainable development of Kazakhstan, it is recommended to strengthen the state’s regulatory role in the development of the agro-industrial complex, cooperation between agricultural producers and processing enterprises, the development of international food trade. food security food self-sufficiency agricultural sustainability region’s sustainable development methods for assessing food self-sufficiency. Introduction and Literature Review Achieving the global goal of eliminating hunger and ensuring food security is possible under the condition of food self-sufficiency in countries. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, anthropogenic impact, economic crises, geopolitical conflicts, disruption of international food supplies, limited access to land, and underdevelopment of rural infrastructure form challenges for the sustainable development of agriculture and food supply systems. In these circumstances, many countries strive for the maximum possible autonomy in food production. However, the level of food self-sufficiency due to domestic resources and supplies varies significantly from country to country. According to various estimates, 77% of the world's countries are not self-sufficient in domestic production (Davis et al., 2014 ). Significant climatic and territorial differences in agricultural production and food supply possibilities and diversity are noticeable (Baer-Nawrocka & Sadowski, 2019 ; Porkka et al., 2013 ). The purpose of the article was to study the problem of food security and self-sufficiency as a factor in the country's sustainable development, develop an author's methodology, assess the level of food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, and substantiate ways to increase it. The study's hypothesis was to prove/refute the need to increase food self-sufficiency to achieve the country's sustainable development against the backdrop of global challenges. To achieve the goal and prove or disprove the hypothesis, the existing methods of assessing food security have been studied, based on which the author's methodology for assessing food self-sufficiency for individual commodity groups has been developed. Information. A critical review of the literature, a comparative analysis of existing methods, official statistical data, FAO data, a list of socially significant food products, and physiological norms of food consumption in Kazakhstan. Results. Calculations showed a significant increase in the level of self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan in most types of socially significant food products, including grain processing products, vegetables, vegetable oil, and livestock products for 2010–2022. The country remains dependent on imports of sugar and chicken meat, and the processing of livestock and fruit and vegetable products needs to be better developed. However, there are significant differences across the regions of Kazakhstan. So, if the level of self-sufficiency was very high in 5 regions, then in 2 western regions (Atyrau and Mangystau regions), the level of self-sufficiency for most types of products was shallow, except meat. Effects. By maintaining the existing level of development of agricultural infrastructure and the agricultural incentive system, it is possible to reduce Kazakhstan's level of food self-sufficiency and the emergence of risks to sustainable development. Conclusions and recommendations. In the country's regions, food self-sufficiency levels vary by product group. To increase food security and self-sufficiency, it is recommended to strengthen the regulatory role of the state in the development of the agro-industrial complex, cooperation of agricultural producers and processing enterprises, development of interregional supplies and international trade in food, which is especially important for Atyrau and Mangystau regions with unfavourable climatic conditions for agriculture. Much attention is paid to the issue of food security as one of the global goals of sustainable development. However, an analysis of the literature revealed different approaches to understanding food security, which have changed over time. Berry et al. ( 2015 ) and Shaw ( 2007 ) believe that food security is the guaranteed availability of food necessary for a full-fledged life of the population. Kazakhstani scientists (Kaliev, 2011 ; Yanovskaya & Saginova, 2020 ; Stukach et al., 2022 ; Brimbetova et al., 2020 ) understand this term state guarantees to ensure economic accessibility to high-quality food for every resident of the country, according to physiological norms, considering regional aspects. Miller Del Rosso (1992) defines food security as safe access to sufficient food for a healthy life. Maxwell & Frankenberger, 1992 propose the most generalized approach to this problem), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, 1999 ), which conducted an extensive study of the problem of food supply and nutrition patterns. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1999 ) defines food self-sufficiency as the degree to which a country can meet its food needs through production. International practice shows that interest in the issue of food self-sufficiency traditionally increases in food crises, including pandemics (Bala et al., 2014 ; Brankov et al., 2021 ; Swinnen & Vos, 2021 ). The beginning of food self-sufficiency is attributed to the 60–70 years—XX century. Proponents of food self-sufficiency defend the political right of states to protect themselves from the economic instability of world food markets by increasing domestic production (Baer-Nawrocka & Sadowski, 2019 ; Luan et al., 2013), ensuring economic and political benefits from food production (Clapp, 2017 ). Most authors agree that food security is guaranteed primarily through the country's self-sufficiency based on its production. Food self-sufficiency has become a fundamental principle in solving the food problem of developing countries (O'Hagan, 1975). The 1980s – early 2000s is defined as the era of liberalization of international food trade and a departure from the food self-sufficiency policy. Critics of food self-sufficiency argue that political considerations can lead to unreasonably high economic costs since no country can ensure self-sufficiency for each type of product, and stimulating individual industries in areas without suitable conditions can lead to price increases and market distortion (Naylor & Falcon, 2010 ). World Bank ( 2012 ) notes the need to compare food self-sufficiency with the benefits of cheaper imports. FAO ( 2015 ) notes the importance of weighing the real risks of dependence on international markets and isolation, namely the degree of riskiness of agricultural production, inefficiency of isolated commodity markets, limited resources for production, and reduced profitability of agricultural producers due to trade barriers. A review of the literature has shown that the variety of approaches to the problem of food security determines the variability of assessment methods. Researchers widely use various interpretations of the FAO methodology. Many authors include per capita consumption rates and the energy value of products in the analysis. The most sophisticated techniques were proposed by Baer-Nawrocka & Sadowski ( 2019 ), Beltran-Pena et al. ( 2020 ), Vodiasov (2018), Voloshenko et al. ( 2022 ). We have identified differences in the analysed indicators based on the generalization of methods for assessing food self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, the most frequently used indicators should be highlighted: own food production (6 out of 7 methods), food imports, food exports, and per capita consumption rate (4 out of 7), (Table 1 ). Table 1 Analysis of the level of complexity of the methods and indicators used to assess the level of food self-sufficiency № Methods and authors Assessment stages Calculations Indicators 1 Self-Sufficiency Ratio (Porkka et al., 2013 ; Clapp, 2017 ) 1 1 3 2 Average Production of Agricultural Energy (Baer-Nawrocka & Sadowski, 2019 ) 2 3 5 3 Index food self-sufficiency (O’Hagan, 1975 ) 1 1 3 4 Self-Sufficiency Ratio (Beltran-Pena, Rosa, & D’Odorico, 2020 3 3 7 5 Level of food self-sufficiency of regions (Kolesnyak, 2021 ) 1 1 2 6 Normative and actual level of self-sufficiency (NSSR & ASSR), (Vodyasov, 2018 ) 1 1 2 7 Self-Sufficiency Ratio of Region (SSRR), (Voloshenko et al., 2022 ) 2 2 7 This table is based on the authors’ analysis of literature Thus, different methods and different indicator systems are used in world practice. In Kazakhstan, food safety assessment is mainly carried out according to the FAO methodology, and there are also methods of food accessibility for the population by type and calorie content of products, including in a regional aspect (Jumabayeva et al., 2023 ; Duisenbekova & Daniłowska, 2021 ). However, the methodology for assessing the level of food self-sufficiency, considering the established agro-industrial specialization of the regions of Kazakhstan and national and regional specifics of statistical accounting, is still poorly developed. This study is aimed at filling the existing gap. Applied Research Methods Considering such criteria for choosing methods for assessing food security as popularity, simplicity, accuracy of calculations, as well as the availability of necessary statistical data, we propose an author's methodology for assessing the food self-sufficiency of a country/region by individual product groups (formula 1): FSSR= \\(\\:\\frac{\\text{o}\\text{p}-\\text{E}}{\\text{P}\\text{*}\\text{P}\\text{c}\\text{c}\\text{r}}\\) *100, (1) where FSSR - food self-sufficiency ratio; op - own production; E –export; P –population; Pccr –per capita consumption rate. In post-Soviet countries, a methodology for analysing food security has been adopted to assess the security of consumption by food production in five categories (ISC CIS, 2019 ). Considering this methodology, the following interpretation of the food self-sufficiency index is proposed: 1) with FSSR = 100, the region/country fully meets its own product needs. 2) with FSSR > 100, there is a high specialization of the region/country in the production of the product and the possibility of exporting it to a level determined by the value of FSSR = 100 3) at 80 < FSSR < 100, the volume of product production in the region/country is high enough for self-sufficiency, providing additional product supplies to food products of the FSSR = 100 level. 4) with FSSR < 80, the volume of product production in the region/country needs to be increased for self-sufficiency. This technique allows for analysis considering the list and physiological norms of food consumption (MNERK, 2016 ) and the availability of necessary statistical data for the regions of Kazakhstan: industrial production in the manufacturing industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan; gross harvest of major crops (cereals, potatoes, vegetables); production of essential livestock products; resources and use certain types of products (goods) and raw materials, exports, and imports of food products. Official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a list of socially significant food products, and approved scientifically based physiological norms of food consumption in the Republic of Kazakhstan provided the information basis for the analysis of the volume and dynamics of food production population size. Results and discussion Kazakhstan has significant potential for agricultural development: a total area of 223 million hectares of farmland, including 21.8 million hectares of arable land (or 1.2 hectares per capita), favourable climatic conditions for growing cereals and legumes, potatoes, vegetables, etc. (Kaygorodtsev, 2019 ). The FAO defines six groups of countries according to the level of food security based on two criteria: the level of consumption (corresponding/above or below the requirements of rational nutrition) and the level of production (corresponding, above, or below the level of consumption). According to this classification, Kazakhstan (together with the USA, Canada, Russia, Australia, Argentina, and Hungary) fell into the group of countries with very high food production potential and efficiently satisfying food needs with a shallow hunger level of less than 5%. Foreign scientists also note our country's high degree of self-sufficiency with food (Clapp, 2017 ; Baer-Nawrocka & Sadowski, 2019 ; World Bank, 2012 ; EIU, 2022 ). Nevertheless, the problem of food self-sufficiency remains relevant for Kazakhstan. Agriculture and animal husbandry conditions vary from region to region due to the vastness of the territory, soil characteristics, climate, and water availability. Thus, the Northern and North-Western regions have favourable conditions for growing durum wheat, livestock, and poultry farming. In contrast, the Southern and South-Eastern regions have favourable conditions for the development of fruit and vegetable farming and animal husbandry. However, the lands of the western regions of Atyrau and Mangystau regions are semi-desert, which is unfavourable for agriculture and limited for animal husbandry. Accordingly, the agricultural processing industries in these areas need to be better developed. It should be noted that Kazakhstan has approved rational per capita food consumption standards for 64 types of food in the amount of 1,632 kg per capita per year, as well as conversion coefficients for different age groups of women and men, including considering different degrees of severity of work. This list includes cereals and bread, meat and fish, dairy products, vegetables and fruits, sugar, and confectionery. Along with this, there is a list of 19 socially significant food products for which the state has regulated prices to maintain economic accessibility, which amounts to 403.7 kg per capita per year (MTI RK, 2023 ) (Table 2 ). Table 2 List of socially significant food products and physiological norms of their consumption in the Republic of Kazakhstan Name of food Per capita consumption rate, kg per year Wheat flour of the first grade 9 Wheat bread made from flour of the first grade (moulded) 28 Pasta 2,4 Buckwheat groats 7,4 Rice 8,4 Potatoes 100 Carrot 23 Onion 16 White cabbage 24 Sugar 17 Sunflower oil 12 Beef 20 Chicken meat 16 Chicken egg 265 (pieces per year) Cow's milk 45 Kefir 46 Butter 4,7 Cottage cheese 10,1 Table salt 1,5 Note – Source (MNERK, 2016 ). However, in 2024–2025, a phased phase-out of price regulation for socially significant food products will be implemented. One of the reasons is that Kazakhstan is sufficiently provided with the main types of socially significant food products, and there is a possibility of their 100% import substitution (Tleuberdinova et al., 2022 ). By the proposed author's methodology, based on the volume of own production of socially significant food products, population, per capita consumption, and export rates, the level of food self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan was calculated using formula 1 (Table 3 ). These data indicate a significant increase in the volume of food production in Kazakhstan over the analysed period. Of course, the growth of domestic production of essential food products should correspond to an increase in the country's population (from 16.2 million people to 19.5 million people during the analysed period) (BNS et al., 2024e). Calculations confirm a relatively high self-sufficiency level in most socially significant food products. At the same time, for many types of goods (flour, pasta, potatoes, onions, carrots, beef, vegetable oil), the level of food self-sufficiency exceeds the needs of the domestic market due to the high potential of the grain industry and animal husbandry, significant rates of development of vegetable growing, state support for agriculture. Bread supply decreased from 162.0% in 2010 to 72.0% in 2022. This is explained by a decrease in production volumes due to changes in the food preferences of the population and the peculiarities of the national cuisine, which is focused on the use of flour rather than ready-made bread. Table 3 Comparative analysis of food self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan with socially significant food products Food Volume of own production, tons Self-sufficiency index, % 2010 2022 2010 2022 Wheat flour of the first grade, tons 3412108,0 3085758,8 762,0 655,0 Wheat bread made from first grade flour 736 692 391595,7 162,0 72,0 Pasta 124 054 166101,5 36,0 219,0 Potato 2 554600,0 4080469,8 158,0 197,0 Carrot 331320,0 621402,6 88,0 138,0 Onion 440482,7 1 113 997,9 132,0 300,0 White cabbage 411950,0 551450,3 102,0 115,0 Sunflower oil 217151,0 537 148,8 94,0 131,0 Beef 406 816,60 533 248,5 126,0 132,0 Chicken meat 103649,7 293 172,3 39,0 89,0 Cow's milk* 334610,5 1133651,9 46 129 Kefir 121534,0 82 150,3 16,0 9,0 Butter 12857,0 19 021,7 17,0 17,0 Chicken egg, million pieces 3700906,6 5027085,6 86,0 93,0 buckwheat groats 26959,5 37 889,8 21,6 20,6 Rice 91259,0 216 096,0 33,0 96,0 Sugar 333604,0 281 829,4 116,0 85,0 Table salt 318 604,3 0,0 188,0 Note - *excluding household production. Source (BNS ASPR RK, 2024 a; 2024 b; 2024 c; 2024 d) The role of state regulation in steering the development of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas is pivotal, particularly in the context of ensuring food security at the administrative-territorial level. Hence, it is crucial to assess the level of food self-sufficiency in the various regions of Kazakhstan. The self-sufficiency levels of regions with socially significant products are presented in Table 4 . At the same time, it should be noted that Akmola, North Kazakhstan, and Kostanay regions, located in the north of the country, produce two-thirds of grain in the republic and are export-oriented. Seven other regions (Aktobe et al. Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West Kazakhstan, Karaganda, and Pavlodar) fully meet their own grain needs (Tleuberdinova et al., 2022 ). In the republic, almost half of the agricultural exports are accounted for by grain supplies (48.9%), and a significant part is also taken up by exports of milling and cereal industry products (18.0%). The domestic flour market in the republic is fully secured, and flour production significantly exceeds the country's domestic needs. A high level of security characterizes beef meat due to an increase in cattle (cattle) - from 5.7 to 8.2 million heads (Akimbekova & Nikitina, 2020 ). The dairy industry of the republic has sufficient potential to provide for the country's population. During the analysed period, there was a steady increase in milk production from 5.2 to 6.2 million tons, mainly due to East Kazakhstan, Almaty, Turkestan, and North Kazakhstan regions. However, the low share of raw dairy materials processed in the republic (25.2%) does not sufficiently cover the need for butter and fermented milk products. In the production of sunflower oil, there was an increase in production by more than 50%, which contributed to an increase in self-sufficiency from 73–97%. The increase in production was facilitated by the expansion of acreage for oilseeds by five times, and Kazakhstan became the leading producer of oilseeds and oil supplier in Central Asia (APK-Inform, 2018 ). An increase in the production capacity of processing enterprises played a significant role. The decline in domestic sugar production has become an acute issue of food security in the last five years. High import dependence led to an increase in the price of sugar. Nevertheless, in 2022, the country managed to increase self-sufficiency in sugar by increasing its production by 8.4 times (BNS et al., 2024 a). Table 4 Self-sufficiency of the regions of Kazakhstan with the most significant food groups Regions Regional self-sufficiency index for all food groups The level of security of the NWF 2016 2022 2016 2022 Northern Macroregion Akmola 82,0 83,0 Tall Tall Kostanay 92,0 93,0 Very high Very high North Kazakhstan 92,0 94,0 Very high Very high Eastern Macroregion East Kazakhstan 93,0 97,0 Very high Very high Pavlodar 89,0 93,0 Very high Very high Central Macroregion Karaganda (including Ulytau) 59,0 61,0 Average Average Western Macroregion Aktobe 61,0 73,0 Average Tall Atyrau 21,0 52,0 Very low Low West Kazakhstan (including Abay) 58,0 71,0 Average Tall Mangystau 40,0 46,0 Low Low Southern Macroregion Almaty (including Zhetysu) 67,0 71,0 Average Tall Zhambyl 73,0 71,0 Tall High Kyzylorda 71,0 62,0 Tall Average Turkestan 87,0 91,0 Very high Very high Average for Kazakhstan 0,70 76 ,0 Tall Tall Note - Calculated based on the author’s methodology according to sources (BNS ASPR RK, 2024 a; 2024 b; 2024 c; 2024 d) Regionally, the lowest level of food self-sufficiency is observed in the western gas and oil-producing regions – Atyrau and Mangystau. These regions are provided only with meat and offal because they produce socially significant products and flour and pasta due to interregional commodity exchange. All other socially significant products are provided to these regions mainly through imports and intra-republican commodity exchange. Thus, these regions of Kazakhstan are characterized by food import dependence, which provokes an unjustified increase in food prices and an increase in social tension and creates risks for sustainable development. Conclusions Kazakhstan is characterized by a relatively high level of self-sufficiency in most socially significant food products. The highest level of security and significant export potential is observed in the production of grain products. However, despite the reasonably stable functioning of the national agro-industrial complex (AIC), the volumes of processed agricultural products need to meet the needs of the domestic market in all its types. The deep processing of cattle breeding and fruit and vegetable production needs to be better developed. Import dependence remains on sugar, eggs, chicken meat, and dairy products. When considering the issue of food self-sufficiency, it is important to note the significant regional disparities. Particularly high risks are observed in the Atyrau and Mangystau regions of the West Kazakhstan Macroregion, where the availability of socially significant food products is a pressing concern. The reliance on food imports in these regions leads to higher prices, which in turn can provoke social tension. The current state of food security and self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan is under threat due to a combination of natural and man-made factors. The negative impact of these factors, such as the 2023 drought and the 2024 floods in the Western Macroregion, is exacerbated by specific issues within the agricultural sector. These include outdated equipment, a lack of competitiveness, underdeveloped infrastructure, and poor organization of supply chains for agricultural raw materials and finished products. To achieve sustainable development and stable food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, it is crucial to effectively develop the national agro-industrial complex. This can be achieved through a series of specific measures, including: - strengthening state support for agricultural producers by providing subsidies and tax incentives, increasing the availability of long-term loans, and controlling pricing. - creation of an adequate market infrastructure. - organization of a complete cycle of agricultural raw materials production chains, its processing and delivery of finished products to consumers based on the model of public-private partnership, creation of clusters, and increased entrepreneurial activity. - improving logistics in the agro-industrial complex, stimulating the creation of a modern, technologically equipped system for storing, processing, and transporting agricultural products to the consumer. - expansion of railway, automobile, and river transport connections between the regions of Western Kazakhstan and the Southern and Southeastern regions, as well as an increase in storage capacity to improve intra-republican food commodity exchange. Declarations Author Contribution All authors contributed equally to the writing of the article, \"Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country’s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions.\" Aizhan Tleuberdinova developed the methodology and conducted data analysis for assessing the level of food self-sufficiency. Nailya Nurlanova performed the literature review and contributed to formulating the conclusions and recommendations for improving food security in Kazakhstan. Farida Alzhanova gathered and prepared statistical data, conducting calculations for analyzing regional disparities in self-sufficiency. Perizat Salibekova* was responsible for editing, interpreting the results, and serves as the corresponding author. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Committee of Science of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant BR21882122). References Akimbekova, G., & Nikitina, G. (2020). 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(2021). Assessment of Food Self-Sufficiency of the Region's Population. Bulletin of Buryat State University. Economy and Management , 4, 70‒75. http://doi.org/10.18101/2304-4446-2021-4-70-75 (In Russ). Maxwell, S., & Frankenberger, T. (1992). Household food security: Concepts, indicators, measurements: A technical review. Rome: IFAD/UNICEF. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/443119 Miller Del Rosso, J. (1992). Investing in Nutrition with World Bank Assistance. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Retrieved 02 10, 2024, from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/170621468780889112/pdf/multi-page.pdf MNERK. (2016). On the approval of scientifically based physiological norms for food consumption. Retrieved 02 15, 2024, from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V1600014674(In Kaz) MNERK. (2016). Order of the Minister of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 9, 2016 No.503. On approval of scientifically based physiological standards for food consumption . Retrieved 03 11, 2024, from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V1600014674/history MTI RK. (2023). On approval of the List of socially significant food products. Order of the Deputy Prime Minister - Minister of Trade and Integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, May 11, 2023 No. 166-НК. Retrieved 03 15, 2024, from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2300032474/history(In Kaz) Naylor, R., & Falcon, W. (2010). Food security in an era of economic volatility. Population and Development Review , 36 (4), 693–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00354.x. O’Hagan, J. (1975). National self-sufficiency in food. Food Policy , 1(5), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(76)90071-3 Porkka, M., Kummu, M., Siebert, S., & Varis, O. (2013). From Food Insufficiency towards Trade Dependency: A Historical Analysis of Global Food Availability. PLOS One , 8(12): 82714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082714 PMID: 24367545. Shaw, D. (2007). World Food Security. A History since 1945. New York: Palmgrave Macmillan. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230589780 Stukach, V., Baidalinova, A., & Suleimanov, R. (2022). Development of the Agricultural Sector as a Factor of Ensuring Food Security of Kazakhstan in the Context of the EAEU. Economy of regions , 18(1), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-1-16. Swinnen, J., & Vos, R. (2021). COVID-19 and impacts on global food systems and household welfare: Introduction to a special issue. Agricultural Economics , 52(10250), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12623. Tleuberdinova, A., Salibekova , P., & Slinkova, O. (2022). Food supply for the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan: current trends and potential opportunities. Problems of the agricultural market , 2, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.46666/2022-2.2708-9991.15 (In Russ). Vodyasov, P. (2018). Actual and regulatory self-sufficiency in food. Agri-Food Economics , 4, 13-21. http://apej.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/apej_4_2018.pdf (In Russ.). Voloshenko, K., Morachevskaya, K., Novikova, A., Lyzhina, E., & Kalinovskiy, L. (2022). Transformation of food self-sufficiency of Kaliningrad Oblast in the face of external challenges. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 67 , 67 (3), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.302 (In Russ.). World Bank. (2012). Global Monitoring Report 2012: Food Prices, Nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9451-9 Yanovskaya, O., & Saginova, S. (2020). Food security of Kazakhstan in the context of integration: problems and prospects. Кaraganda: Tengri ltd (In Russ.). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345158152 (Retrieved 04. 15. 2024) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 29 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 26 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 05 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-5397828\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Systematic Review\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":386250954,\"identity\":\"9d30b42a-6afe-4339-beab-7d5364d6507c\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Aizhan Tleuberdinova\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Institute of Economics of the Ministry of Science and High Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Aizhan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Tleuberdinova\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":386250957,\"identity\":\"85bd382d-64b8-4360-bc10-bdf3190ff834\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Nailya Nurlanova\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Institute of Economics of the Ministry of Science and High Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Nailya\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Nurlanova\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":386250961,\"identity\":\"54a26a7c-d278-4d8b-97e2-f096ddfc3960\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Farida Alzhanova\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Institute of Economics of the Ministry of Science and High Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Farida\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Alzhanova\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":386250964,\"identity\":\"41c7a203-8f69-46bf-8c14-1c02c05a89ca\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Perizat Salibekova\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5sYDiQ0MBmD2ByBmYyeohbEBroVxBkgLMzFaGKFamHnAJAEN8u0HGw483GFjzC+R/Pizza9t8nzMDIwfPubg1mJwJhHosDNpZpIz0sykc/tuG7YxMzBLztyGRwsDSEvbYRuDMwfMmHN7bjMCtbAx8+LRIt//EKTlP1DL8c+fLXtu2xPUwnADbMsBM4PjPQbSDD9uJxLUYnADZMuZZGPJ9p4yyd6G28ltzIzNeP0i35988OHPHXaG/czsmz/8+HPbdn5788EPH/E5DAUwtoHJBmLVg8AfUhSPglEwCkbBSAEATtRYZawt4G8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Almaty Management University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Perizat\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Salibekova\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-11-05 19:38:23\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00849-y\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2025-01-23T15:57:36+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":74858416,\"identity\":\"6837f0ac-9f67-4e09-a97f-4ca64089a9da\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-01-27 16:09:13\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":866368,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5397828/v1/acf78388-3aab-4fd2-83d9-5e643e60ae97.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country’s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction and Literature Review\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAchieving the global goal of eliminating hunger and ensuring food security is possible under the condition of food self-sufficiency in countries. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, anthropogenic impact, economic crises, geopolitical conflicts, disruption of international food supplies, limited access to land, and underdevelopment of rural infrastructure form challenges for the sustainable development of agriculture and food supply systems. In these circumstances, many countries strive for the maximum possible autonomy in food production. However, the level of food self-sufficiency due to domestic resources and supplies varies significantly from country to country. According to various estimates, 77% of the world's countries are not self-sufficient in domestic production (Davis et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). Significant climatic and territorial differences in agricultural production and food supply possibilities and diversity are noticeable (Baer-Nawrocka \\u0026amp; Sadowski, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Porkka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe purpose of the article was to study the problem of food security and self-sufficiency as a factor in the country's sustainable development, develop an author's methodology, assess the level of food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, and substantiate ways to increase it. The study's hypothesis was to prove/refute the need to increase food self-sufficiency to achieve the country's sustainable development against the backdrop of global challenges.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo achieve the goal and prove or disprove the hypothesis, the existing methods of assessing food security have been studied, based on which the author's methodology for assessing food self-sufficiency for individual commodity groups has been developed.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInformation. A critical review of the literature, a comparative analysis of existing methods, official statistical data, FAO data, a list of socially significant food products, and physiological norms of food consumption in Kazakhstan.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResults. Calculations showed a significant increase in the level of self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan in most types of socially significant food products, including grain processing products, vegetables, vegetable oil, and livestock products for 2010\\u0026ndash;2022. The country remains dependent on imports of sugar and chicken meat, and the processing of livestock and fruit and vegetable products needs to be better developed. However, there are significant differences across the regions of Kazakhstan. So, if the level of self-sufficiency was very high in 5 regions, then in 2 western regions (Atyrau and Mangystau regions), the level of self-sufficiency for most types of products was shallow, except meat.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffects. By maintaining the existing level of development of agricultural infrastructure and the agricultural incentive system, it is possible to reduce Kazakhstan's level of food self-sufficiency and the emergence of risks to sustainable development.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConclusions and recommendations. In the country's regions, food self-sufficiency levels vary by product group. To increase food security and self-sufficiency, it is recommended to strengthen the regulatory role of the state in the development of the agro-industrial complex, cooperation of agricultural producers and processing enterprises, development of interregional supplies and international trade in food, which is especially important for Atyrau and Mangystau regions with unfavourable climatic conditions for agriculture.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMuch attention is paid to the issue of food security as one of the global goals of sustainable development. However, an analysis of the literature revealed different approaches to understanding food security, which have changed over time. Berry et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Shaw (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e) believe that food security is the guaranteed availability of food necessary for a full-fledged life of the population. Kazakhstani scientists (Kaliev, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yanovskaya \\u0026amp; Saginova, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Stukach et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Brimbetova et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e) understand this term state guarantees to ensure economic accessibility to high-quality food for every resident of the country, according to physiological norms, considering regional aspects. Miller Del Rosso (1992) defines food security as safe access to sufficient food for a healthy life. Maxwell \\u0026amp; Frankenberger, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1992\\u003c/span\\u003e propose the most generalized approach to this problem), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1999\\u003c/span\\u003e), which conducted an extensive study of the problem of food supply and nutrition patterns. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1999\\u003c/span\\u003e) defines food self-sufficiency as the degree to which a country can meet its food needs through production. International practice shows that interest in the issue of food self-sufficiency traditionally increases in food crises, including pandemics (Bala et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e; Brankov et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Swinnen \\u0026amp; Vos, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe beginning of food self-sufficiency is attributed to the 60\\u0026ndash;70 years\\u0026mdash;XX century. Proponents of food self-sufficiency defend the political right of states to protect themselves from the economic instability of world food markets by increasing domestic production (Baer-Nawrocka \\u0026amp; Sadowski, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Luan et al., 2013), ensuring economic and political benefits from food production (Clapp, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Most authors agree that food security is guaranteed primarily through the country's self-sufficiency based on its production. Food self-sufficiency has become a fundamental principle in solving the food problem of developing countries (O'Hagan, 1975).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe 1980s \\u0026ndash; early 2000s is defined as the era of liberalization of international food trade and a departure from the food self-sufficiency policy. Critics of food self-sufficiency argue that political considerations can lead to unreasonably high economic costs since no country can ensure self-sufficiency for each type of product, and stimulating individual industries in areas without suitable conditions can lead to price increases and market distortion (Naylor \\u0026amp; Falcon, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e). World Bank (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e) notes the need to compare food self-sufficiency with the benefits of cheaper imports. FAO (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e) notes the importance of weighing the real risks of dependence on international markets and isolation, namely the degree of riskiness of agricultural production, inefficiency of isolated commodity markets, limited resources for production, and reduced profitability of agricultural producers due to trade barriers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA review of the literature has shown that the variety of approaches to the problem of food security determines the variability of assessment methods. Researchers widely use various interpretations of the FAO methodology. Many authors include per capita consumption rates and the energy value of products in the analysis. The most sophisticated techniques were proposed by Baer-Nawrocka \\u0026amp; Sadowski (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e), Beltran-Pena et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), Vodiasov (2018), Voloshenko et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). We have identified differences in the analysed indicators based on the generalization of methods for assessing food self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, the most frequently used indicators should be highlighted: own food production (6 out of 7 methods), food imports, food exports, and per capita consumption rate (4 out of 7), (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eAnalysis of the level of complexity of the methods and indicators used to assess the level of food self-sufficiency\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e№\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMethods and authors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAssessment stages\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCalculations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndicators\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSelf-Sufficiency Ratio (Porkka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e; Clapp, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage Production of Agricultural Energy (Baer-Nawrocka \\u0026amp; Sadowski, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndex food self-sufficiency (O\\u0026rsquo;Hagan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1975\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSelf-Sufficiency Ratio (Beltran-Pena, Rosa, \\u0026amp; D\\u0026rsquo;Odorico, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLevel of food self-sufficiency of regions (Kolesnyak, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNormative and actual level of self-sufficiency (NSSR \\u0026amp; ASSR), (Vodyasov, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSelf-Sufficiency Ratio of Region (SSRR), (Voloshenko et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis table is based on the authors\\u0026rsquo; analysis of literature\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThus, different methods and different indicator systems are used in world practice. In Kazakhstan, food safety assessment is mainly carried out according to the FAO methodology, and there are also methods of food accessibility for the population by type and calorie content of products, including in a regional aspect (Jumabayeva et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Duisenbekova \\u0026amp; Daniłowska, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, the methodology for assessing the level of food self-sufficiency, considering the established agro-industrial specialization of the regions of Kazakhstan and national and regional specifics of statistical accounting, is still poorly developed. This study is aimed at filling the existing gap.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Applied Research Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eConsidering such criteria for choosing methods for assessing food security as popularity, simplicity, accuracy of calculations, as well as the availability of necessary statistical data, we propose an author's methodology for assessing the food self-sufficiency of a country/region by individual product groups (formula 1):\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFSSR= \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\text{o}\\\\text{p}-\\\\text{E}}{\\\\text{P}\\\\text{*}\\\\text{P}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{c}\\\\text{r}}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e *100, (1)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewhere FSSR - food self-sufficiency ratio; op - own production; E \\u0026ndash;export; P \\u0026ndash;population; Pccr \\u0026ndash;per capita consumption rate.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn post-Soviet countries, a methodology for analysing food security has been adopted to assess the security of consumption by food production in five categories (ISC CIS, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). Considering this methodology, the following interpretation of the food self-sufficiency index is proposed:\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1) with FSSR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;100, the region/country fully meets its own product needs.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2) with FSSR\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;100, there is a high specialization of the region/country in the production of the product and the possibility of exporting it to a level determined by the value of FSSR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;100\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3) at 80\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;FSSR\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;100, the volume of product production in the region/country is high enough for self-sufficiency, providing additional product supplies to food products of the FSSR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;100 level.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4) with FSSR\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;80, the volume of product production in the region/country needs to be increased for self-sufficiency.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis technique allows for analysis considering the list and physiological norms of food consumption (MNERK, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e) and the availability of necessary statistical data for the regions of Kazakhstan: industrial production in the manufacturing industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan; gross harvest of major crops (cereals, potatoes, vegetables); production of essential livestock products; resources and use certain types of products (goods) and raw materials, exports, and imports of food products. Official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a list of socially significant food products, and approved scientifically based physiological norms of food consumption in the Republic of Kazakhstan provided the information basis for the analysis of the volume and dynamics of food production population size.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eKazakhstan has significant potential for agricultural development: a total area of 223\\u0026nbsp;million hectares of farmland, including 21.8\\u0026nbsp;million hectares of arable land (or 1.2 hectares per capita), favourable climatic conditions for growing cereals and legumes, potatoes, vegetables, etc. (Kaygorodtsev, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe FAO defines six groups of countries according to the level of food security based on two criteria: the level of consumption (corresponding/above or below the requirements of rational nutrition) and the level of production (corresponding, above, or below the level of consumption). According to this classification, Kazakhstan (together with the USA, Canada, Russia, Australia, Argentina, and Hungary) fell into the group of countries with very high food production potential and efficiently satisfying food needs with a shallow hunger level of less than 5%.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eForeign scientists also note our country's high degree of self-sufficiency with food (Clapp, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Baer-Nawrocka \\u0026amp; Sadowski, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; World Bank, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e; EIU, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Nevertheless, the problem of food self-sufficiency remains relevant for Kazakhstan. Agriculture and animal husbandry conditions vary from region to region due to the vastness of the territory, soil characteristics, climate, and water availability. Thus, the Northern and North-Western regions have favourable conditions for growing durum wheat, livestock, and poultry farming. In contrast, the Southern and South-Eastern regions have favourable conditions for the development of fruit and vegetable farming and animal husbandry. However, the lands of the western regions of Atyrau and Mangystau regions are semi-desert, which is unfavourable for agriculture and limited for animal husbandry. Accordingly, the agricultural processing industries in these areas need to be better developed.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIt should be noted that Kazakhstan has approved rational per capita food consumption standards for 64 types of food in the amount of 1,632 kg per capita per year, as well as conversion coefficients for different age groups of women and men, including considering different degrees of severity of work. This list includes cereals and bread, meat and fish, dairy products, vegetables and fruits, sugar, and confectionery. Along with this, there is a list of 19 socially significant food products for which the state has regulated prices to maintain economic accessibility, which amounts to 403.7 kg per capita per year (MTI RK, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eList of socially significant food products and physiological norms of their consumption in the Republic of Kazakhstan\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eName of food\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePer capita consumption rate, kg per year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWheat flour of the first grade\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWheat bread made from flour of the first grade (moulded)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePasta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2,4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuckwheat groats\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7,4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8,4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePotatoes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite cabbage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSugar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSunflower oil\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBeef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChicken meat\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChicken egg\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e265 (pieces per year)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCow's milk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKefir\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eButter\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4,7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCottage cheese\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10,1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTable salt\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1,5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNote \\u0026ndash; Source (MNERK, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHowever, in 2024\\u0026ndash;2025, a phased phase-out of price regulation for socially significant food products will be implemented. One of the reasons is that Kazakhstan is sufficiently provided with the main types of socially significant food products, and there is a possibility of their 100% import substitution (Tleuberdinova et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). By the proposed author's methodology, based on the volume of own production of socially significant food products, population, per capita consumption, and export rates, the level of food self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan was calculated using formula 1 (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). These data indicate a significant increase in the volume of food production in Kazakhstan over the analysed period. Of course, the growth of domestic production of essential food products should correspond to an increase in the country's population (from 16.2\\u0026nbsp;million people to 19.5\\u0026nbsp;million people during the analysed period) (BNS et al., 2024e). Calculations confirm a relatively high self-sufficiency level in most socially significant food products. At the same time, for many types of goods (flour, pasta, potatoes, onions, carrots, beef, vegetable oil), the level of food self-sufficiency exceeds the needs of the domestic market due to the high potential of the grain industry and animal husbandry, significant rates of development of vegetable growing, state support for agriculture. Bread supply decreased from 162.0% in 2010 to 72.0% in 2022. This is explained by a decrease in production volumes due to changes in the food preferences of the population and the peculiarities of the national cuisine, which is focused on the use of flour rather than ready-made bread.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComparative analysis of food self-sufficiency of Kazakhstan with socially significant food products\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFood\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVolume of own production, tons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSelf-sufficiency index, %\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2010\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2022\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2010\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2022\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWheat flour of the first grade, tons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3412108,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3085758,8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e762,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e655,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWheat bread made from first grade flour\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e736 692\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e391595,7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e162,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePasta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e124 054\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e166101,5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e219,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePotato\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2 554600,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4080469,8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e158,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e197,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e331320,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e621402,6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e138,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e440482,7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 113 997,9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e132,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e300,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite cabbage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e411950,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e551450,3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e102,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e115,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSunflower oil\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e217151,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e537 148,8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e131,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBeef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e406 816,60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e533 248,5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e126,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e132,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChicken meat\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e103649,7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e293 172,3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCow's milk*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e334610,5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1133651,9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e129\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKefir\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e121534,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82 150,3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eButter\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12857,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19 021,7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChicken egg, million pieces\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3700906,6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5027085,6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ebuckwheat groats\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26959,5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37 889,8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21,6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20,6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91259,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e216 096,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSugar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e333604,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e281 829,4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e116,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTable salt\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e318 604,3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e188,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNote - *excluding household production.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSource (BNS ASPR RK, 2024 a; 2024 b; 2024 c; 2024 d)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe role of state regulation in steering the development of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas is pivotal, particularly in the context of ensuring food security at the administrative-territorial level. Hence, it is crucial to assess the level of food self-sufficiency in the various regions of Kazakhstan. The self-sufficiency levels of regions with socially significant products are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt the same time, it should be noted that Akmola, North Kazakhstan, and Kostanay regions, located in the north of the country, produce two-thirds of grain in the republic and are export-oriented. Seven other regions (Aktobe et al. Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West Kazakhstan, Karaganda, and Pavlodar) fully meet their own grain needs (Tleuberdinova et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the republic, almost half of the agricultural exports are accounted for by grain supplies (48.9%), and a significant part is also taken up by exports of milling and cereal industry products (18.0%). The domestic flour market in the republic is fully secured, and flour production significantly exceeds the country's domestic needs. A high level of security characterizes beef meat due to an increase in cattle (cattle) - from 5.7 to 8.2\\u0026nbsp;million heads (Akimbekova \\u0026amp; Nikitina, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The dairy industry of the republic has sufficient potential to provide for the country's population. During the analysed period, there was a steady increase in milk production from 5.2 to 6.2\\u0026nbsp;million tons, mainly due to East Kazakhstan, Almaty, Turkestan, and North Kazakhstan regions. However, the low share of raw dairy materials processed in the republic (25.2%) does not sufficiently cover the need for butter and fermented milk products. In the production of sunflower oil, there was an increase in production by more than 50%, which contributed to an increase in self-sufficiency from 73\\u0026ndash;97%. The increase in production was facilitated by the expansion of acreage for oilseeds by five times, and Kazakhstan became the leading producer of oilseeds and oil supplier in Central Asia (APK-Inform, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). An increase in the production capacity of processing enterprises played a significant role. The decline in domestic sugar production has become an acute issue of food security in the last five years. High import dependence led to an increase in the price of sugar. Nevertheless, in 2022, the country managed to increase self-sufficiency in sugar by increasing its production by 8.4 times (BNS et al., 2024 a).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSelf-sufficiency of the regions of Kazakhstan with the most significant food groups\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegions\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegional self-sufficiency index for all food groups\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe level of security of the NWF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2022\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2022\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNorthern Macroregion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAkmola\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKostanay\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNorth Kazakhstan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEastern Macroregion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEast Kazakhstan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e97,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePavlodar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCentral Macroregion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKaraganda (including Ulytau)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eWestern Macroregion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAktobe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAtyrau\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery low\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWest Kazakhstan (including Abay)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMangystau\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e46,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSouthern Macroregion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlmaty (including Zhetysu)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZhambyl\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHigh\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKyzylorda\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTurkestan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVery high\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage for Kazakhstan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0,70\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e76\\u003c/b\\u003e,0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNote - Calculated based on the author\\u0026rsquo;s methodology according to sources (BNS ASPR RK, 2024 a; 2024 b; 2024 c; 2024 d)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegionally, the lowest level of food self-sufficiency is observed in the western gas and oil-producing regions \\u0026ndash; Atyrau and Mangystau. These regions are provided only with meat and offal because they produce socially significant products and flour and pasta due to interregional commodity exchange. All other socially significant products are provided to these regions mainly through imports and intra-republican commodity exchange. Thus, these regions of Kazakhstan are characterized by food import dependence, which provokes an unjustified increase in food prices and an increase in social tension and creates risks for sustainable development.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eKazakhstan is characterized by a relatively high level of self-sufficiency in most socially significant food products. The highest level of security and significant export potential is observed in the production of grain products. However, despite the reasonably stable functioning of the national agro-industrial complex (AIC), the volumes of processed agricultural products need to meet the needs of the domestic market in all its types. The deep processing of cattle breeding and fruit and vegetable production needs to be better developed. Import dependence remains on sugar, eggs, chicken meat, and dairy products.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWhen considering the issue of food self-sufficiency, it is important to note the significant regional disparities. Particularly high risks are observed in the Atyrau and Mangystau regions of the West Kazakhstan Macroregion, where the availability of socially significant food products is a pressing concern. The reliance on food imports in these regions leads to higher prices, which in turn can provoke social tension.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe current state of food security and self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan is under threat due to a combination of natural and man-made factors. The negative impact of these factors, such as the 2023 drought and the 2024 floods in the Western Macroregion, is exacerbated by specific issues within the agricultural sector. These include outdated equipment, a lack of competitiveness, underdeveloped infrastructure, and poor organization of supply chains for agricultural raw materials and finished products.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTo achieve sustainable development and stable food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, it is crucial to effectively develop the national agro-industrial complex. This can be achieved through a series of specific measures, including:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- strengthening state support for agricultural producers by providing subsidies and tax incentives, increasing the availability of long-term loans, and controlling pricing.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- creation of an adequate market infrastructure.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- organization of a complete cycle of agricultural raw materials production chains, its processing and delivery of finished products to consumers based on the model of public-private partnership, creation of clusters, and increased entrepreneurial activity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- improving logistics in the agro-industrial complex, stimulating the creation of a modern, technologically equipped system for storing, processing, and transporting agricultural products to the consumer.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e- expansion of railway, automobile, and river transport connections between the regions of Western Kazakhstan and the Southern and Southeastern regions, as well as an increase in storage capacity to improve intra-republican food commodity exchange.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAll authors contributed equally to the writing of the article, \\\"Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country\\u0026rsquo;s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions.\\\" Aizhan Tleuberdinova developed the methodology and conducted data analysis for assessing the level of food self-sufficiency. Nailya Nurlanova performed the literature review and contributed to formulating the conclusions and recommendations for improving food security in Kazakhstan. Farida Alzhanova gathered and prepared statistical data, conducting calculations for analyzing regional disparities in self-sufficiency. Perizat Salibekova* was responsible for editing, interpreting the results, and serves as the corresponding author.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgements:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by the Committee of Science of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant BR21882122).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAkimbekova, G., \\u0026amp; Nikitina, G. (2020). Priority directions of agro-industrial complex development in Kazakhstan. \\u003cem\\u003eProblems of AgriMarket\\u003c/em\\u003e, (4):13-23. 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Food supply for the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan: current trends and potential opportunities. \\u003cem\\u003eProblems of the agricultural market\\u003c/em\\u003e, 2, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.46666/2022-2.2708-9991.15 (In Russ).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eVodyasov, P. (2018). Actual and regulatory self-sufficiency in food. \\u003cem\\u003eAgri-Food Economics\\u003c/em\\u003e, 4, 13-21. http://apej.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/apej_4_2018.pdf (In Russ.).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eVoloshenko, K., Morachevskaya, K., Novikova, A., Lyzhina, E., \\u0026amp; Kalinovskiy, L. (2022). Transformation of food self-sufficiency of Kaliningrad Oblast in the face of external challenges. \\u003cem\\u003eVestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 67\\u003c/em\\u003e, 67 (3), 409\\u0026ndash;430. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.302 (In Russ.).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWorld Bank. (2012). \\u003cem\\u003eGlobal Monitoring Report 2012: Food Prices, Nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals.\\u003c/em\\u003e https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9451-9\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYanovskaya, O., \\u0026amp; Saginova, S. (2020). \\u003cem\\u003eFood security of Kazakhstan in the context of integration: problems and prospects.\\u003c/em\\u003e Кaraganda: Tengri ltd (In Russ.). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345158152 (Retrieved 04. 15. 2024)\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"disu\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"food security, food self-sufficiency, agricultural sustainability, region’s sustainable development, methods for assessing food self-sufficiency.\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA serious challenge of our time, threatening the whole of humanity, is the lack of food. The aggravation of this problem in many countries is caused by climate change, natural and man-made disasters, deterioration of the epidemiological and geopolitical situation. Therefore, food security is of great importance for achieving global Sustainable Development Goals. \\u0026nbsp;The purpose of the article is to study the problem of food security and self-sufficiency\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eas a factor of the country’s sustainable development, develop an author's methodology and assess the level of food self-sufficiency in Kazakhstan, substantiate ways to improve it. Hypothesis: proof/refutation of the need to increase food self-sufficiency in order to achieve country’s sustainable development. Methods: the author's methodology for assessing food self-sufficiency by individual product groups. Information: a comparative analysis of existing methods, official statistical data, FAO data, a list of socially significant food products, physiological norms of food consumption in Kazakhstan. Results: calculations showed an increase in the level of Kazakhstan’s self-sufficiency for most types of socially significant food products in 2010-2022. However, there are big differences across the Kazakhstan’s regions. The level of self-sufficiency was very high in 5 regions, and in 2 western regions there was a very low level of self-sufficiency in most types of products, except meat. Conclusions: to improve food security and ensure sustainable development of Kazakhstan, it is recommended to strengthen the state’s regulatory role in the development of the agro-industrial complex, cooperation between agricultural producers and processing enterprises, the development of international food trade.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Food security and self-sufficiency as a factor of country’s sustainable development: assessment methods and solutions\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-12-05 15:42:36\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5397828/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2024-12-30T14:01:42+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-12-29T08:43:19+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-12-26T10:36:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"196307856780425617088161057521209624836\",\"date\":\"2024-12-24T08:30:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"47486078902768711774783644255644691393\",\"date\":\"2024-12-23T22:55:09+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"204326169957689113730434835324732837509\",\"date\":\"2024-12-18T19:47:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-12-08T10:40:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"131300667193418718664539335027524901772\",\"date\":\"2024-12-01T15:05:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"151634955639039207088849783160652142932\",\"date\":\"2024-12-01T12:57:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-11-29T11:13:38+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-11-26T09:34:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-11-25T14:35:34+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"date\":\"2024-11-05T19:35:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"disu\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"a254dd82-4ab8-4de0-92bb-46efe2d3475a\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 5th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-01-27T16:01:54+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-5397828\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00849-y\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2025-01-23 15:57:36\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"January 23rd, 2025\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-12-05 15:42:36\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s43621-025-00849-y\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00849-y\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-5397828\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-5397828\",\"identity\":\"rs-5397828\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}